Training On: Poet Consultants Pvt. LTD

TRAINING ON
POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF COMMERCIAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS :
1. THERMAL POWER STATIONS A) STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANTS( SOLID FUELS) B) GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS (GASEOUS FUELS) C) DIESEL POWER STATIONS (LIQUID FUELS)

2. NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
(NUCLEAR FISSION IN RADIO ACTIVE ELEMENTS) 3. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS (POWER FROM DAM STORED WATER)
4. NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES: A. SOLAR HEAT B. WIND POWER C. TIDAL POWER (OCEAN TIDES AND WAVES)

D. MINI HYDEL ( MEDIUM HEAD /LOW HEAD PLANTS) E. BIO MASS (HUSK/COTTON STALK/ SUGARCANE LEAVES ETC) F. TERRESTRIAL POWER( VOLCANIC ACTION)
STEAM TURBINE POWER PLANTS MAJOR DESIGN ASPECTS OF A STEAMTURBINE STATIONS ARE:
SELECTION OF SITE (FUEL, WATER, POWER EVACUATION ETC) CAPACITY OF POWER STATION (POWER SURVEY STUDIES)

BOILERS (DESIGN BY MECHANICAL DEPT) TURBINES, CONDENSING UNITS, COOLING SYSTEM (DESIGN BY MECHANICAL) GENERATOR (DESIGN BY ELECTRICAL) CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION (DESIGN BY MECHANICAL/ELECTRICAL) POWER EVACUATION SYSTEM (DESIGN BY ELECTRICAL) FUEL HANDLING SYSTEM (DESIGN BY MECHANICAL) ASH HANDLING SYSTEM (DESIGN BY MECHANICAL)

COAL STORAGE
COAL HANDLING
CHIMNEY
ASH STORAGE
ASH HANDLING PLANT
BOILER
AIR HEATER
BUSBAR HIGH PRESSURE FEED WATER HEATER CIRCUIT BREAKER SUPER HEATER
BOILER FEED WATER PUMP
TURBINE ALTERNATOR CONDENSER EXCITER
LOWER PRESSURE FEED WATER HEATER
CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP
COLD WATER CIRCULATING PUMP
COOLING TOWER
LINE DIAGRAM THERMAL POWER STATION

GAS TURBINE CONFIGURATION
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE PLANT ARE : OPEN CYCLE COMPRESSOR COMBUSTOR GAS TURBINE GENERATOR
FUEL
COMBUSTOR
COMPRESSOR
TURBINE
GENARATOR
AIR INLET
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT OPEN CYCLE CONFIGURATION
WORKING OF GAS TURBINE GENERATOR : COMPRESSOR

IN THE COMPRESSOR SECTION, AIR IS COMPRESSED TO MANY ATMOSPHERES PRESSURE BY MEANS OF MULTIPLE STAGE AXIAL AIR FLOW COMPRESSOR. DESIGN IS SUCH THAT WORK REQUIRED TO COMPRESS THE AIR IS MINIMUM.
COMBUSTOR
DEVICE THAT ACCEPTS HIGHLY COMPRESSED AIR FROM THE COMPRESSOR AND FUEL FROM A FUEL SUPPLY SO THAT CONTINUOUS COMBUSTION CAN TAKE PLACE. THIS RAISES TEMPERATURE OF WORKING GASES TO A HIGH LEVEL.

GAS TURBINE
WORK IS EXTRACTED FROM HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE WORKING FLUE GAS AS IT EXPANDS FROM HIGH PRESSURE DEVELOPED BY THE COMPRESSOR DOWN TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
GENERATOR
MECHANICAL POWER AVAILABLE AT THE SHAFT IS TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRICAL POWER

GAS TURBINE RATING SPEED OF COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE 20 MW TO 220 MW 5235 RPM TO 3000 RPM 30 TO 35 % 1000 2000 DEG C
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE
500 600 DEG C

COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
ONE OR MORE GAS TURBINES WITH HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS IN THE EXHAUST, PRODUCING STEAM FOR A STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR
H.R.S.G.
STEAM TURBINE COMBUSTION
GENARATOR
COMPRESSOR
GAS TURBINE
GENARATOR
SIMPLE COMBINED CYCLE
POWER GENERATION OPTIONS ADVANTAGES OF COMBINED CYCLE

VERY HIGH UTILIZATION OF FUEL INPUT TO THE GAS TURBINE CAN BE ACHIEVED. UTILIZATION UP TO 80% HAS BEEN ACHIEVED IN PRACTICE. THERMAL EFFICIENCY: 50 TO 60 %

FACTORS AFFECTING GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
GAS TURBINES ARE AMBIENT AIR BREATHING ENGINES AND HENCE THEIR PERFORMANCE IS DEPENDANT ON TEMPERATURE. A TEMPERATURE OF 15 DEG C AND PRESSURE OF 1.013 BAR ARE TAKEN AS REFERENCE CONDITIONS.
120
OUTPUT ( % )
80
-18
15 COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE
49

ALTITUDE
LESS DENSE AIR REDUCES THE AIR FLOW AND OUTPUT PROPORTIONATELY. APPROXIMATE FALL IN OUTPUT : 5 TO 10 % FOR EVERY 1000 FEET
HUMIDITY
HUMIDITY HAS AN EFFECT ON DENSITY LOSS IN AIR AND THIS REDUCES POWER OUTPUT.
1.002 1.000 0.998 0.996
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
POWER GENERATION OPTIONS FUEL TYPE

THE OUTPUT OF A GAS TURBINE DEPENDS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FUEL USED. TO FACILITATE THE USE OF A FUEL DIFFERENT FROM NATURAL GAS SPECIFIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS LIKE FUEL TREATMENT SYSTEM IS TO BE ADDED. SOME MODIFICATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF THE GAS S TURBINE HAS TO BE UNDERTAKEN.

TYPES OF FUEL GASES
NATURAL GAS LPG REFINERY GASES COAL DERIVED GASES
TYPES OF LIQUID FUELS

CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS (DISTILLATES, CRUDE OIL, RESIDUES) LESS CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS (JET FUELS, KEROSENE) UNCONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS PROCESS RESIDUES

ECONOMICS OF FUELS SELECTION
FUEL COST FUEL HANDLING COSTS INVESTMENT COSTS: EQUIPPED FOR FUEL STORAGE, WASHING, INHIBITION, TRANSFER, TURBINE CLEANING
SPECIAL TURBINE REQUIREMENTS :
ATOMISATION OF FUEL COMBUSTION SYSTEM

TURBINE SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
FREQUENCY OF REPLACEMENT OF HOT GAS PATH PARTS. FREQUENCY OF TURBINE CLEANING GAS TURBINE AVAILABILITY / OUTAGES
SELECTION OF FUEL TYPE :

EFFECTIVE TRADE OFF CAN BE MADE AMONG THE ELEMENTS MAKING UP THE OVERALL STUDY.

AN ADEQUATE FUEL WASHING SYSTEM AND A REASONABLE HOT GAS PATH PARTS REPLACEMENT FREQUENCY VERSUS A VERY HIGH EFFICIENCY FUEL WASHING SYSTEM WITH LESS FREQUENT PARTS REPLACEMENT LIQUID FUEL TREATMENT SYSTEM

THREE BASIC STEPS IN ASH FORMING FUELS TREATMENT ARE :
1. FUEL WASHING :
REMOVAL OF WATER CONTAINED IN THE FUEL SOMETIMES WATER IS FIRST ADDED TO FUEL TO DISSOLVE THE CONTAMINANTS AND THEN THE CONTAMINANT WATER IS REMOVED FROM FUEL. THIS IS TO REMOVE DISSOLVED POTASSIUM ETC FROM THE FUEL.

2. FILTERING
TO REMOVE SOLID OXIDES AND SILICATES PRESENT IN THE FUEL.
3. INHIBITING
INHIBITING VANADIUM IN THE FUEL BY ADDING SOME ADDITIVES LIKE MAGNESIUM
STARTING OF GAS TURBINES

GAS TURBINES ARE TO BE BROUGHT TO SELF SUSTAINING CONDITION DURING EVERY START FROM IDLE CONDITION. VARIOUS OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE AS LISTED BELOW AND THE SELECTION DEPENDS ON THE SITE CONDITIONS.

DIESEL ENGINE STARTING (INDEPENDENT OF POWER AVAILABILITY AT SITE) ELECTRIC MOTOR (RELIABLE AC POWER SHOULD BE AVAILABLE AT SITE) STATIC START.(VARIABLE FREQUENCY POWER IS DIRECTLY FED TO THE MAIN GENERATOR SO THAT IT ACTS AS A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR A TIME UNTIL THE GAS TURBINE REACHES THE SELF SUSTAINING CONDITION)

DIESEL POWER STATIONS MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A DIESEL POWER PLANT ARE:
DIESEL ENGINE GENERATOR FUEL SYSTEM AIR INLET SYSTEM COOLING WATER SYSTEM RAW WATER COOLING CIRCUIT LUBRICATING SYSTEM ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM
EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM MEDIUM SIZED POWER INSTALLATIONS

OVER FLOW RETURN
FUEL STRAINER FUEL OIL TANK
FUEL TRANSFER PUMP
VENT ALL DAY FUEL TANK AIR COMPRESSOR COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE SURGE TANK
COOLING TOWER
AIR FILTER
RAW WATER CIRCULATING PUMP HEAT EXCHANGER
SUMP
RAW MAKE-UP WATER
GENARATOR
FUEL INJECTION PUMP
FUEL FILTER
ENGINE OIL SUMP MUFFLER EXHAUST LINE
OIL STRAINER BUILT-IN AUX. PUMP MOTOR DRIVEN OIL PUMP (SHAFT DRIVEN)
SOFT WATER CIRCULATING PUMP
SOFT MAKE-UP WATER
OIL FILTER
OIL COOLER
RAW WATER LINE LUBRICATING OIL LINE
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR DIESEL POWER STATION

FUELS FOR DIESEL ENGINES
CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS ( DISTILLATES, LSHS, ETC ) LESS CONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS ( HSD ) GASEOUS FUELS ( LPG, CNG )
STARTING SYSTEM FOR DIESEL ENGINES

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM AUXILIARY ENGINE ( THIS ENGINE CAN BE STARTED BY CRANKING) ELECTRIC MOTOR

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATION ADVANTAGES
PLANT IS SIMPLE IN CONSTRUCTION, REQUIRES LOW MAINTENANCE CAN BE PUT ON SERVICE IMMEDIATELY IT CAN RESPOND TO CHANGING LOADS WITHOUT DIFFICULTY NO FUEL IS BURNT RUNNING CHARGES ARE VERY SMALL

DISADVANTAGES
CAPITAL COST IS VERY HIGH HIGH COST OF TRANSMISSION LONG DRY SEASONS MAY AFFECT GENERATION
CLASSIFICATION
PLANTS WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE PONDAGE THE WHOLE WATER OF THE STREAM IS ALLOWED TO PASS THROUGH THE TURBINE. GENERATION FROM THIS TYPE OF PLANTS IS AVAILABLE ONLY DURING RAINY SEASONS.

PLANTS FOR WHICH PONDAGE WILL BE REQUIRED ( STORAGE BEHIND THE DAM IS NEEDED) REGULATED WATER IS ALLOWED TO THE TURBINE SO THAT THERE IS NO FLUCTUATION OF POWER OUTPUT THROUGH OUT THE YEAR
PEAK LOAD PLANTS

IN PUMPED STORAGE DESIGN, WATER IS PUMPED BACK IN TO THE STORAGE DURING OFF- PEAK PERIOD. TURBINE MOTOR GENERATOR ARE ALL CONNECTED TO THE SAME SHAFT.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OPERATING HEAD HIGH HEAD PLANTS
A PRESSURE TUNNEL IS TAKEN OFF FROM THE RESERVOIR AND WATER IS BROUGHT TO VALVE HOUSE AT THE START OF PENSTOCK. PENSTOCK TAKE THE WATER FROM THE VALVE HOUSE TO THE POWER HOUSE. SURGE TANK IS PROVIDED TO ABSORB WATER HAMMER ON THE GATES DURING SUDDEN LOAD THROW OFF.
SURGE TANK DAM
MAXIMUM RESERVOIR LEVEL
VALVE HOUSE
PRESSURE CHANNEL
PELTON WHEEL POWER HOUSE

MEDIUM HEAD PLANTS
WHEN LOCALIZED HEAD OR FALL IN THE STREAM IS USED, AN OPEN CHANNEL OR CONDUIT CARRY THE WATER TO POWER HOUSE. LOW HEAD INSTALLATIONS WATER IS STORED IN A BARRAGE ACROSS A RIVER IS USED TO RUN THE TURBINES POWER GENERATED :: H 3/2

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ADVANTAGES
NUCLEAR REACTOR IS USED AS SOURCE OF HEAT COST OF POWER PRODUCED IS THE CHEAPEST RUNNING COST IS MINIMUM
COMPONENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR REACTOR FUEL MODERATOR REFLECTOR

CONTROL COOLANT SHIELDING STRUCTURE HEAT EXCHANGER STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR
HOT LIQUID
STEAM TURBINE
GENARATOR
ELECTRIC POWER
COLD LIQUID NUCLEAR REACTOR HEAT EXCHANGER
BLOCK DIAGRAM

WORKING :
HEAT PRODUCED IN THE REACTOR (DUE TO FISSION REACTION OF RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT) IS TRANSFERRED TO THE COOLANT. THE HEAT IN THE COOLANT IS UTILIZED TO PRODUCE STEAM USING A HEAT EXCHANGER. THIS STEAM IS USED TO RUN A STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR TO PRODUCE POWER.

DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
COST OF POWER PRODUCED WOULD BE CHEAPER ONLY IF THE OUTPUT IS VERY HIGH ( ABOVE 250MW, SAY 500MW OR 1000MW ) HAZARDS OF RADIATION DISPOSING OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES. COMPLICATIONS IN DESIGNING THE REACTOR. INITIAL CAPITAL COST IS VERY HIGH.
VIEW OF HYDEL POWER PLANT

VIEW OF CO-GEN POWER PLANT

VIEW OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

VIEW OF THERMAL POWER PLANT


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TRAINING ON

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

ASH HANDLING PLANT

BOILER FEED WATER PUMP

TURBINE ALTERNATOR CONDENSER EXCITER

LOWER PRESSURE FEED WATER HEATER

CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP

COLD WATER CIRCULATING PUMP

LINE DIAGRAM THERMAL POWER STATION

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT OPEN CYCLE CONFIGURATION

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

WORKING OF GAS TURBINE GENERATOR : COMPRESSOR

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

500 600 DEG C

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

STEAM TURBINE COMBUSTION

SIMPLE COMBINED CYCLE

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS ADVANTAGES OF COMBINED CYCLE

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

15 COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

1.002 1.000 0.998 0.996

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS FUEL TYPE

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

TYPES OF LIQUID FUELS

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

SPECIAL TURBINE REQUIREMENTS :

ATOMISATION OF FUEL COMBUSTION SYSTEM

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

SELECTION OF FUEL TYPE :

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

POET CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

POWER GENERATION OPTIONS