‫‪Data Structures‬‬

‫‪Notes for Lecture 10‬‬

‫‪Non Linear Data Structures‬‬
‫‪By‬‬
‫‪Samaher Hussein Ali‬‬
‫‪2007-2008‬‬

‫‪Tree Representation‬‬
‫‪A. General Tree Representation‬‬
‫هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات ﺑﻘﺪر اآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوع‬
‫ﻼ اﻟﻌﻘ ﺪة‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﻨﺎء وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ اﺑﻦ ﻓﻤﺜ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺑﻦ واﺣﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﺆﺷﺮ واﺣﺪ واﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺑﻨﺎن ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ وهﻜﺬا‪ .‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة )اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ( ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﻧﻌﺮف ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات ﺑﻘﺪر اآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﻨﺎء وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺷ ﺮات ﻣﺴ ﺎوي ﻷآﺒ ﺮ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺑﻨ ﺎء ﺣﺘ ﻰ وان‬
‫آﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوع وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺤﺪث ﺿﻴﺎع آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺨﺰ ﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪-:‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ إن اآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎرﺟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻘ ﺪ اﻟﺸ ﺠﺮة أﻋ ﻼﻩ =‪ 3‬وﺑ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌ ﺮف ﺟﻤﻴ ﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻ ﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺻ ﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪد ﻣﺆﺷ ﺮات‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوي إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪* Class‬‬
‫}‪public Data as string{or any other type‬‬
‫‪public link1 as node‬‬
‫‪public link2 as node‬‬
‫‪public link3 as node‬‬
‫********************'‬
‫‪Dim tree as node‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪Tree‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪L1‬‬ ‫‪L2‬‬ ‫‪L3‬‬

‫‪B L1 L2 L3‬‬
‫‪C L1 L2 L3‬‬

‫‪D L1 L2 L3‬‬ ‫‪E L1 L2 L3‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪L1 L2 L3‬‬

‫‪G L1 L2 L3‬‬

‫‪H L1 L2 L3‬‬

‫‪null‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬آﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ً‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﻣﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ إﻟﻰ اآﺒﺮ اﻷﺑﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻻخ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫أي ان ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة هﻮ‬
‫‪Data‬‬ ‫‪Son‬‬ ‫‪Brother‬‬
‫‪* Class‬‬
‫}‪public Data as string{or any other type‬‬
‫‪public Son as node‬‬
‫‪public brother as node‬‬
‫********************'‬
‫‪Dim tree as node‬‬
‫‪Tree‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪null‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬آﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ًﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪ .3‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺛﻼث ﻣﺆﺷﺮات ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﺛﻼث ﻣﺆﺷﺮات هﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ إﻟﻰ اآﺒﺮ اﻷﺑﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻻخ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻب‬
‫أي ان ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة هﻮ‬
‫‪Data‬‬ ‫‪Son‬‬ ‫‪Brother‬‬ ‫‪Father‬‬
‫‪* Class‬‬
‫}‪public Data as string{or any other type‬‬
‫‪public Son as node‬‬
‫‪public brother as node‬‬
‫‪public father as node‬‬
‫********************'‬
‫‪Dim tree as node‬‬
‫‪Tree‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪null‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬آﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ًﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪B. Binary Tree Representation‬‬

‫هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ إﻻ ﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ا‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ أﺣﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺴ ﻌﺔ ﻣﺴ ﺎوﻳﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اآﺒ ﺮ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻘ ﺪ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺸ ﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ وﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ ارﺗﻔ ﺎع ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺸ ﺠﺮة ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪2h+1 -1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫وﻧﺨﺰن ﻋﻘﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ آﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫* ﻧﺨﺰن ﻋﻘﺪة اﻟﺠﺬر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻷول‬
‫* ﻧﺨﺰن ﻋﻘﺪة اﻻﺑﻦ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )‪(2*1‬‬
‫* ﻧﺨﺰن ﻋﻘﺪة اﻻﺑﻦ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )‪(2*1+1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -:‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ذات ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪J‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫‪( h=3‬‬ ‫ﻻ‪ -:‬ﻧﺠﺪ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺸﺠﺮة )‬

‫* او ً‬
‫* ﺛﺎﻧﻴًﺎ ‪ -:‬ﻧﺠﺪ اآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﺨﺰن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة‬
‫‪2h+1 -1=23+1 -1=16 -1=15‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ب‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫وهﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث أﻋﻤﺪة‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻷول ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺬر‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ اﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺬر‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺬر‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -:‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪HH‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪JJ‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺬر‬ ‫أﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ إﻻ ﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻ إﻋﻄﺎء ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ واﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫هﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ او ً‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -:‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت‬
‫ت اﻻﻳﻤﻦ‬ ‫ت اﻻﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ت‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ إﻻ ﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫هﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ا‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﻤﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻻﻳﺴﺮ‬
‫*ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻻﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫وﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة هﻮ‬
‫‪Lchild‬‬ ‫‪Data‬‬ ‫‪Rchild‬‬

‫‪* Class‬‬
‫}‪public Data as string{or any other type‬‬
‫‪public Lchild as node‬‬
‫‪public Rchild as node‬‬
‫********************'‬
‫‪Dim tree as node‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -:‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪GJ‬‬

‫‪Tree‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬

‫‪null‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬آﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ً‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﺜﻼث ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻻﻳﺴﺮ‬
‫*ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻻﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫* ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻻب‬
‫وﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة هﻮ‬
‫‪Lchild‬‬ ‫‪Data‬‬ ‫‪Rchild‬‬ ‫‪Father‬‬

‫‪* Class‬‬
‫}‪public Data as string{or any other type‬‬
‫‪public Lchild as node‬‬
‫‪public Rchild as node‬‬
‫‪public Father as node‬‬
‫********************'‬
‫‪Dim tree as node‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ -:‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ذات ﺛﻼث ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬

‫‪Tree‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪Rc‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪null‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ -:‬آﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺑﺪ ً‬

‫‪7‬‬