Cc t Hn-Nht-Hn-Vit so vi Hn-Nht-Nht-Vit (Phn 1) Nguyn Cung Thng

Vit chung vi Trn Ngc Giang (c/Australia) tranngocgiang@hotmail.com T Hn Vit (HV) l kt qu rt t nhin sau bao nhiu th k b ngi Hn h cng nh sng bn cnh nhau: y l nhng t gc Hn thm nhp vo v lm vn t Vit thm phong ph. Tng t nh th, ta cng c nhng t Hn Nht, Hn Hn ... phn nh qu trnh giao lu vn ho theo dng thi gian gia cc dn tc sng gn nhau t lu. Thng th khi ni n t HV l ta ngh ngay n cc t gc Hn nhp thng vo ting Vit, nhng tht ra vn khng n gin nh th v cc yu t thi gian (cc lp t HV trc v sau thi ng Tng, thi hin i ...) v khng gian (Bc b, Nam b), chnh tr ...v.v... C nhiu t gc Hn nhp thng vo ting Vit, th d nh lch s HV , nhp thng vo ting Nht thnh rekishi, nhp thng vo ting Hn thnh yoksa hay yeogsa (ph m u l- tr thnh bn nguyn m yhay ngc cng ho) ... So vi ging Bc Kinh/BK by gi l l sh (theo pinyin/bnh m); vn ho HV trong ting Nht l bunka (ph m u v/w tr thnh b-, h- thnh k-), ting Hn tr thnh munhwa so vi ging BK by gi l wn ha. Quc gia HV nhp vo ting Nht thnh kokka, ting Hn l gugga hay kukga ; Th HV (ph m u sh- tr thnh th- trong ting Vit) l shuto trong ting Nht, sudo trong ting Hn so vi ging BK by gi l shu d ... Ta cng khng ngc nhin khi cc t ny nhp thng t ting Hn v cc khi nim lch s, vn ho, quc gia, th ... rt pht trin cng vi qu trnh thnh lp ch Hn t ngn xa. Cc giao lu vn ho ngn ng c bit nht v rt lu i l Vit Nam/VN v Trung Quc/TQ. Chng hn nh mn Hnh hc (Geometry): ting Nht l Kika-gaku (K H hc) so vi ting Hn l kiha-hak (hay giha-gag ). Cc ti liu HV t u thp nin 1930 cho n 1960 cho thy cch dng K H hc v Hnh hc u hin din trong ting Vit, nhng hin nay th khng ai dng danh xng K H hc na. Cch gi Hnh hc c trc K H hc t lu; tn K H hc do cc hc gi i Minh T Quang Khi v Li M u/Matteo Ricci1 dch (1607), c kh nng phin m tin t geo- (m thi Minh gi-ho, ngha l t ai) t ch geometria (Hnh hc, ting Hy Lp l , -metria l o c) v cng ph hp vi cch ni k h (bao nhiu) hm o c trong mn hc ny. Cc t nhp thng t gc Hn vo ting Vit thi ng Tng rt ph hp vi cc cch c theo phin thit (ng Vn, Qung Vn, Tp Vn) s c gi l t HV trong lot bi ny; tng phn vi cc t HV khc c gc Vit c nh m (mt dng c phc nguyn l *tlam?/*klam? cho ra dng lng by gi), tn gi 12 con gip (T cht *chut chut, Mo Mo mo, Hi Gi *kui ci/heo ...), giang (mt dng c phc nguyn l *krong/*krung cho ra dng sng by gi) ... Cc t HV c gc Vit c nh trn s c gi l t VHHV (Vit-Hn-HnVit). Nhng t gc Hn c ngi Nht dng u tin, sau nhp ngc vo ting Hn v -1-

nhp vo ting Vit s c gi l t HNHV (Hn-Nht-Hn-Vit); nu cc t Hn c ngi Nht dng nhp thng vo ting Vit th l cc t HNNV (Hn-Nht- Nht-Vit). Cc t gc Hn c ngi Nht dng u tin vi ngha mi v sau nhp ngc vo ting Hn s c gi l t HNNH (Hn-Nht-Nht-Hn). Phn 1 ca lot bi ny ch trng vo cc t HNHV so vi HNNV. 1. Hin tng ng m d ngha y l hu qu t nhin ca ngn ng con ngi: khi x hi pht trin, ngn ng cng phn nh nhiu hot ng phc tp hn do mt t c th mang nhiu ngha. Mt ngn ng m trong mt t ch c mt ngha s lm b nh d tr nn ln xn v qu ti (overloaded). Hin tng ng m d ngha li cng d xy ra khi hai ngn ng vay mn ln nhau v to ra nhng trng hp v m thanh (c ging nhau). T HV cng c nhng trng hp ng m d ngha, th d nh phi c (my bay, ging BK by gi l fi j, ting Nht li chm ch hnh vo gia nn tr thnh phi hnh c hikki); phi c cn c th vit l ngha l c nghip ln (phi l ln lao, phi thng - khng phi l bay). Ngha th nh ca phi c (c nghip ln) rt t ngi bit. i th HV c t nht bn ngha sau y tu theo cch vit ch Hn (a) nng gt (th l nng ma h) tit i Th l nhng ngy 22, 23 v 24 thng 7 dng lch, tri rt nng nc Bc Bn Cu (b) con chut ln (c) con chut c bao trc bng (i l ci bao, ci ti khng c ngha l ln nh a v b) Ngha (c) ch con kangaroo (hay kanguru) nh bn c, nhng theo ngi vit: i th (chut ln) cng c th ch loi ng vt c bit ny! (d) chut c lng mu xanh m (i vit bng b hc l xanh en). Ting Hn v Nht th ghi m trc tip t ting Anh kangaroo: (kangar, ting Nht) so vi (kaeng-geolu, hay kaeng-go-ru-u, ting Hn). Tn lang thng c hiu l ngi mi ci v khi vit l , nhng cng c th l tri cau khi vit l tn lang (ting M Lai, Innsia l pinang). Do nu khng bit ch (Hn) vit ra sao, cc t HV c th gy ng nhn nh trng hp tn gi nm Tn Mo (nm 2011) chng hn. Tn2 trong Tn Mo vit l c ngha l can th 8 trong 10 can (Gip t Bnh ... Tn Nhm Qu), v cn c ngha l cay ng, vt v, au thng nh: tn toan (chua cht, c hua xt/ng cay), tn kh (vt v, cc nhc, nhc nhn, cht vt) ... Tn vit bng b kim vi ch Tn / c ngha l km vi k hiu Zn, nguyn t ho hc s 30 , ging BK xn c gn ging nh (k m) ting Anh zinc. Tn vit bng b cn , ngha l mi nh: tn binh, tn xun, tn lang (ch r, chng r), tn nin (nm mi, tt dng lch), tn hc, tn k (mi l) v.v Tn thm b tho li c ngha l ci, ci un, nh cc thnh ng: m chu tn qu (ci qu go chu), nga tn thng m (nm gai nm mt); ch tn ny cng c ngha l tin lng, nh: gia tn (tng lng), pht tn (pht lng). Tn c ngha l khch nh: tng knh nh tn (trng nhau nh khch v chng c x vi nhau nh khch). Tn vit bng b thu c ngha l b, nh: h tn , hi tn hay gn/gip/ven nh: tn hi (gip bin), tn giang (gn sng); ngoi ra, thnh ph cng nc Nht Honh Tn3 (Yokohama) cng vit vi ch tn ny. Tn vit vi b mch ghp vi phn cng b mch thnh t ghp tn phn (rc r, sc s; l t), nh trong thnh ng: ng thi tn phn -2-

[w ci bn fn ging BK] (mu sc sc s, mun mu rc r). Tn vit vi b mc ghp vi lang cng b mc thnh t ghp tn lang (cy cau, qu cau). Tn vit vi b nhn c ngha l ngi tip khch, nh: nam tn tng (ph r), n tn tng (ph du). Tn vit vi b trng (bn BK) l mt tn ring ca con trai (bng ), cng ch ngc trai, trn chu.V ch tn c nhiu t ng m d dng trong ch Hn nh vy, nn ngi ta hay hiu lm ngha ch tn trong thnh ng tng knh nh tn; c l chnh v lm tng nh vy mi c kin cho rng Tn Mo l nm mi dn n kt lun: ... ta nn tng cu nghnh tn xem bi phng vn ca i BBC trang ny: http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2011/02/ 110203_cat_or_rabbit.shtml Ngn ng Nht khng c nhiu m vn nh ting Vit (ngn ng c thanh iu/tonal language), cng vi giao lu vn ho lu i vi TQ lng ging, cho nn trong vn t ca c nhiu Hn t (kanji). Trong vn t Nht thng dng c 1,945 ch Hn gi l "Thng dng Hn t" (, jy kanji bt u dng chnh thc vo nm 1981 v vn cn c cp nht) trnh tnh trng lm ln gia rt nhiu t ng m d ngha c gc Hn c th ni nhiu gp nhiu ln so vi t Hn Vit. 2. Hin tng nhp ngc hay mn li (reborrowing) Hnh trch t discover-indo.tierranet.com/japanart005a.htm - th h ngi vit (NCT) rt thch xem lot phim Astroboy nh hnh bn trn, so vi th h con ci qua cc tr chi (video games) Nintendo. nh hng qua li trong ngn ng khng nhng hin din Chu (Hn, Nht, Vit ...) m cn Ty phng na: vi tin b vt bc ca k thut CNTT ca hai nc M v Nht by gi ta cn thy ch anime4 (phim hot hnh, hot ho), gc t ting Anh animation nhp vo ting Nht l - (Animshon) v nhp ngc li ting Anh thnh anime. Ting Php le bifstek l mn trc tip (loanword) t ting Anh beefsteak (mn tht b chin), nhng beef (tht b) tht ra l t ting Php c boef. Ting Anh c ch cinema (in nh, phim, xin, xinma ....), so vi ting Php l cinma, c gc Hi Lp (kinema, chuyn ng) li nhp ngc vo ting Hi Lp hin i l (xinma, c theo ting Vit hin i). Hin tng nhp ngc (vo ting Vit) gii thch c phn no cc t HV nh Mo, Hi ... c lin h ng m n cch gi tn cc loi vt tng ng l mo (m c Vit ca Mo), ci (m c Vit ca Hi) Nhng cc t HV ny li khng dnh lu g n tn 12 con vt trong ting Hn t xa n nay. 3. Cc t HNHV (Hn-Nht-Hn-Vit) 3.1 Ta hy xem hin tng nhp ngc (backloan) hay mn li (reborrowing) trong trng hp cc t HV sau y m a s tng rng chng l c sn ca ngi Hn. a s cc t HNHV c ngi Nht sng to da vo ch Hn khi du nhp vn minh Ty phng nht l vo thi k Minh Tr (1868-1912) vi chnh sch a cc khi nim khoa hc k thut vo nh trng; bng lit k sau da vo cc v d trong chng 3 "T ghp gc Hn v -3-

cch thc Vit ho" ca GS L nh Khn5 v bi vit ca hc gi Feng Zhiwei6 / (Phng/Bng Ch V). Cc t HNHV cn c ti liu TQ gi l Nht-Ch-Hn-Ng 7 hay Ngoi-Lai-Ng8 . C mt s t HNNH (Hn-Nht-Nht-Hn) khng thy hin din trong ting Vit ngy nay nh mn cm (nhy cm), tha khch (hnh khch), xut nh (ra to), cng bo / (thng co), quc kh/ (ngn qu quc gia), ch c (km hm), ch ng (HV: thng dng sn xut ng) ... khng nm trong phm vi bi ny nhng cng ng nhc n y bn c no thy hng khi th tra cu thm. Bng lit k cc t HNHV th gii bo him xut pht phn tch tp on tham quan in thoi nhn loi bc s ng k cng dn gio dng thnh vin t nhin thnh phn pht minh thng tr giao thng lao ng Trit hc kinh t* mc ch v sinh ngha v cnh st a cht hc dn ch kinh nghim x nghip

ho hc thi gian

t tng

bi cnh hin tng tuyn truyn sng tc vn ng t chc

cht lng in t

in bo/telegram

ng lc hc/Dynamics php lut tin trin phn i phc v bn cht cn b

ng sn/movables l tng tiu ho

cng nghip in xa (xe in/tram) th tiu ngha quan h giao hon c th

ni dung tuyn c

m thut i biu k lc tt yu chi b

nng lc

nhn quyn

thng thc tha nhn qung co giao t c quan kinh ph

ch ng th dc din xut

khoa hc vn minh* ngn hng tn gio nguyn tc

th trng hip hi Tm l hc c ti

Sinh thi hc/Ecology trng s i tng iu kin dinh dng phng n php nhn ch quan nguyn t tru tng phn phi vn hc* ch o phng thc ging s khch quan nguyn t n v x hi kin tr

quc t t liu quy tc tn vn quyn uy

trc tip ph bnh th tc mc tiu

tch cc nghip v khng gian

tc phm

chnh/chnh ng ng vin tuyt i ph nhn biu quyt

chnh/chnh sch ph nh tng hp

tin ho/evolution lnh/lnh th lnh/lnh hi h kch (hi kch)

S hu quyn/ownership

Khu trc hm/Destroyer

Hng khng mu hm/Aircraft carrier -4-

s thi (tnh hnh) tc k/shorthand

phn ng bi kch

khng (chng) tu vin hin php* cng tri

m th (bo ngm) gii phng

T bn ch ngha/Capitalism lao ng* M hc (Aesthetics) danh t v.v

X hi ch ngha/Socialism ch c

t do (freedom, liberty) ch ti

Xin lu : bc s l tin s (PhD) Nht, TQ. Dn ch l dch ngha t ting Anh democracy - mt cch dch m l c m khc lp ty . t ngi bit rng / (Trung Hoa Nhn Dn Cng Ho Quc) v (Trung Quc Cng Sn ng) l cc t ngoi lai nhp vo ting Trung Quc trong thi k Cch Mng. 3.2 Mt s cch dng c th hin din trong th tch c i TQ, nhng phm tr ngha thay i phn no khi ngi Nht dng v duy tr ngha ny cho n nay - cc t HNHV c du hoa th sau trong bng lit k - ni cch khc hn l chnh ngi Nht, qua nhng ci cch tn hc (Ty hc), to c s vng chc v chnh xc hn trong cch dng cc t ny: Kinh t : ngha c (kinh bang t th/sa nc cu i, kinh th t dn/tr i gip dn ...) kinh quc t dn ... [a] bao gm chnh tr, kinh t, x hi khc vi ngha by gi (dch ting Anh economy) Cch mng/mnh : ngha c l i mnh vua (vua chu mnh tri), i triu vua (o Duy Anh) thc thi bin cch ng thin mnh. C i nhn vi (ngh rng) vng th mnh thin, nhn xng triu i canh th vi cch mnh (v th gi thay i triu i l cch mnh) [b] ; hin nay cch mng/revolution ngha l i ch c... Bc vt : ngha c l thng thi, hiu bit nhiu (bc c thng kim, uyn bc) bc thc a tri... [c]; Bc vt (hc) ch khoa hc t nhin (natural science). Khng thy ting Vit dng cc t ny na so vi thi cc c o Duy Anh, Gustave Hue ... Theo hc gi Phng/Bng Ch V th cc danh t sau cng c qu trnh i ngha v cch dng tng t (xem ph ch 6): u c, giai cp, c quan, tinh thn, ni cc, pht minh, ch ngha, ng tnh (thng cm), vn ho, vn minh, di truyn, thm vn, sinh sn (sn xut), nguyn soi, xm lc, cu lu ... Lao ngrd//: ngha c l iu khin hot ng/c ng thao tc hot ng... [d] - lao ng vit theo kiu Nht v ng (dng BK) rt gn9 thnh d. Lao l Nht Bn Hn T (ch Nht gc Hn) cng nh ch Nm truyn thng Vit Nam; ch lao cn hin din trong t in d th t xem trang ny http://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/yitia/fra/fra00396.htm Pht minh /: ngha c l gi khi pht, khai khuch [e] v.v -5-

3.3 Ting Anh thuc ng h n u hay loi hnh ngn ng ho kt (flexional/flectional) vi kh nng dng hu t/tip v ng (suffix) v tin t/tip u ng (prefix) rt khc vi loi hnh ngn ng n lp (isolating hay analytic) nh ting Vit, ting Trung (Quc). Ting Anh boy (b trai) ch c mt dng (hnh v/morpheme) l boy - dng ny c t s hnh-v-v-ch (morpheme-word ratio) l 1:1; hay trong trng hp s nhiu l boys th t s hnh-v-v-ch l 2:1. Trng hp ch international (quc t) th t s hnh-v-v-ch ln n 3:1. Ting Hn, Vit (ngn ng n lp) hu nh khng c cc trng hp trn v t s hnh v v ch thng l 1:1. Hu t -ise (hay -ize) dng lm ng t rt thng dng nh Americanise (M ho, M quc ho ), Vietnamise (Vit ho), internationalise (quc t ho ), normalise (bnh thng ho, TQ dng chnh thng ho, Nht dng chnh quy ho)... v ng nhin ch ho (ting Hn dng hwa) c dng cho hu t -ise; ngi Nht to ra cc ch mi dng ho nh l mt hu t trong cc ngn ng n lp. Hu t -ism cng c dch l ch ngha nh Communism trong ting Nht l (Kysan shugi, ting Nht rt gn9 ph m sau ng nh Kinh thnh Kyoto, Cng thnh kyo-), nhp vo TQ v VN l Cng Sn ch ngha, ting Hn l (gongsanjuui); Capitalism l Shihon shugi (Nht) nhp vo ting Trung (Quc) v VN l T bn ch ngha so vi ting Hn (jabonjuui). Nationalism thng c dch l (ting Nht dng dng Kanji/Hn t) hay (Nashonarizumu, ting Nht dng kiu Katakana) - nhp vo ting Hn v VN thnh Dn Tc ch ngha (hay Quc gia ch ngha) so vi ting Hn (minjogjuui hay kukgajuui). 4. Cc t HNNV (Hn-Nht-Nht-Vit) Mt s t HV khng thy Trung Quc dng m ch Nht v VN, th d nh cc t i t, thiu t, i u ... Ting Hn hin i gi i t10 (Colonel) l Lc Qun thng hiu hay thng hiu, on trng ch khng nh cch gi qun hm ca VN v Nht. i T ting Nht l taisa. T in Petit Dictionnaire francais-annamite ca Trng Vnh K (1884) nh ngha colonel l Chnh tng-binh, qun c, qun v v i Nam Quc m T V ca Paulus Ca (1895) th khng ghi cc t i t, thiu t ... Cho n thp nin 1930 th Gustave Hue ghi chp cc t i t, thiu t trong cun Dictionnaire vietnamien-chinoisfrancais (1937). Hc gi o Duy Anh cn ghi l i t 'chc quan v trn chc trung t, cng gi l thng t' trong cun Hn Vit T in (1931). Thiu t ting Nht l shosa so vi cch gi thiu hiuca TQ. Hin nay, thng t l cp bc trn trung t nhng di i t, phn nh phn no nh hng ca Trung Quc (thng hiu) min Bc so vi thi VNCH vn duy tr nh hng Nht Bn v khng c cp bc ny. Vo nhng nm Php bt u xm lng VN cng l thi k qun i Nht t chc li h thng cp bc (dng i t, thiu t ... t nm 1867); sau bn thp nin phong tro ng Du c gng gii thiu cc thay i v canh tn Nht vo VN v gii thch c sau cc t HNNV li nhp vo ting Vit. Cch dng phi trng (sn bay) trong ting Vit cng ng ch : ting Nht l khng cng kk (rt gn ph m cui9, kng gng BK tr thnh kk) hay phi hnh trng hikj (ph m u b/p BK tr thnh h, ph m h BK tr thnh k v rt gn ph m cui9 ); ting Hn cng dng khng cng (gonghang, vn duy tr ph m cui -ng) khc vi ting Hn l -6-

c trng / hay phi c trng /. K s ting Nht11 - ting Vit cng vy so vi ting Hn l cng trnh s - so vi k gia (gisa/kisa ting Hn). Trng Vnh K (sd, 1884) dch k s (ingnieur ting Php) l bc-vt, o Duy Anh (sd, 1931) ghi nhn k s nh l cng trnh s. 5. Ghi ch v ph bnh thm cho y hn, cc bn c (nu thy thch th) nn cn thn tra cu thm nhiu d kin t cc bi vit c sn trn mng v ti (rt ln rng) 'du nhp ting Anh vo ting Hn, Nht, Hn, Vit ... hay t vay mn/ngoi lai ng/loanwords' - nh nhng bi vit ca hc gi Feng Zhiwei/Phng (Bng) Ch V "The structure of Chinese loanwords" (cu trc ca cc t vay mn trong ting Hn) trang http://www.lingviko.net/feng/structure-zwfeng.pdf hay bi vit ca Gao Ruikua (cng l lun vn Thc S, Anhui University, 2005) "Analysis of Language Borrowing between English, Chinese and Japanese" xem trang ny http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2390150/Analysis-of-Language-Borrowing-Between-EnglishJapanese-and-Chinese v - Cc bi vit qua ch "English loanwords in Japanese" c th tra trn mng d dng, nh ca tc gi Gillian Kay (1995) hay ca tc gi Bobby Ruijgrok (2009) trang http://bobbyruijgrok.com/gulibu/lipapers_files/English%20loanwords%20in%20Japanese.pdf hay https://www.csun.edu/~bashforth/301_PDF/301_P_P/ EnglishLoanWordsJapanese.pdf v.v... 1) Li M u (Ricci, vn u Ri ~ li hay Li , M u l phin m ca Matteo) l tn Hn ho (n m ho) ca gio s sang Trung Quc truyn gio v cht v bnh Bc Kinh - Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) - rt c gii nho gia TQ ng thi knh trng v tn lm Thi Ty Nho S . Li M u (nh vo T Quang Khi , 1562-1633) l ngi u tin dch T Th Ng Kinh ra ting u Chu (La Tinh) cng nh em cc khi nim khoa hc (Hnh hc, S hc, Thin vn hc ...) ca Ty phng vo TQ xem trang ny http://zh.wikipedia.org/zhtw/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%9B%E7%AA%A6 Hnh ba cun "K H nguyn bn" (Hnh hc cn bn, dch t Elements ca Euclid m Matteo Ricci hc La M trc khi qua TQ) vi hnh ca Li M u (tri) v T Quang Khi (phi). Mt im ng ch l trong cun "Danh T Khoa Hc" ca hc gi Hong Xun Hn/HXH (NXB Khoa Hc Tng Th, in ln th nht, 1942), ng cng dch Gomtrie l -7-

Hnh hc. Hnh hc c dng trong cc t in HV ca o Duy Anh/ DA (1931), Gustave Hue (1937). Tuy nhin, HXH dng cp s nhn thay v k h cp s (progression gomtrique, geometric progression/series) nh DA; ting Hn cng da vo ting Hn l (giha geubsu) khc hn vi ting Nht dch l ng t s lit . 2) y l cha k nhng ch him c l tn nh b nch hp vi ch Tn (hi thanh) c ngha l cm lnh/run ln (ague) cng c l tn - theo Khang Hy: [Tp Vn] t nhn thit, m Tn ...v.v... Th d nh xem mt t in TQ kh ph thng trn mng, m tn HV (xn BK) c tt c 97 cch vit khc nhau - xem trang ny http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/ 3) Nm 1905 cc nh i quc Phan Bi Chu, ng T Knh, Tng Bt H n Honh Tn bng ng thu xin ngoi vin. Qua cc li khuyn (bt m) ca Lng Khi Siu v mt s chnh khch Nht, c Phan Bi Chu chuyn hng cu vin sang cu hc. y khng phi l lin h u tin gia Vit Nam v Nht Bn, t nht l u th k 15 c ngi Nht n Hi An bun bn; ph c Hi An nay cn li nhiu du n v giao lu vn ho v kinh t thi . Bi ny ch gii thiu khung cnh tng qut v giao lu vn ho qua ngn ng (t HNHV, HNNV ...) - y l mt ch ng c tra cu thm nh qua nhng bi vit ca cc nh i quc v hc tr ca phong tro ng Du ni trn. 4) Anime (phim hot hnh) m rng th trng c in ca phim hot hnh dnh cho con nt (cartoon) n mi la tui v n khp ni trn th gii (v tr thnh mt loi vn ho ton cu/global culture) anime xut hin sau thi k ph thng ca manga (truyn tranh Nht Bn) - xem thm chi tit trang http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime . 5) "T vng gc Hn trong ting Vit" tc gi GS L nh Khn - NXB i Hc Quc Gia Thnh Ph HCM (2002) 6) Bi vit "The Semantic Loanwords and Phonemic Loanwords in Chinese Language" tc gi Feng Zhiwei - trnh by trong Hi Tho quc t k 11 t chc ti Tokyo (2004) - c th c ton bi t trang ny http://ling.cuc.edu.cn/htliu/feng/loanword-zwfeng.pdf 7) Xem chi tit cc tho lun trn cc trang mng bch khoa TQ nh http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E6%B1%89%E8%AF% AD&variant=zh-cn hay http://baike.baidu.com/view/817962.htm ... Bn c c th xem thm cc bi vit lin h nh (Hin i Hn Ng trng ch Nht Ng ngoi lai ng vn ) ca tc gi Vng Bn Bn trang http://www.zhaojun.com/youci/riyu.htm hay bi vit bng ting Nht http://freett.com/nandon/lunwen1.htm 8) Ngoi Lai Ng l cc t vay mn (ting ngoi quc) - ging BK by gi l wi li y so vi m HV Ngoi Lai Ng, v Nht l Gailaigo. Theo thng k ca tc gi Monique Cheung khi tra cc t in ting Nht th s lng Gailaigo cng ngy cng tng - xem chi tit trang http://www.slidefinder.net/j/japanese_loanwords_monique/17176589

-8-

Nm 1859 1956 1972 Hin nay

S lng (phn trm) Gailaigo trong t in ting Nht 1.4 % 3.5 % 7.8 % c 10 %

Bng lit k cc t vay mn - xem trang ny http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gairaigo_and_wasei-eigo_terms th d nh v.v 9) Ting Nht khng c ph m sau -ng so vi ting Trung (Hoa) hay VN. Qu trnh rt gn ph m sau -ng cho ra dng Tokyo: ng Kinh , ging BK by gi l dng jng, tr thnh To-Kyo. Ngn ng con ngi lun lun thay i, theo thi gian cho cc ting c v theo khng gian cho cc ting a phng (phng ng, th ng). S thay i ny cn c ghi trn giy t r rng nh tn thnh ph Bc Kinh, Nam Kinh : th h by gi thng c l By-Ching (theo ging Ph Thng BK, bijng ) hay Nan-Ching (Nnjng BK ), Phu-Chin (Fjin BK ) nhng cc bo ch sch v t trm nm qua vn thng ghi l Peking, Nanking v ta vn c gi l Bc Kinh, Nam Kinh, Phc Kin khi ni chuyn hng ngy. m bc HV cn duy tr m c cui k (cng nh mt s ging min Nam TH nh Qung ng, H) v ph m c u k- ca Kinh (thay v ngc ho thnh mt dng ch-). y l mt th d cho thy cc bin m c duy tr qua bo ch v phng ng (vn gi m c hn) cng nh trong m Hn Vit, Hn Hn, Hn Nht (phn nh thi k giao lu). y l mt ti rt th v nhng khng nm trong phm vi ca phn 1 ny. 10) Thi Php xm chim VN, ta c cc i t Henri Rivire, i u Francis Garnier ... trong qun i vin chinh Php xem thm chi tit trang http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Garnier v.v "T in Hn Vit" (o Duy Anh, 1931): c ghi 'thng hiu, chc quan v cp th t trn chc trung hiu di chc thiu tng' so vi cch nh ngha ca Hong Thc Trm trong "Hn Vit Tn T in" (1950) th 'thng hiu: chc v quan hi Trung Hoa Dn Quc, ngang vi i t ca Nht Bn' ... Tuy nhin vo SiGn qua cun "T in Hn Vit" ca Nguyn Vn Khn (1960) th khng thy dng thng hiu nhng c ghi i t. Vn tr nn phc tp hn khi qun hm c lc dng t HNHV v c lc khng dng na (tu theo tnh hnh chnh tr ...): nh cp bc i tng tng hin din trong qun i TQ t nm 1955 n nm 1965, sau cch mng vn ho (thi Mao Trch ng) th h thng qun hm c ti lp t nm 1988 nhng t nm 1994 th khng cn chc nht cp thng tng na - xem thm chi tit trang: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86 abekkuavec (t ting Php, ngha l cp/i tnh nhn) aisu kurmu ice cream (t ting Anh, ngha l kem/k lem)

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(a)

(b)

(a) Qun hm i tng Lc qun M (tng bn sao - four-star general) (b) Qun hm i tng QND VN - xem trang ny http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng Cc ch:
[a] [b] [c] [d]

T Nguyn ((bn cp nht 1979, Bc Kinh) trang 2436, ct 3 T Nguyn trang 3364, ct 2 T Nguyn trang 0428, ct 3 T Nguyn trang 0380, ct 2

11) Ting Nht cn dng dng k m enjinia ca ting Anh engineer ch k s. Phm tr ngha ca ch engineer tht ra cng thay i theo thi gian (ting La Tinh th k 15 ngha l ngi pht minh) v khng gian: ting M (American English) cn dng engineer ch ti x li u my xe la (engine-driver). 3/2011 Ngun: http://www.vanchuongviet.org

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