Basic Reservoir Engineering - Mai Cao Lan

GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM IN
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
BASIC RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING
5/2/2013 1 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, you should be able to understand the
fundamentals of reservoir engineering and do some basic
analyses/calculations as follows:
PVT Analysis
Special Core Analysis
Well Test Analysis
Production Forecast
References
1. L.P.Dake (1978). Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
2. L.P.Dake (1994). The Practice of Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
3. B.C.Craft & M.Hawkins (1991). Applied Petroleum
Reservoir Engineering,Prentice Hall, NewJersey.
4. T. Ahmed (2006). Reservoir Engineering Handbook , Gulf
Professional Publishing, Oxford.
Outline
Key Concepts in Reservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Quantitative Methods in Reservoir Characterization and
Evaluation.
Part I
Key Concepts in
Reservoir Engineering
Definition of Reservoir
In petroleum industry, reservoir fluids is a mixture of
hydrocarbons (oil and/or gas), water and other non-hydrocarbon
compounds (such as H
2
S, CO
2
, N
2
, ...)
Definition of Engineering
Engineering is the discipline or profession of
applying necessary knowledge and utilizing
physical resources in order to design and
implement systems and processes that realize a
desired objective and meet specified criteria.
Engineering is the discipline and profession of
Necessary Knowledge
Knowledge about oil & gas reservoirs
Reservoir Rock Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Reservoir Fluid Properties & Behavior during the
Production Process
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
Necessary Knowledge (contd)
Technical & Scientific Knowledge
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Characterization
Quantitative Methods for Reservoir
Evaluation
Physical Resources
In-place Reservoir Resources
Reservoirs energy source resulted from the
initial pressure & drive mechanisms during
production
Available flow conduits thanks to reservoirs
characteristic properties such as permeability
distribution.
Design and Implementation
Design and Implement an Oil Field Development Plan
Plan for producing oil & gas from the reservoirs in the
field: Exploit reservoir energy sources; Design
appropreate well patterns; Select suitable subsurface &
surface facilities ... during the lifecycle of the oil field
Desired Objective
To Maximize the profit resulted from the
recovered oil & gas
To recover as much as possible oil & gas from
the reservoirs
To recover high-quality oil & gas
Specified Criteria
Money associated with hired manpower,
facilities, technologies, ...
Time
Local regulations
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
Oil Fields and Their Lifecycle
A lifecycle of an oil field consists of the following stages:
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Production
Abandonment
Revenue Throughout LifeCycle
Part II
Basic Properties and
Behaviors of
Oil & Gas Reservoirs
Five Basic
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a
Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
3
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Used to visualize the fluids production path from
the reservoir to the surface
Used to classify reservoir fluids
Used to develop different strategies to produce
oil/gas from reservoir
Pressure-Temperature Diagrams
Phase Diagrams
Single
Liquid
Phase
Region
Critical
Point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a
Initial
Reservoir
State
% Liquid
Temperature, F
Cricondentherm
Separator
Cricondenbar
Single
Gas
Phase
Region
Two-Phase
Region
Black Oil
Black Oil
Critical
Point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a
Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
Volatile-Oil
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature, F
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
2
1
3
Critical
point
Retrograde Gas
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
Wet Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
Dry Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Field Identification
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Initial Producing
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
<1750 1750 to
3200
> 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Stock-
Tank Liquid
Gravity, API
< 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Liquid
Color of Stock-
Tank Liquid
Dark Colored Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid

*For Engineering Purposes
Laboratory Analysis
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint No Phase
Change
No
Phase
Change
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
> 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
< 2.0 > 2.0 - - -

*For Engineering Purposes
0
50000
0 30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B
Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Black
oil
Field Identification
34
Flui
ds & Fluid
Primary Production Trends
G
O
R
G
O
R
G
O
R
G
O
R
G
O
R
Time Time Time
Time Time Time Time Time
Time Time
No
liquid
No
liquid
Dry
Gas
Wet
Gas
Retrograde
Gas
Volatile
Oil
Black
Oil
A
P
I
A
P
I
A
P
I
A
P
I
A
P
I
Exercise 1
Based on the phase diagrams of volatile oil
and retrograde gas, describe some
characteristic properties of these two
reservoir fluids
Name some applications of phase diagrams
in selecting surface facilities
Basic Properties of Natural Gas
Equation-of-State (EOS)
Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas Mixture
Density of Gas Mixture
Gas Specific Gravity
Z-factor (Gas Compressibility or Gas Deviation
Factor)
Isothermal Compressibility
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Gas Viscosity
Gas Equation-Of-State (EOS)
pV nZRT =
Equation of State:
Quantity Description Unit/Value
p Pressure psia
V Volume ft
3
n Mole Number lb-mol
Z Gas Deviation
Factor
dimensionless
T Temperature Rankine
R Universal Gas
constant
10.73
psia.ft
3
/lb-mole. R
Apparent Molecular Weight of a
Gas Mixture
Normally, petroleum gas is a mixture of various
light hydrocarbon (C
1
-C
4
). For example:
Component Mole Percent
Molecular
Weight
(lb/lb-mol)
Critical Critical
Pressure Temperature
(psia) (
o
R)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
C1 0.85 16.043 666.4 343.00
C2 0.04 30.070 706.5 549.59
C3 0.06 44.097 616.0 665.73
iC4 0.03 58.123 527.9 734.13
nC4 0.02 58.123 550.6 765.29
1
20.39
N
a i i
i
M y M
=
= =
Density of Gas Mixture

Gas density is calculated from the definition of
density and the EOS
3
pM
= = (lb/ft )
g
a a
g
g
m
nM p
V nZRT ZRT
=
Gas Specific Gravity
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the
gas density to that of the air
M
= =
28.97
g
a a
g
air air
M
M
=
Gas Deviation Factor (Z-factor)
Z-factor in the EOS accounts for the difference in
the behavior of natural gases in compared with ideal
gases.
;
pr pr
pc pc
p T
p T
p T
= =
Z-factor can be expressed as: Z=Z(p
pr
,T
pr
) where
;
pc i ci pc i ci
i i
p y p T y T = =

p
pr
: pseudo-reduced pressure
T
pr
: pseudo-reduced temperature
p
pc
: pseudo-critical pressure
T
pc
: pseudo-critical temperature
Standing-Katz Chart
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical
pressure and temperature
Step 2: Calculate pseudo-reduced
pressure and temperature:
Step 3: Use Standings-Katz chart
to determine Z
;
pr pr
pc pc
p T
p T
p T
= =
;
pc i ci pc i ci
i i
p y p T y T = =

Dranchuk & Abou-Kassem
Correlation
7210 . 0 ; 6134 . 0
1056 . 0 ; 1844 . 0 ; 7361 . 0
5475 . 0 ; 05165 . 0 ; 01569 . 0
5339 . 0 ; 0700 . 1 ; 3265 . 0
11 10
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
= =
= = =
= = =
= = =
A A
A A A
A A A
A A A
2 5 2 2 2
2
1 3 4 5 11 11
3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
2
3 6 7 8
2
4 9 7 8
3
5 10
( ) (1 ) exp( ) 1 0
0.27 / ( )
/ / / /
0.27 /
/ /
( / / )
/
r r r r r r r
r
r pr pr
pr pr pr pr
pr pr
pr pr
pr pr
pr
R
F R R R R A A
p ZT
R A A T A T A T A T
R p T
R A A T A T
R A A T A T
R A T

= + + + + =
=
= + + + +
=
= + +
= +
=
Exercise 2
Component yi Mi Tci,R pci
CO2 0.02 44.01 547.91 1071
N2 0.01 28.01 227.49 493.1
C1 0.85 16.04 343.33 666.4
C2 0.04 30.1 549.92 706.5
C3 0.03 44.1 666.06 616.4
i - C4 0.03 58.1 734.46 527.9
n - C4 0.02 58.1 765.62 550.6
Wichert-Aziz Correction Method
R ,
o
c =
pc pc
T T
2 2
, psia
(1 )
pc pc
pc
pc H S H S
p T
p
T y y c
=
+
Corrected pseudo-critical temperature:
Corrected pseudo-critical pressure:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0.9 1.6
0.5 4.0
120 15 ,
H S CO H S CO H S H S
y y y y y y c = + + +
Pseudo-critical temperature adjustment factor
Exercise 3
Component Mole fraction
C1 0.76
C2 0.07
CO2 0.1
H2S 0.07
Given the following real gas composition,
Determine the density of the gas mixture at 1,000
psia and 110 F using Witchert-Aziz correction
method.
Sutton Correction Method
2
0.5
o
o
1 2
, R/psia
3 3
, R/psia
i
i
c c
i i
i i
c c
i i
c
i
i
c
T T
J y y
p p
T
K y
p
( (
| | | |
( ( = +
| |
( (
\ . \ .

=

Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:

7
7
7 7
7 7 7
7
2
0.5
2 2
2 3
1 2
3 3
0.6081 1.1325 14.004 64.434
0.3129 4.8156 27.3751
c c
J
c c
C
C
J J J J C J C
c
K C C C
c
C
T T
F y y
p p
F F F y F y
T
y y y
p
c
c
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+
(
(
| | | |
( = +
( | |
(
\ . \ .

= + +
| |
(
= + |

|
\ .
Step 2: Calculate the adjustment parameters:
Sutton Correction Method (cont.)
K
J
K K
J J
c
c
=
=
Step 3: Adjust the parameters J and K
J
T
p
J
K
T
pc
pc
pc
=
=
2
Step 4: Calculate the adjusted pseudo-critical
terms
Correlations for Pseudo Properties
of Real Gas Mixture
Isothermal Compressiblity of
Natural Gas Mixture
1 d
d
g
V
c
V p
=
By definition, the compressibility of the gas is
1 1
g
T
dz
c
p z dp
| |
=
|
\ .
Isothermal pseudo-reduced compressibility:
or
1 1 d
d
pr
pr g pc
pr pr
T
z
c c p
p z p
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
Gas Isothermal Compressiblity Correlation by
Matter, Brar & Aziz (1975)
2
1 0.27
1
pr
pr
r
T
g
pr pr
r
r
T
dz
d
c
p z T
dz
z d
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
+
|
\ .
( ) ( )
4 2 2 4 2
1 2 3 4 8 8 8
2 5 2 1 exp
pr
r r r r r r
r
T
dz
T T T T A A A
d

| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
3 5 2
1 1 2 4
3
5 6 7
3 4 5
3
;
0.27
; ;
pr pr pr
pr
pr pr pr
A A A
T A T A
T T T
p
A A A
T T T
T T T
= + + = +
= = =
A1 0.3150624 A5 -0.61232032
A2 -1.04671 A6 -0.10488813
A3 -0.578327 A7 0.68157001
A4 0.5353077 A8 0.68446549
Gas Formation Volume Factor
, p T
g
sc
V
B
V
=
By definition, the gas FVF is
Combining the above equation with the EOS yields
3
0.02827 (ft /scf)
0.005035 (bbl/scf)
g
g
zT
B
p
zT
B
p
=
=
Gas Viscosity Correlation Method by
Carr, Kobayashi and Burrows (1954)
Step 1: Calculate pseudo-critical properties and the
corrections to these properties for the presence of
nonhydrocarbon gases (CO
2
, H
2
S, N
2
)
Step 2: Obtain the (corrected) viscosity of the gas
mixture at one atmosphere and the temperature of
interest
2 2 2
1 1
uc
N CO H S
= +A +A +A
Step 3: Calculate the pseudo-reduced pressure and
temperature, and obtain the viscosity ratio (
g
/
1
)
Step 4: Calculate the gas viscosity from
1
and the
viscosity ratio (
g
/
1
)
Carrs Atmospheric Gas Viscosity
Correlation
Gas Viscosity Ratio Correlation
Standings Correlation for
Atmospheric Gas Viscosity
( )
( )
5 6
1
3 3
1.709 10 2.062 10 460
8.118 10 6.15 10 log
uc
g
g
T

( = +

( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
9.08 10 log 6.24 10
8.48 10 log( ) 9.59 10
8.49 10 log( ) 3.73 10
CO CO g
N N g
H S H S g
y
y
y

(
A = +

( A = +

( A = +

2 2 2
1 1
uc
CO N H S
= +A +A +A
Dempseys Correlation for Gas
Viscosity Ratio
2 3
0 1 2 3
1
2 3
4 5 6 7
2 2 3
8 9 10 11
3 2 3
12 13 14 15
ln
g
pr pr pr pr
pr pr pr pr
pr pr pr pr
pr pr pr pr
T a a p a p a p
T a a p a p a p
T a a p a p a p
T a a p a p a p
(
| |
= + + + +
( |
\ .

(
+ + + +

(
+ + + +

(
+ + +

a0 = 2.46211820
a1 = 2.970547414
a2 = 2.86264054 (10
1
)
a3 = 8.05420522 (10
3
)
a4 = 2.80860949
a5 = 3.49803305
a6 = 3.60373020 (10
1
)
a7 = 1.044324 (10
2
)
a8 = 7.93385648 (10
1
)
a9 = 1.39643306
a10 = 1.49144925 (10
1
)
a11 = 4.41015512 (10
3
)
a12 = 8.39387178 (10
2
)
a13 = 1.86408848 (10
1
)
a14 = 2.03367881 (10
2
)
a15 = 6.09579263 (10
4
)
Exercise 4
A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day
from a gas reservoir at an average pressure of 2,000
psia and a temperature of 120F. The specific
gravity is 0.72.
Calculate the vicosity of the gas mixture using both
graphical and analytical methods.
Properties of Crude Oil
Oil density and gravity
Gas solubility
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility coefficient of
undersaturated crude oils
Oil viscosity
These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory
experiments. When such experiments are not available,
empirical correlations are used
Crude Oil Density
The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a
unit volume of the crude oil at a specified
pressure and temperature.
3
(lb/ft )
o
o
o
m
V
=
Crude Oil Gravity
The specific gravity of a crude oil is defined as the
ratio of the density of the oil to that of water.
o
API is usually used to reprensent the gravity of
the crude oil as follow
3
; 62.4 (lb/ft )
o
o w
w
= =
141.5
-131.5
o
o
API
=
The API gravity of crude oils
usually ranges from 47 API for
the lighter crude oils to 10 API
for the heavier crude oils.
Black Oil Model
Gas Solubility R
s
R
s
is defined as the number of standard cubic feet
of gas dissolved in one stock-tank barrel of crude
oil at certain pressure and temperature.
The solubility of a natural gas in a crude oil is a
strong function of the pressure, temperature, API
gravity, and gas gravity.
Gas Solubility R
s
Standings Correlation for R
s
( )
1.2048
1.4 10
18.2
0.0125 0.0009 460
x
s g
p
R
x API T
(
| |
= +
|
(
\ .

=
Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks
Porosity
Permeability
In-situ Saturation
pore
bulk matrix
bulk bulk
V
V V
V V
|

= =
Porosity
Porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing, NOT grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same
porosity
Rhombohedral packing
Pore space = 26 % of total volume
Cubic packing
Pore space = 47 % of total volume
Rock Matrix and Pore Space
Rock matrix Pore space
Pore-Space Classification
Total porosity
Effective porosity
Total Pore Space
Bulk Volume
pore
t
bulk
V
V
| = =
Interconnected Pore Space
Bulk Volume
e
| =
Permeability is a property of the porous
medium and is a measure of the capacity of
the medium to transmit fluids
Permeability
When the medium is completely saturated
with one fluid, then the permeability
measurement is often referred to as specific
or absolute permeability
Absolute Permeability
Effective permeability is a measure of the
fluid conductance capacity of a porous
medium to a particular fluid when the
medium is saturated with more than one
fluid
Effective Permeability
Relative permeability is defined as the ratio
of the effective permeability to a fluid at a
given saturation to the effective permeability
to that fluid at 100% saturation
Relative Permeability
Oil
Water
Gas
k
k
k
eo
ro
=
k
k
k
ew
rw
=
k
k
k
eg
rg
=
Calculating Relative Permeabilities
Darcys Law
v: Velocity
q: Flow rate
A: Cross-section area
k: Permeability
: Viscosity
AL: Length increment
Ap: Pressure drop
q
Direction of flow
A
q k p
v
A L
A
=
A
Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore
volume occupied by a given fluid
Phase saturations
S
w
= water saturation
S
o
= oil saturation
S
g
= gas saturation
specific fluid
pore
Saturation
V
V
=
In-Situ Saturation
Rock matrix Water Oil and/or gas
Exercise 5
1. Pore volume occuppied by water
2. Pore volume occupied by hydrocarbon
Given the following reservoir data:
Bulk Volume V
b
Porosity |
Water saturation S
w
Calculate:
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Solution Gas Drive
Gas Cap Drive
Water Drive
Gravity drainage drive
Combination drive
Reservoir Energy Sources
Liberation, expansion of solution gas
Influx of aquifer water
Expansion of reservoir rock
Expansion of original reservoir fluids
Free gas
Connate water
Oil
Gravitational forces
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil
A. Original Condition
B. 50% Depleted
Oil
producing
wells
Oil
producing
wells
Solution-Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Formation of a Secondary Gas Cap
Wellbore
Secondary
gas cap
Oil producing well
Oil
zone
Oil
zone
Gas cap
Gas-Cap Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil producing well
Water Water
Cross Section
Oil Zone
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Edgewater Drive
Oil producing well
Cross Section
Oil Zone
Water
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Bottomwater Drive
Gravity Drainage Drive in Oil
Reservoirs
Oil
Oil
Oil
Point A
Point B
Point C
Gas
Gas
Gas
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Water
Cross Section
Oil zone
Gas cap
Pressure and Gas/Oil Ratio Trends
0 20 40 60 80 100
100
80
60
40
20
0
Gas-cap drive
Water drive
Solution
-gas drive
R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

o
f

o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
Exercise 6
1. How can we identify different reservoir drive
mechanisms?
2. Rank in descending order typical reservoir drive
mechanisms in terms of efficiency
3. How does knowledge about reservoir drive mechanisms
help us in designing an oil field development plan?
Material Balance Equation (MBE)
An Overview of MBE
Generalized Material Balance Equation
MBE for Typical Oil and Gas Reservoirs
Applications of MBE
An Overview of MBE
First developed by Schilthuis in 1936, MBE is
considered to be a tool for:
estimating initial hydrocarbon in place
predicting future reservoir performance
predicting ultimate reservoir recovery
under certain type of driving mechanisms
Fundamentals of MBE
MBE is derived using the following assumptions:
Reservoir
Bulk
Volume
Volume of
Rock Matrix
Pore
Volume
Constant
The pore volume is fully occuppied by existing fluid components (oil, gas, water)
The reservoir is homogenuous and isotropic (zero-dimensional)
General MBE (GMBE)
GMBE is an MBE that can be applied to
all reservoir types;
MBE for a particular type of reservoir
can be derived from the GMBE by
removing nonexistent terms.
Tank Model
INITIAL OIL
INITIAL GAS-CAP GAS
REMAINING OIL
CURRENT GAS-CAP GAS
RELEASED GAS
INJECTED GAS
NET WATER INFLUX
EXPANDING CONATE
WATER
EXPANDING ROCK
MATRIX
INJECTED WATER
Initial Condition Current Condition
ROCK (MATRIX)
CONATE WATER
Derivation of GMBE
Volume of
Initial Oil
Volume of
Initial Gas Cap
Volume of Remaining Oil
Volume of Expanding Rock Matrix
Volume of Remaining Free Gas
Volume of
Water Influx
Volume of
Rock Matrix
Volume of
Conate Water
Volume of
Expanding
Conate Water
Volume of
Injected
Water
Volume of
Injected Gas
Acronyms in GMBE
GMBE: Final Formulation
( ) ( ) (1 )
1
( )
w wi f
ti
t ti g gi ti e inj w inj g
gi wi
p t p si g p w
c S c
NmB
N B B B B m NB p W W B G B
B S
N B R R B W B
+
+ + + A + + +
( = + +

( )
t o si s g
B B R R B = +
ti oi
B B =
Where:
Exercise 7
1. Derive the equation for the pore volume of the reservoir
2. Derive the equations for water and rock matrix
expansions
3. Derive the equation for the initial gas in the reservoir
4. Derive the equation for the remaining free gas in the
reservoir
Fluid Flows in Reservoirs
Properties of Reservoir Fluids in Motion
Flow Regimes
Flow Geometry
Fluid Flow Equations
Properties of Reservoir Fluids
Classification Criteria: Isothermal Compressibility
or
Slightly Compressible
Fluids
Reservoir Fluids
Incompressible Fluids
Compressible Fluids
dp
dV
V
c
1
=
dp
d
c

1
=
Incompressible Fluids
Volume and density do not change with pressure
0; 0 0
l
V
c
p p
c c
= = =
c c
Slightly Compressible Fluids
Small changes in volume or density with
changes in pressure
( ) p p c
ref
ref
e V V

=
! ! 2 ! 1
1
2 1
n
x x x
e
n
x
+ + + + = For small x: x e
x
+ =1
( ) | | p p c V V
ref ref
+ = 1
Slightly Compressible Fluids
( )
ref o
o
o
p p c
B
B
ref
+
=
1
( ) | |
ref o o o
p p c
ref
+ = 1
Compressible Fluids
A compressible fluid has compressibility ranging
from 1.E-3 to 1.E-4
1 1
g
z
c
p z p
c
=
c
g
pM
zRT
=
gsc
sc
g
c g c sc
p z
B T
T p
o o
= =
Flow Regimes
Classification Criteria: Changes in pressure with time
Pseudosteady-State
Flow
Flow Regimes
Steady-State
Flow
Unsteady-State
Flow
Steady-State Flows
Pressure does not change with time
0 =
c
c
t
p
Unsteady-State Flows
Pressure derivative with respect to time is a
function of both space and time
) , ( t f
t
p
x =
c
c
Pseudo-Steady Flows
Pressure declines with a constant rate
const. =
c
c
t
p
Flow Geometry
The shape and boundaries of a reservoir has a
significant effect on its flow geometry.
Linear Flow
Flow
Geometry
Radial Flow
Hemispherical Flow Spherical Flow
Radial Flow
Fluids move toward the well from all directions
Linear Flow
Flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows in a
single direction
Spherical Flow
A well with a limited perforated interval could
result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the
perforations
Hemispherical Flow
A well which only partially penetrates the pay
zone coud result in hemispherical flow
Wellbore
Flow lines
Side view
Fluid Flow Equations
Describing the flow behavior in a reservoir
Depending on the combination of variables
recently presented (types of fluids, flow regimes, )
Developed by combining Darcys transport
equation with the conservation of mass and various
equations of state
Darcy Law
Velocity of a homogeneous fluid in a porous medium
is proportional to the pressure gradient, and
inversely proportinoal to the fluid viscosity.
For a radial flow system, Darcys transport equation
is given by
r
p k
A
q
v
c
c
= =
Pseudo-Steady State Radial Flow

of Slightly Compressible Fluids
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
75 . 0 ln
00708 . 0
w
e
o
wf r
o
r
r
B
p p kh
Q
Pseudo-Steady State Radial Flow

of Compressible Fluids
( ) ( ) | |
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
75 . 0 ln 1422
w
e
wf r
g
r
r
T
p m p m kh
Q
}
=
p
dp
Z
p
p m
0
2
) (
Where the real-gas pseudo pressure m(p) is defined as:

For 2000 p
wf
3000 psi:
Pressure Squared Approximation for
Compressible Fluid Flow Equations
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
75 . 0 ln 1422
2 2
w
e
r
g
r
r
Z T
p p kh
Q
wf
2
2 2
wf r
avg
p p
p
+
=
For p
wf
<2000 psi:
and are determined at
the average pressure
Z
avg
p
Average Pressure Approximation
for Compressible Fluid Flow
Equations
( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
75 . 0 ln 1422
w
e
g g
r
g
r
r
B T
p p kh
Q
wf
2
wf r
avg
p p
p
+
=
For p
wf
>3000 psi:
Average Z,
g
are
calculated at the
average pressure
p
avg
.
Exercise 8
The PVT data from a gas well in the Anaconda Gas
Field is given below:
p (psi) mu (cp) Z
0.0 0.01270 1.000
400.0 0.01286 0.937
800.0 0.01390 0.882
1200.0 0.01530 0.832
1600.0 0.01680 0.794
2000.0 0.01840 0.770
2400.0 0.02010 0.763
2800.0 0.02170 0.775
3200.0 0.02340 0.797
3600.0 0.02500 0.827
4000.0 0.02660 0.860
4400.0 0.02831 0.896
The well is producing at a stabilized
bottom-hole flowing pressure of 2800
psi. The wellbore radius is 0.3 ft. The
following additional data is available:
k=65 md, h=15 ft, T=600 R,
P
r
= 4400 psi, re=1000 ft,
1. Calculate the gas flow rate in
Mscf/day
2. Draw the graph of m(p) vs p
Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal Method
Constant-Termial-Rate Solution
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
kt
r c
Ei
kh
qB
p p
t
i
2
948
6 . 70
|
Exponential Integral
du
u
e
x Ei
x
u
}

= ) (
Approximation of Ei Function
2 3 2 3
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
6
2
7
0.01
( ) ln(1.781 )
0.01 3.0
( ) ln( ) [ln( )] [ln( )]
0.33153973
0.81512322
5.22123384 10
5.9849819 10
0.662318450
0.12333524
1.0832566 10
x
Ei x x
x
a
Ei x a a x a x a x a x a x a x
x
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
s
=
< <
= + + + + + + +
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4
8
8.6709776 10
=
Exercise 9
An oil well is producing at a constant flow rate of 300 STB/day under unsteady-
state flow conditions. The reservoir has the following rock and fluid properties
Bo=1.25 bbl/STB, =1.5cp, c
t
=12 x 10
-6
psi
-1
k
o
=60 md, h=15 ft, p
i
=4000 psi,
| = 15%, rw=0.25 ft,
1. Calculate the pressure at radii of 0.25, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500,
2000, and 2500 ft, for 1 hour. Plot the results as:
pressure versus the logarithm of radius
pressure versus radius
2. Repeat question 1 for t=12 hours and 24 hours. Plot the results as
pressure versus logarithm of radius
Part III
Data Analysis Methods In
Overview of Data Analysis in
PVT Analysis
The objective of PVT Analysis is to
estimate essential properties and
predict behaviors of reservoir fluids
during production
PVT Analysis Tools
Wax & Asphaltene
Deposition
PVT ANALYSIS
SAMPLING SPECIAL STUDY GAS CONDENSATE BLACK OIL
Effect of Injection
Gas on Fluid
Properties
Quality check
Effect of Injection
Chemical on Fluid
Properties
Compositional
analysis
Constant
Composition
Expansion
Viscosity Test
Quality check
Separator Test
Differential
Vaporisation Test
Subsurface
Open hole
Case hole
Surface
Separator
Wellhead
Compositional
analysis
Constant
composition
expansion
Quality check
Constant Volume
Depletion
Basic PVT Data for Black Oil
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
Oil Viscosity
Oil Formation Volume Factor
Oil Formation Volume Factor at 200 F
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1.500
1.600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
O
i
l

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

V
o
l
u
m
e

F
a
c
t
o
r

b
b
l
/
s
t
b
Above bubble point pressure,
Bo increases as pressure
decreases. Why?
Below bubble point pressure,
Bo decreases as pressure
decreases. Why?
Oil Density at 200 F
0.700
0.710
0.720
0.730
0.740
0.750
0.760
0.770
0.780
0.790
0.800
0.810
0.820
0.830
0.840
0.850
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
O
i
l

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
g
/
c
c
Oil Density
Above Pb, the oil density
decreases. Why?
Below Pb, the oil density
increase. Why?
The reduction of mass is
minimal compare to oil
volume decrease
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at 200 F
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

G
a
s

O
i
l

R
a
t
i
o
n

s
c
f
l
/
s
t
b
Above bubble point pressure,
Rs is constant. Why?
Below bubble point pressure,
Rs decreases as pressure
decreases. Why?
It will continue to vapourise
until no gas come out from
the oil at the atmospheric
pressure.
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
Exercise 10
1. Explain why above the bubble point pressure (Pb), Bo
increases as pressure decreases whereas below Pb, Bo
decreases as pressure decreases.
2. Explain why above Pb, the oil density decreases as
pressure decreases whereas below Pb, it increases as
pressure decreases.
3. Explain why above Pb, Rs is constant whereas below Pb, it
decreases as pressure decreases.
Well Test Analysis
The objective of well test analysis is to
interprete data obtained from well tests
for the ultimate purpose of identifying
reservoir characteristics such as
dynamic pressure behavior in
reservoirs, permeability, reservoir
boundaries, wellbore storage, etc ...
Wellbore Storage
Skin Factor - Formation Damage
Skin Factor
500
1000
1500
2000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance from center of wellbore, ft
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
s = +5
s = -2
s = 0
Types of Well Tests
Drawdown Tests
Buildup Tests
Isochronal Tests
Modified Isochronal Tests
Inteference Tests
Types of Well Tests
Types of Test
Types of Test
Type of Test
Interference Test
Diffusivity Equation
Well Test Analysis Techniques
MDH Analysis
Horner Analysis
Pressure Derivative Based Techniques
Type Curves Analysis
Numerical Simulation
Constant-Terminal-Rate Solution
2
948
70.6
t
i
c r QB
p p Ei
kh kt
|
| |
= +
|
\ .
Log Approximation to the
Ei-Function
2
162.6 log 3.23 0.87
wf i
t w
QB kt
p p s
kh c r
(
| |
= +
(
|
\ .

b mx y + =
2
4
9.48 10
t w
c r
t
k
|
>
Finite Acting Radial Flow
MDH analysis
Problems with Drawdown
Tests
It is difficult to produce a well at a strictly constant rate;
Even small variations in rate distort the pressure
response.
Buildup Test - Pressure Response
At t
p
At
0
t
p
+ At
0
Buildup Test - Superposition
( )
( )
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
+ A
+
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
+ A +
=
s 869 . 0 23 . 3
r c
k
log t log
kh
qB
6 . 162
s 869 . 0 23 . 3
r c
k
log t t log
kh
qB
6 . 162 p p
2
w t
10 10
2
w t
10 p 10 i ws
Pressure Response for a
Buildup Test
10
162.6 log
p
ws i
t t
qB
p p
kh t
+ A
| |
=
|
A
\ .
y = mx + b
Finite Acting Radial Flow
Horner analysis
Estimating Skin Horner Plot
1
0
2
1.1513 log 3.23
hr
wf t
t w
p p
k
s
m c r |
A =
(
| |
= +
(
|
(
\ .

P
1hr
: Pressure after 1 hr shut-in
P
wf|At=0
: Flowing well pressure immediately before shut-in
Type Curve Analysis: Data Set
Dimensionless Variable
Type Curve Analysis: Unmatched
Overlay
Type Curve Analysis: Matched in
Pressure
Type Curve Analysis: Matched in
Both Pressure & Time
Type Curve Analysis: Extraction
of Type Parameters
Pressure Match: Extracting kh
From the expression of dimensionless pressure
one defines the pressure match Mp
Mp is read as the value of pD matching a specific value of p. Then
Skin Match: Extracting S
One reads the value of Ms on the matching type curve:
Then
with CD calculated from its dimensionless expression:
Agarwals Type Curves
First introduced by Agarwal et al. (1970), a type curve is a graphical
representation of the theoretical solution to the flow equation with the
following dimensionless groups:
p
QB
kh
P
D
A =
2 . 141
t
r c
k
t
w t
D
2
0002637 . 0
|
=
w
D
r
r
r =
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ A =
QB
kh
p P
D
2 . 141
log ) log( log
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 2
0002637 . 0
log ) log( log
r c
k
t
r
t
t D
D
|
Type-Curve Methods
Type-Curve Methods
Gringartens Type Curves
Dimensionless groups for Drawdown Tests:
dd D
p
QB
kh
P A =
2 . 141
t
C
kh
C
t
D
D
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0002951 . 0
Dimensionless groups for Buildup Tests:
bu D
p
QB
kh
P A =
2 . 141
e
D
D
t
C
kh
C
t
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0002951 . 0
p
e
t
t
t
t
A
+
A
= A
1
For the wellbore storage dominated period, the graph P
D
vs t
D
/C
D
is a unit-
slope straight line:
( )
1 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
t
d
P d
C
t
P
For the Infinite Acting Radial Flow period, one has:
( )
(
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s
D
D
D
D
e C
C
t
P
2
ln 80907 . 0 ln
2
1
Bourdets Pressure Derivative
Bourdet et al. (1983) defined pressure derivative as:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
D
D
D
C
t
d
P d
P
'
Bourdets Pressure Derivative Method
For the wellbore storage dominated period, the graph P
D
vs
t
D
/C
D
is a unit-slope straight line:
D
D
D
D
D D
C
t
C
t
P P =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
' '
1
x y
WS
=
D
D
D
D
D WS
C
t
x
C
t
P y
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ;
'
For the Infinite Acting Radial Flow period, one has:
( )
(
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s
D
D
D
D
e C
C
t
P
2
ln 80907 . 0 ln
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
' '
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
t
P
C
t
P
2
1
=
IARF
y
Bourdets Pressure Derivative Method
Physical Pressure Derivative (using Finite Difference method):
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
) ( ) (
'
+
+
A A
=
A
= A
i i
i i
t
dd
dd
t t
t p t p
t d
p d
p
i
Bourdets Pressure Derivative
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
) ( ) (
'
+
+
A A
A A A A
=
A
A
= A
A
i i
i i
i
e
e e
e e
t
e
bu
bu
t t
t p t p
t d
p d
p
Exercise 11
Using the reservoir and welltest data to:
Data
Param Value Unit
| 0.25
c
t 4.2E-06
psi
B 1.06 bbl/STB
r
w 0.29
ft
2.5 cp
h 107 ft
Q 174 bbl/STB
t
p 15
hrs
Draw Ap vs At
e
graph in
log-log scale
Draw Ap vs At
e
graph in
log-log scale
Calculate the wellbore
storage factors C and C
D
.
Exercise 11 (contd)
0 3086.33
0.00417 3090.57
0.00833 3093.81
0.0125 3096.55
0.01667 3100.03
0.02083 3103.27
0.025 3106.77
0.02917 3110.01
0.03333 3113.25
0.0375 3116.49
0.04583 3119.48
0.05 3122.48
0.0583 3128.96
0.06667 3135.92
0.075 3141.17
0.08333 3147.64
0.09583 3161.95
0.10833 3170.68
0.12083 3178.39
0.13333 3187.12
0.14583 3194.24
0.1625 3205.96
0.17917 3216.68
0.19583 3227.89
0.2125 3238.37
0.22917 3249.07
0.25 3261.79
0.29167 3287.21
0.33333 3310.15
0.375 3334.34
0.41667 3356.27
0.45833 3374.98
0.5 3394.44
0.54167 3413.9
0.58333 3433.83
0.625 3448.05
0.66667 3466.26
0.70833 3481.97
0.75 3493.69
0.8125 3518.63
0.875 3537.34
0.9375 3553.55
1 3571.75
1.0625 3586.23
1.125 3602.95
1.1875 3617.41
1.25 3631.15
1.3125 3640.86
1.375 3652.85
1.4375 3664.32
1.5 3673.81
1.625 3692.27
1.75 3705.52
1.875 3719.26
2 3732.23
2.25 3749.71
2.375 3757.19
2.5 3763.44
2.75 3774.65
3 3785.11
3.25 3794.06
3.5 3799.8
3.75 3809.5
4 3815.97
At Pws
(hrs) (psi)
At Pws
(hrs) (psi)
At Pws
(hrs) (psi)
At Pws
(hrs) (psi)
The End
GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Basic Reservoir Engineering - Mai Cao Lan

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Basic Reservoir Engineering - Mai Cao Lan

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GEOPET BACHELOR PROGRAM IN

Density of Gas Mixture

Step1: Calculate the parameters J and K:

Pseudo-Steady State Radial Flow

Pseudo-Steady State Radial Flow

Where the real-gas pseudo pressure m(p) is defined as:

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