Quiz 8

Due: 11:59pm on Monday, December 10, 2012 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy

Question 1
Part A
Write Lewis structure for (both atoms are bonded to ).

Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all lone pairs of electrons. Include all hydrogen atoms. ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
Write the Lewis structure for (One H per O).

Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all lone pairs of electrons. Include all hydrogen atoms. ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
Write Lewis structure for (contains a bond).

Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all lone pairs of electrons. ANSWER:

Correct

Part D
Write Lewis structure for .

IMPORTANT: Include all lone pairs of electrons and show any non-zero formal charges in the correct structure. ANSWER:

Correct

Part E
Write Lewis structure for ( is bonded to ).

IMPORTANT: Minimize your formal charges on this one!! ANSWER:

Correct

Part F
Write Lewis structure for .

Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all lone pairs of electrons. Include all hydrogen atoms. ANSWER:

Correct

Question 2
Bromine pentaiodide, , is used for research purposes in scientific laboratories. Clearly one would like to know quite a bit about the chemical nature of this compound. Therefore, to answer the questions in this problem, you will need to draw the Lewis structure of bromine pentaiodide.

Part A
What is the electron-domain (charge-cloud) geometry of Enter the electron-domain geometry of the molecule. ?

Hint 1. Determine the steric number

The number of electron domains (also called charge clouds) around the central atom of a molecule is often called the steric number. What is the steric number of this molecule? Express your answer as an integer.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The steric number is equal to the number of outer atoms plus the number of lone pairs on the central atom.

Hint 2. Determine the number of outer atoms

How many outer atoms are bonded to the central atom in this molecule? Express your answer as an integer. ANSWER: 5

Hint 3. Determine the number of lone pairs

How many lone pairs are on the central atom of this molecule? Express your answer as an integer. ANSWER:

ANSWER: 6

ANSWER: octahedral

Correct

Part B
What is the molecular geometry of ?

Enter the molecular geometry of the molecule.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The molecular geometry can be determined from the electronic geometry and the number of lone pairs on the central atom.

Hint 2. Determine the number of lone pairs

How many lone pairs are on the central atom of this molecule? Express your answer as an integer. ANSWER: 1

ANSWER: square pyramid

Correct

Part C
Ignoring lone-pair effects, what is the smallest bond angle in Express your answer as an integer. ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Knowing the electronic geometry of the molecule will allow you to determine the bond angles. Recall that the repulsion between the electron regions causes them to exist as far apart from each other as possible.

ANSWER: 90 degrees

Correct

Part D
Which choice best describes the polarity of ?

Hint 1. Determine the electronegativity

Is there a difference in electronegativity between ANSWER: Yes No and ?

Hint 2. Determine the arrangement of the bonds

Based on the molecular geometry of this molecule, are the bonds arranged symmetrically about the central atom (such that bond polarities would cancel)? ANSWER: Yes No

ANSWER: The molecule is polar and has polar bonds. The molecule is nonpolar and has polar bonds. The molecule is polar and has nonpolar bonds. The molecule is nonpolar and has nonpolar bonds.

Correct

Question 3
Part A
Draw Lewis structures for ethane , ethylene , and acetylene .

Draw the molecules by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all hydrogen atoms. ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in ethane? ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in ethylene? ANSWER:

Correct

Part D
What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in acetylene? ANSWER:

Correct

Part E
How many bonds are there in each molecule?

Expess your answers as integers. Enter your answers in the given order separated by commas. ANSWER: ethane, ethylene, acetylene 7,5,3 bonds

Correct

Part F
How many bonds are there in each molecule?

Expess your answers as integers. Enter your answers in the given order separated by commas. ANSWER: ethane, ethylene, acetylene 0,1,2 bonds

Correct

Question 4
Part A
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in ANSWER: .

Correct

Part B
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in ANSWER: .

Correct

Part C
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in ANSWER: .

Correct

Part D
Indicate the hybridization of the central atom in ANSWER: .

Correct

Question 5
Molecular orbital (MO) theory is based in quantum mechanics and treats the orbitals found in a molecule in a manner similar to atomic orbitals in an atom. It successfully accounts for or predicts certain chemical and physical properties more accurately than other bonding theories. The stability, bond length, bond order, and magnetism of a molecule can be predicted from its molecular orbital configuration. The electrons available in a molecular species are placed in molecular orbitals following the same rules used in electron configurations: the aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and the Pauli exclusion principle.

Part A

Arrange the following in order of decreasing stability. A blank molecular orbital diagram has been provided to help you. Rank the fluorine species from most to least stable. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Hint 1. Factors determining stability

Stability increases with bond order. This is because higher bond orders represent MO configurations with more bonding electrons and fewer antibonding electrons. Bonding electrons are lower in energy and tend to stabilize the species. After drawing a MO diagram, you can count the number of bonding and antibonding electrons and then use the following formula:

Hint 2. Determine the bond order of

Based on the MO configuration, what is the bond order of Express your answer numerically. ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First, fill the following diagram with valence electrons. As with atomic orbital diagrams, fill from low to high energy and put no more than two electrons in any given orbital.

Then, apply the following formula:

Hint 2. Determine the total number of valence electrons

How many valence electrons are present in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer.

Hint 1. How to determine the number of electrons

For a neutral species, add the number of valence electrons for each atom present. Anions have more electrons than neutral species whereas cations have fewer electrons. For example, has 12 valence electrons, has 14 valence electrons, and has 10 valence electrons.

ANSWER: 13

Hint 3. Count the numbers of bonding and antibonding electrons

Of the 13 valence electrons in ANSWER: 7 in bonding and 6 in antibonding orbitals 8 in bonding and 5 in antibonding orbitals 5 in bonding and 8 in antibonding orbitals 6 in bonding and 7 in antibonding orbitals , how many are in bonding orbitals and how many are in antibonding orbitals?

ANSWER: 1.5

Hint 3. Determine the bond order of

Based on the MO configuration, what is the bond order of Express the bond order numerically. ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First, fill the following diagram with valence electrons. As with atomic orbital diagrams, fill from low to high energy and put no more than two electrons in any given orbital.

Then, apply the following formula:

Hint 2. Determine the total number of valence electrons

How many valence electrons are present in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer.

ANSWER: 14

Hint 3. Count the numbers of bonding and antibonding electrons

Of the 14 valence electrons in ANSWER: 7 in bonding and 7 in antibonding orbitals 8 in bonding and 6 in antibonding orbitals 6 in bonding and 8 in antibonding orbitals 10 in bonding and 4 in antibonding orbitals , how many are in bonding orbitals and how many are in antibonding orbitals?

ANSWER: 1.0

Hint 4. Determine the bond order of

Based on the MO configuration, what is the bond order of Express the bond order numerically. ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First, fill the following diagram with valence electrons. As with atomic orbital diagrams, fill from low to high energy and put no more than two electrons in any given orbital.

Then, apply the following formula:

Hint 2. Determine the total number of valence electrons

How many valence electrons are present in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER: 15

Hint 3. Count the numbers of bonding and antibonding electrons

Of the 15 valence electrons in ANSWER:

, how many are in bonding orbitals and how many are in antibonding orbitals?

8 in bonding and 7 in antibonding orbitals 7 in bonding and 8 in antibonding orbitals 10 in bonding and 5 in antibonding orbitals 9 in bonding and 7 in antibonding orbitals

ANSWER: 0.5

ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
Which of the following diatomic species are paramagnetic and which are diamagnetic? A blank molecular orbital diagram has been provided to help you. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field because all electrons are paired. Paramagnetic substances are attracted to a magnetic field because they contain unpaired electrons. To determine whether a species contains unpaired electrons, construct a molecular orbital diagram.

Pay close attention to Hund's rule, which states that, within a set of degenerate orbitals, each gets one electron before any are paired.

Hint 2. Determine the number of unpaired electrons in the MO diagram for

How many unpaired electrons would be present in a MO diagram for Express your answer numerically as an integer. ?

Hint 1. Determine the number of valence electrons in

How many valence electrons are in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER: 6

ANSWER: 2

Hint 3. Determine the number of unpaired electrons in the MO diagram for

How many unpaired electrons would be present in a MO diagram for Express your answer numerically as an integer. ?

Hint 1. Determine the number of valence electrons in

How many valence electrons are in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER: 1

ANSWER: 1

Hint 4. Determine the number of unpaired electrons in the MO diagram for

How many unpaired electrons would be present in a MO diagram for Express your answer numerically as an integer. ?

Hint 1. Determine the number of valence electrons in

How many valence electrons are in ?

Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER: 8

ANSWER: 0

ANSWER:

Correct

Question 6
If we assume that the energy-level diagrams for homonuclear diatomic molecules shown in Figure 9.43 in the textbook can be applied to heteronuclear diatomic molecules and ions, predict the bond order and magnetic behavior of each of the following. Use the MO diagram from Figure 9.43 for large 2s2p interactions for parts a - d. Use the MO diagram from Figure 9.43 for small 2s-2p interactions for parts e - h.

Part A

Enter your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 2.5

Correct

Part B

ANSWER: diamagnetic paramagnetic

magnetic behavior

Correct

Part C

Enter your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 2.0

Correct

Part D

ANSWER: diamagnetic paramagnetic

magnetic behavior

Correct

Part E

Enter your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 2.0

Correct

Part F

ANSWER: diamagnetic paramagnetic

magnetic behavior

Correct

Part G

Enter your answer numerically. ANSWER: = 1.0

Correct

Part H

ANSWER: diamagnetic paramagnetic

magnetic behavior

Correct

Question 7
Identify the carbon atom(s) in the structure shown that has (have) each of the following hybridizations.

Part A
. Highlight the appropriate atoms by clicking on them. ANSWER:

Correct

Part B
. Highlight the appropriate atoms by clicking on them. ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
. Highlight the appropriate atoms by clicking on them. ANSWER:

Correct

Question 8
Alkanes are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen and have only single bonds. Straight-chain alkanes have all the carbon atoms connected in a row, branched-chain alkanes have branching connections of carbon atoms, and cycloalkanes contain rings of carbon atoms.

Molecular model of an alkane

Consider the alkane shown in the model.

Part A
What is the molecular formula for the alkane shown in the model? Express your answer as a chemical formula.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Count the total number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Then count the number of hydrogen atoms. Finally, write the molecular formula. The carbon atoms are color-coded: Black spheres represent carbon atoms and gray spheres represent hydrogen atoms. However, even if you didn't know this color scheme, you could figure it out based on the number of bonds formed by each atom.

Hint 2. Determine the number of carbon atoms

How many carbon atoms are present? Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER:

Correct

Hint 3. Determine the number of hydrogen atoms

How many hydrogen atoms are present? Express your answer numerically as an integer. ANSWER: 16

Correct

Hint 4. How to write a molecular formula

Write the symbol for carbon, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Then write the symbol for hydrogen followed by the number of hydrogen atoms.

ANSWER:

Correct
It is much more convenient to write than it is to draw the molecule. However, this molecular formula does not describe the structure of the molecule. A condensed structure is a way to express how the atoms are arranged without drawing the full structure. For this example, the condensed structure is .

Part B
Name the alkane shown in the model. Express your answer as the IUPAC name.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Name the main chain according to the number of carbon atoms. Then number the main carbon chain. Identify the substituents and name them according to their location in the main carbon chain. The full name of the alkane will contain a prefix denoting the type and placement of substituents, a parent name indicating the number of carbon atoms, and the suffix ane.

Hint 2. Name the main carbon chain

Name the main chain of the alkane shown. Express your answer using IUPAC naming. Enter only the name of the main chain.

Hint 1. Determine the number of carbon atoms in the main chain

How many carbon atoms are in the main chain? Express your answer numerically as an integer.

ANSWER: 5

ANSWER: pentane

Correct

Hint 3. Name the substituents

What name denotes the substituent ?

Spell out the full name of the substituent. ANSWER: methyl

Correct

Hint 4. Number the substituents

Assign a number to each substituent group based on the carbon to which it is attached. Enter the numbers of the carbon atoms that have substituent groups separated by commas. Enter the lower number first (e.g., 1,4). ANSWER: 2,3

Correct
Numbering the chain from right to left puts the branches at positions 2 and 3 . Numbering from left to right puts them at positions 3 and 4. In this case, numbering from right to left produces the lowest position numbers and is therefore the preferred direction.

ANSWER: 2,3-dimethylpentane

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Part C
Draw the structure of the cycloalkane 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane. Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all hydrogen atoms.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

First draw the cycloalkane ring. Then add the substituents to the ring at the positions given in the question.

Hint 2. Draw the ring

The base of this structure is a cyclohexane ring. Draw cyclohexane including all hydrogen atoms. Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. Include all hydrogen atoms. ANSWER:

Answer Requested
The name cyclohexane describes a cycloalkane with six carbon atoms in the ring.

Hint 3. Determine which carbon atoms have substituents attached

Select the carbon atoms that have attached substituent groups. Highlight the appropriate atoms by clicking on them. ANSWER:

Correct

Hint 4. Adding substituents

After determining the structure of the ring, you need to add the methyl substituents. Add a methyl substituent ( atoms specified in the name 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane. ) to each of the carbon

ANSWER:

Correct

Question 9
Give the name or condensed structural formula, as appropriate.

Part A

ANSWER: 3,5-dimethylheptane 2,3-dimethylheptane 3,3-dimethylheptane 2,3-diethylheptane

Correct

Part B
2,2-dimethylpentane Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds.

ANSWER:

Correct

Part C
4-ethyl-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. ANSWER:

Answer Requested

Part D

ANSWER:

2,5,5-trimethylhexane 2,2,5-trimethylhexane 2,2,5-triethylhexane 2,5,5-triethylhexane

Correct

Part E

ANSWER: 3-ethylheptane 4-ethylheptane 1-ethylheptane 2-ethylheptane

Correct

Question 10
Part A
Name the following compound.

Spell out the full name of the compound. ANSWER: 1-pentene

Correct

Part B
Name the following compound.

Spell out the full name of the compound. ANSWER: 2-pentene

Correct

Part C
Name the following compound.

Spell out the full name of the compound. ANSWER: 2-methyl-1-butene

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Part D
Name the following compound.

Spell out the full name of the compound. ANSWER: 3-methyl-1-butene

Correct

Part E
Name the following compound.

Spell out the full name of the compound. ANSWER: 2-methyl-2-butene

Correct

Question 11
Learning Goal: To recognize and identify specific functional groups within organic molecules. Functional groups are groups of atoms that replace atoms on hydrocarbons. Functional groups allow complex organic molecules to be built from Class Alcohols Amines Functional group Formula

simple hydrocarbon starting molecules. Some of the more important functional groups are listed in the table here.

Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids

Part A
Classify the organic compounds by the class of their functional group. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Identify the functional group in the organic compound and then find the corresponding class from the table provided in the introduction.

Hint 2. How to distinguish among oxygen-containing functional groups

Keep in mind that ketone functional groups must be bound to internal carbon atoms, not to a carbon atom at the end of a chain. Also, alcohol groups are usually written with the oxygen next to the carbon to which it binds ( or ), whereas aldehyde groups are written with the hydrogen atom next to the carbon ( ).

Hint 3. Identify the functional group in

The functional group in ANSWER: is

ANSWER:

Correct

Question 12
Identify each of the functional groups in the following molecules:

Part A
Check all that apply.

ANSWER:

cis-alkene aromatic ring alcohol amine amide alkene trans-alkene ether ketone aldehyde

Correct

Part B
Check all that apply.

ANSWER: alcohol aromatic ring cis-alkene amine ketone ether alkene aldehyde trans-alkene amide

Correct

Part C

Check all that apply.

ANSWER: ketone alkene aromatic ring amine cis-alkene alcohol trans-alkene aldehyde ether amide

Correct

Part D
Check all that apply.

ANSWER:

aromatic ring aldehyde alkene amine ketone cis-alkene trans-alkene alcohol amide ether

Correct

Question 13
Learning Goal: To calculate the concentration of a solution using acidbase titration data. In an acidbase titration, an acid (or base) of known concentration is added to a base (or acid) of unknown concentration until the number of moles of and are equal, a condition called the equivalence point. Since you know the number of moles of (or ) that you added, you can determine the number of moles of For example, a solution containing 1 neutralization. A chemist needs to determine the concentration of a solution of nitric acid, indicator. She then slowly adds 0.400 that 115 of was needed to reach the equivalence point. . She puts 865 of the acid in a flask along with a few drops of (or of ) in the unknown solution. contains 2 of ionizable hydrogen atoms, and would therefore require 2 of for

to the flask until the solution turns pink, indicating the equivalence point of the titration. She notes

Solution map
In this titration, the concentration of base is known and can be used to calculate the unknown acid concentration:

Part A
How many moles of are present in 115 of 0.400 ?

Express your answer numerically in moles.

Hint 1. Identify the appropriate formula

If the formula for molarity is

what is the formula for moles? ANSWER:

Hint 2. Convert the volume to liters

Convert 115 to liters.

Express your answer numerically in liters. ANSWER: 0.115

ANSWER: 4.60!10"2

Correct

Part B
How many moles of are present if 4.60!10"2 of was needed to neutralize the acid solution?

Express your answer numerically in moles.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

At the equivalence point, . Look at the formula for the acid, and note the number of ions per formula unit. Similarly,

look at the formula for the base, and note the number of base, or equal moles of each to reach the equivalence point?

ions per formula unit. Would you need more moles of acid, more moles of

Hint 2. Determine the relative amounts of acid and base at the equivalence point
______ ANSWER: 1, 1 1, 2 2, 1 2, 3 3, 2 of will neutralize ______ of .

ANSWER: 9.20!10"2

Correct

Part C
What is the concentration of if 9.20!10"2 are present in 865 of the solution?

Express the molar concentration numerically.

Hint 1. Identify the proper mathematical operation

The unit of molarity, If , is equivalent to the unit of moles per liter, . For example, .

is the number of moles of solute and

is the volume in liters, what operation will give units of moles per liter?

ANSWER:

Hint 2. Convert the volume to liters

Convert 865 to liters.

Express your answer numerically in liters. ANSWER: 0.865

ANSWER: 0.106

Correct

Question 14
Learning Goal: To recognize what intermolecular forces are present in a given compound and which of those forces is predominant. Chemists use the term intermolecular forces to describe the attractions between two or more molecules. Dipole-dipole forces result from the attraction of the positive end of one polar molecule to the negative end of another polar molecule. Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong type of dipole-dipole force that occurs when hydrogen is attached to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. Water is an example of a substance in which hydrogen bonding occurs. Because of oxygen's high electronegativity and the electron deficiency of the hydrogen atom, the hydrogen atoms are attracted to the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen of another water molecule. All substances have dispersion forces, also known as London forces. These forces are very weak and are only important in the absence of any other intermolecular force. Nonpolar covalent molecules and single-atom molecules are examples of substances that lack all other intermolecular forces except for dispersion. Dispersion forces result from shifting electron clouds, which can cause a weak, temporary dipole.

Part A
What is the predominant intermolecular force in each of these compounds: water ( )? Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ), carbon tetrachloride ( ), and hydrogen sulfide (

Hint 1. Identify intermolecular forces present in water

Which intermolecular forces are present in water, Check all that apply. ANSWER: dipole-dipole forces hydrogen bonding dispersion forces ?

Hint 2. Identify intermolecular forces present in carbon tetrachloride

Which intermolecular forces are present in carbon tetrachloride, Check all that apply. ANSWER: dipole-dipole forces hydrogen bonding dispersion forces ?

Hint 3. Identify intermolecular forces present in hydrogen sulfide

Which intermolecular forces are present in hydrogen sulfide, Check all that apply. ANSWER: dipole-dipole forces hydrogen bonding dispersion forces ?

Hint 4. Determine the relative strength of intermolecular forces

In general, arrange the intermolecular forces in decreasing order of strength. Rank the intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

ANSWER:

Correct

Question 15
Learning Goal: To learn how to calculate the solubility from and vice versa.

Consider the following equilibrium between a solid salt and its dissolved form (ions) in a saturated solution: At equilibrium, the ion concentrations remain constant because the rate of dissolution of solid equilibrium constant for the dissolution reaction is equals the rate of the ion crystallization. The

is called the solubility product and can be determined experimentally by measuring the solubility, which is the amount of compound that dissolves per unit volume of saturated solution.

Part A
A saturated solution of lead(II) chloride, was found to be 1.62!10"2 . Calculate , was prepared by dissolving solid for . in water. The concentration of ion in the solution

Express your answer numerically.

Hint 1. Find the concentration of

If solid

using stoichiometry
, what concentration of ion is produced?

dissolves to produce 1.62!10"2

Express the molar concentration numerically.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Under the assumption of complete dissociation, each mole of produces one mole of and two moles of :

Consider how the concentration of

will compare to the concentration of

ANSWER: = 3.24!10"2

Hint 2. Identify the

expression
is

The balanced equation for the complete dissociation of

What is the expression for the solubility product? ANSWER:

ANSWER: = 1.70!10"5

Correct

Part B
The value of for silver chromate, , is . Calculate the solubility of in grams per liter.

Express your answer numerically in grams per liter.

Hint 1. Identify the

expression
is

The balanced equation for the complete dissociation of

What is the expression for the solubility product? ANSWER:

Hint 2. Express
If

in terms of the molar solubility of

that dissolves to form a saturated solution, then we can construct the following

represents the number of moles per liter of

table:

excess

0 +

0 + ? .

What is Express ANSWER: =

in terms of in terms of

Hint 3. Calculate the molar solubility of

The solubility product is . Calculate , the molar solubility of .

Express the molar solubility numerically. ANSWER:

= 1.31!10"4

Hint 4. Calculate the molar mass of

Calculate the molar mass of the main question window. Express your answer numerically in grams per mole. ANSWER: molar mass of = 332 . Recall that you can access a periodic table by clicking the "Tools" link in the upper right corner of

ANSWER: solubility = 4.35!10"2

Correct
When we know the solubility product for a substance, we can calculate its solubility, which is actually the concentration of a saturated solution. At 25 , the concentration of a saturated solution of silver chromate is or . If we add 10 of to 1 of water, only of the salt will dissolve, and the rest will stay at the bottom of the beaker.

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 93.5%. You received 14.03 out of a possible total of 15 points.