[PPU] Semester 3 Topics-Syllabus

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MATHEMATICS T
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THIRD TERM: STATISTICS Topic 13 Data Description Teaching Period 14 Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) identify discrete, continuous, ungrouped and grouped data; (b) construct and interpret stem-and-leaf diagrams, box-and-whisker plots, histograms and cumulative frequency curves; (c) state the mode and range of ungrouped data; (d) determine the median and interquartile range of ungrouped and grouped data; (e) calculate the mean and standard deviation of ungrouped and grouped data, from raw data and from given totals such as ( xi a ) and
i 1 n

2 ( xi a ) ;
i 1

(f )

select and use the appropriate measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion;

(g) calculate the Pearson coefficient of skewness; (h) describe the shape of a data distribution. 14 Probability 14 Candidates should be able to: (a) apply the addition principle and the multiplication principle; (b) use the formulae for combinations and permutations in simple cases; (c) identify a sample space, and calculate the probability of an event; (d) identify complementary, exhaustive and mutually exclusive events; (e) use the formula P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B); (f ) calculate conditional probabilities, and identify independent events;

(g) use the formulae P(A B) = P(A) P(B | A) = P(B) P(A | B); (h) use the rule of total probability.

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Topic 15 Probability Distributions 15.1 Discrete random variables

Teaching Period 26 6

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) identify discrete random variables; (b) construct a probability distribution table for a discrete random variable; (c) use the probability function and cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable; (d) calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable;

15.2 Continuous random variables

(e) identify continuous random variables; (f ) relate the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of a continuous random variable;

(g) use the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of a continuous random variable; (h) calculate the mean and variance of a continuous random variable; 15.3 Binomial distribution 4 (i ) (j ) use the probability function of a binomial distribution, and find its mean and variance; use the binomial distribution as a model for solving problems related to science and technology;

15.4 Poisson distribution

(k) use the probability function of a Poisson distribution, and identify its mean and variance; (l ) use the Poisson distribution as a model for solving problems related to science and technology;

15.5 Normal distribution

(m) identify the general features of a normal distribution, in relation to its mean and standard deviation; (n) standardise a normal random variable and use the normal distribution tables; (o) use the normal distribution as a model for solving problems related to science and technology; (p) use the normal distribution, with continuity correction, as an approximation to the binomial distribution, where appropriate.

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Topic 16 Sampling and Estimation 16.1 Sampling

Teaching Period 26 14

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) distinguish between a population and a sample, and between a parameter and a statistic; (b) identify a random sample; (c) identify the sampling distribution of a statistic; (d) determine the mean and standard deviation of the sample mean; (e) use the result that X has a normal distribution if X has a normal distribution; (f ) use the central limit theorem; (g) determine the mean and standard deviation of the sample proportion; (h) use the approximate normality of the sample proportion for a sufficiently large sample size;

16.2 Estimation

12

(i ) (j )

calculate unbiased estimates for the population mean and population variance; calculate an unbiased estimate for the population proportion;

(k) determine and interpret a confidence interval for the population mean based on a sample from a normally distributed population with known variance; (l ) determine and interpret a confidence interval for the population mean based on a large sample;

(m) find the sample size for the estimation of population mean; (n) determine and interpret a confidence interval for the population proportion based on a large sample; (o) find the sample size for the estimation of population proportion.

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Topic 17 Hypothesis Testing

Teaching Period 14

Learning Outcome Candidates should be able to: (a) explain the meaning of a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis; (b) explain the meaning of the significance level of a test; (c) carry out a hypothesis test concerning the population mean for a normally distributed population with known variance; (d) carry out a hypothesis test concerning the population mean in the case where a large sample is used; (e) carry out a hypothesis test concerning the population proportion by direct evaluation of binomial probabilities; (f ) carry out a hypothesis test concerning the population proportion using a normal approximation.

18 Chi-squared Tests

14

Candidates should be able to: (a) identify the shape, as well as the mean and variance, of a chi-squared distribution with a given number of degrees of freedom; (b) use the chi-squared distribution tables; (c) identify the chi-squared statistic; (d) use the result that classes with small expected frequencies should be combined in a chisquared test; (e) carry out goodness-of-fit tests to fit prescribed probabilities and probability distributions with known parameters; (f ) carry out tests of independence in contingency tables (excluding Yates correction).

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