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Chapter 1 & Chapter 2 - Chemistry and Life Due: 2:00pm on Friday, February 8, 2013 Note: You will receive no credit for late submissions. To learn more, read your instructor's Grading Policy
Hint 1.
Think about the chemical formulas for methane and glucose. ANSWER: oxygen nitrogen phosphate sulfur hydrogen
Correct
In fact, some argue that carbon dioxide should not be considered an organic molecule because it does not contain hydrogen.
Chapter 4 Question 2
Part A
The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to ANSWER: the variety of rare elements in organic molecules. their tremendously large sizes. the chemical versatility of carbon atoms. the fact that they can be synthesized only in living organisms. their interaction with water.
Correct
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Select the three that apply.
Since the valence shell of a carbon atom can hold a total of eight electrons, a carbon atom would need to gain or lose four electrons to complete its valence shell and form an ion. Instead, a carbon atom usually completes its valence shell by sharing its four electrons, forming covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon atoms are tetravalent, meaning they form a total of four covalent bonds. A carbon atom may form different combinations of single, double, or even triple bonds as long as the total number of bonds around a carbon atom is four.
A single bond indicates that two electrons are being shared between two atoms. A double bond indicates that four electrons are being shared between two atoms. A triple bond indicates that six electrons are being shared between two atoms.
Hint 3. Which combinations of single and double bonds are possible around a carbon atom?
Which combinations of single and double covalent bonds result in the appropriate number of bonds around a single carbon atom? Select the three that apply. ANSWER: 3 single bonds 3 single bonds and 1 double bond 2 double bonds 2 single bonds and 1 double bond 4 single bonds
ANSWER:
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Since carbon atoms are tetravalent (able to form four bonds), atoms may branch off a carbon atom in as many as four places. The ability of a carbon atom to form four different bonds allows carbon to form many different sizes and types of molecules. Carbon atoms may form chains, rings, or combinations of chains and rings. The tetravalence of carbon makes it particularly well-suited to forming the backbone of a huge diversity of organic molecules.
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ANSWER:
Correct
A functional group is a group of atoms bonded together in a specific way that can replace a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon. The molecule shown here contains four functional groups ( , , , and ) attached to a carbon chain that is six carbon atoms long.
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carboxylic acid amine thiol organic phosphate carboxyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate
ANSWER:
Correct
Some biologically important functional groups include the hydroxyl group, the carbonyl group, the carboxyl group, the amino group, the sulfhydryl group, and the phosphate group. Phosphate groups, for example, are an important part of the structure of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an energy storage molecule in cells.
Part A
What name is given to the process seen in this animation? To view the animation, click here. Then click on the image to start the animation. ANSWER:
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hydrolysis dehydration synthesis catabolism monomerization water formation
Correct
The linking of the monomers involves the removal of water.
Part A
Which molecule is not a carbohydrate?
Hint 1.
What are some common complex carbohydrates? ANSWER: Glycogen Lipid Cellulose Starch
Correct
A lipid is a hydrophobic polymer, not a carbohydrate.
Part B
Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?
Hint 1.
How do monosaccharides differ from one another? ANSWER:
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Correct
This statement is true.
Part C
True or false? Peptidoglycan is a polysaccharide found only in bacteria.
Hint 1.
Which polysaccharide is found only in bacteria? ANSWER: True False
Correct
Part D
Which complex carbohydrate contains only a-1,4-glycosidic linkages?
Hint 1.
This carbohydrate has an unbranched structure. ANSWER: Amylose Amylopectin Cellulose Glycogen
Correct
Amylose is formed from a-1,4-glycosidic linkages of glucose.
Part E
Which of the following complex carbohydrates is listed with its correct function?
Hint 1.
Review the functions of the common complex carbohydrates. ANSWER:
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Chitin: constituent of bacterial cell walls
Starch: primary energy-storage molecule in animals Amylose: main component of plant starch Cellulose: structural component of plant cell walls
Correct
Cellulose is indeed the main structural component of plant cells walls.
Part F
Which polysaccharide contains a modified monosaccharide?
Hint 1.
This polysaccharide is found mainly in bacterial cell walls. ANSWER: Cellulose Starch Peptidoglycan Glycogen
Correct
The N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid units that make up peptidoglycan are composed of modified glucose monomers.
Every amino acid has a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, an acid.
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acidic basic neutral polar neutral nonpolar
ANSWER:
Correct
The composition of an amino acids R group characterizes whether that amino acid is neutral (polar or nonpolar), acidic, or basic, and determines how it interacts in cells. Arginine, with its reactive R group, is often found at the active sites of enzymes, where it participates in chemical reactions.
Every amino acid has a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, an acid.
Acidic R groups contain a carboxylic acid functional group, -COOH. Basic R groups contain an amino functional group (not amide), -NH2 (which attracts a proton to form -NH3). Neutral polar R groups are neither acidic nor basic, but contain a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Neutral nonpolar R groups contain mostly carbon and hydrogen (alkyl groups). They may also contain nitrogen or sulfur, but their effect is diminished due to the size of the alkyl portion.
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ANSWER:
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The structure of the amino acid R group determines the identity and character of amino acids. The amino acid phenylalanine is classified as a nonpolar amino acid. In addition, it is known as an aromatic amino acid because of the ring structure of its R group.
Every amino acid has a carboxylic acid group, an amino group, an acid.
Acidic R groups contain a carboxylic acid functional group, -COOH. Basic R groups contain an amino functional group (not amide), -NH2 (which attracts a proton to form -NH3). Neutral polar R groups are neither acidic nor basic, but contain a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Neutral nonpolar R groups contain mostly carbon and hydrogen (alkyl groups). They may also contain nitrogen or sulfur, but the effect of these atoms is diminished due to the size of the alkyl portion. You should also keep in mind the different behaviors of acids and bases: acids can donate H+ ions; bases can accept H+ ions.
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ANSWER:
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R group composition classifies amino acids and determines their function. For example, the amino acid tryptophan is a nonpolar amino acid. It is also known as an aromatic amino acid because of the structure of its R group, and it is closely related to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which often occurs in low amounts in individuals suffering from depression.
Part A
Pair up the nucleotide bases with their complementary partners. Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
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ANSWER:
Correct
In a DNA sequence, the purine adenine always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine, and the purine guanine always pairs with the pyrimidine cytosine.
Part B
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ANSWER:
ANSWER: GCTATAACTCGATTCGAA
Correct
Part C
Rank the following base pairs according to their stability. Rank from most to least stable. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
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adenine-thymine
adenine-cytosine
guanine-cytosine
ANSWER:
Correct
The base pair adenine-cytosine occurs very rarely in nature. It only happens during a mutation event. When the DNA is replicated, one of the two daughters will contain a guanine-cytosine base pair in the location of the mutation, and the other daughter will contain an adenine-thymine base pair.
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Part A
Which statement about the following reaction is true? 4 Fe + 3 O2 ANSWER: Four atoms of Fe react with 3 molecules of O2 to form 2 molecules of Fe2O3 The reaction is not balanced. Four grams of Fe reacts with 3 grams of O2 to form 2 grams of Fe2O3. Fe2O3 is the reactant in this reaction. None of the above. 2 Fe2O3
Correct
Correct! You identified the reactants as Fe and O and the product as Fe2O3. You also knew that the coefficients in the equation correspond to the number of atoms or molecules that take part in the reaction.
Part B
Choose the appropriate balanced equation for the following chemical reaction. C6H6 + H2 ANSWER: C6H6 + 3 H2 2 C6H6 + 6 H2 C6H6 + 6 H2 C6H6 + 6 H2 C6H12 2 C6H12 C6H12 2 C6H12 C6H12
Correct
Correct! You balanced the equation appropriately by making sure that the same quantity of each element appears on both sides of the arrow.
Part C
Choose the correct balanced equation for the following reaction. C8H18 + O2 ANSWER: 4 C8H18 + 50 O2 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 C8H18 + 12.5 O2 C8H18 + 17 O2 None of the above. 32 CO2 + 36 H2O 16 CO2 + 18 H2O 8 CO2 + 9 H2O 8 CO2 + 18 H2O CO2 + H2O
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Correct
Correct! This equation has every element balanced and has the smallest possible whole number coefficients.
Part A
Which of the following is a chemical reaction? ANSWER: Melting ice. Dissolving a lump of sugar in a cup of coffee. Changing a carbon atom to a nitrogen atom by radioactive decay. Making a hydrogen bond between a water molecule and a sugar molecule. None of the above.
Correct
Good work! A chemical reaction alters the covalent bonding between atoms, making new kinds of molecules. That doesn't happen in any of the events listed here.
Part B
What kind of chemical reaction is shown in this animation below?
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Yes! Two kinds of reactions occur here: hydrolysis (which consumes water) and condensation (which produces water). In both, two reactant molecules trade parts to make two product molecules. Informally, we call them transfer reactions.
Part C
Potential energy is always ... ANSWER: associated with position or arrangement. associated with chemical reactions. associated with motion. the energy of chemical bonds. energy that could exist but is not yet present.
Correct
Right! Potential energy occurs in many forms, but it's always associated with the arrangement of objects in space. Often the objects exert forces on each other.
Part D
Which of the following is true of activation energy? ANSWER: (a) Molecules usually get it from thermal energy. (b) Molecules usually get it by breaking bonds. (c) It's the energy difference between reactants and products. Both (a) and (c). (a), (b), and (c).
Correct
Yes! In a collision, thermal energy is converted to potential energy.
Part E
Which fact is most important in explaining how molecules convert thermal energy to activation energy (EA )? ANSWER: Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. Potential energy decreases when molecules make bonds. Distortion increases a molecule's potential energy. Distortion decreases a molecule's potential energy. Potential energy increases when molecules make bonds.
Correct
Good work! In a collision, kinetic energy becomes the potential energy of distortion, which can weaken bonds enough to permit a reaction.
Part F
Which statement is true of the transition state? ANSWER:
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Right! It's an arrangement that quickly breaks apart, emitting either the original molecules or new product molecules.
Part A
Which statement is true of pH buffers? ANSWER: (a) They consist of strong acids and strong bases. (b) They keep the pH of the blood constant. (c) They consist of weak acids and weak bases. Both (a) and (b). Both (b) and (c).
Correct
Yes! By using weak acids and bases, the buffer can absorb or give off H+, stabilizing the pH.
Part B
A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A-). How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH? ANSWER: (a) HA dissociates and releases H+ and A- into solution. (b) A- reacts with H+ to become HA. (c) As the solution loses H+, HA replaces the lost H+. Both (a) and (c). None of the above.
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Yes! A- binds most of the added H+, so not much H+ is left to lower the pH.
Part C
Buffers work best when ... ANSWER: the pH is nearly neutral. 5% nearly all of the buffer molecules are dissociated. the ratio of H+ to OH- is close to 1.0. about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated. nearly all of the buffer molecules are undissociated.
Correct
Great choice! That arrangement gives the least change in pH when either acid or base is added.
Part D
How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of base? ANSWER: In one case it adds H+; in the other case it adds OH-. The same buffer can't work for both acid and base. It's the same reaction running backward or forward. In one case the buffer is strong; in the other case it's weak.
Correct
Good choice! The buffer accepts H+ in one case; it gives off H+ in the other case.
Part E
Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers? ANSWER: Amino acid side chains have many carboxyl and amino groups. Hydrogen bonds only form at medium pH values. ATP will not deliver energy if it is ionized. Nucleic acids must have positive charges to form double helices. All of the above.
Correct
Correct! When these side chains ionize, they exert forces that affect the protein's folding. Thus, if pH isn't stabilized, the proteins will change their folding and may not function properly. To see the role of carboxyl and amino groups, see the lesson on Ionic Forces in Tertiary Structure, in the Proteins section.
Part F
To make a buffer, you need to ... ANSWER:
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Right! When half of the molecules are ionized, there are plenty of molecules that can either absorb H+ or give off H+ when the pH is disturbed from outside.
Part A
DNA is composed of building blocks called _____. ANSWER: nucleic acids Gs nucleotides adenines amino acids
Correct
DNA is a composed of nucleotide units.
Part B
In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of a _____. ANSWER: single strand letter U double helix triple helix circle
Correct
Eukaryotic DNA is organized as a double helix.
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Chapter 1 Question 2
Part A
Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy. For example, plant chloroplasts convert the energy of sunlight to ANSWER: carbon dioxide and water. oxygen. kinetic energy. chemical energy. the energy of motion.
Correct
Chapter 1 Question 5
Part A
To understand the chemical basis of inheritance, we must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This is an example of the application of which concept to the study of biology? ANSWER: evolution feedback regulation the cell theory emergent properties reductionism
Correct
Hint 1.
The kingdoms of life are grouped into three higher levels of classification called domains. ANSWER: Bacteria Plantae Fungi Archaea Eukarya
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Plants and certain algae are multicellular photosynthetic organisms included in the kingdom Plantae of the domain Eukarya.
Hint 1.
Think about some of Darwin's fundamental observations. ANSWER: Males must defend their territories. Females must choose among possible mates. Organisms are naturally antagonistic. Organisms typically produce too many offspring, and resources are limited. All of the above are correct.
Correct
Resource competition is one of the main ingredients for natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources, and only the best adapted will survive and reproduce.
Hint 1.
Consider how certain characteristics help to distinguish scientific inquiry from nonscientific ways of describing and explaining nature. ANSWER: The structure of DNA is the same in all organisms. All organisms, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes, use essentially the same genetic code. Cilia and flagella in all eukaryotes have the same basic structure. The forelimbs of all mammals have the same basic structure, modified for different environments. All of the above are correct.
Correct
These are all examples of unity in diversity. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 144%. You received 8.74 out of a possible total of 10 points, plus 5.67 points of extra credit.
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