Theme: Change (Turning Points)

1. Both Japan and Indonesia are made up of a chain of islands called a. an archipelago b. a peninsula c. a delta d. an atoll NOTES: Archipelago : A scattered group of islands within the same body of water. Peninsula: land almost surrounded by water Delta: a low triangular area where a river divides before entering a larger body of water Atoll: Coral Islands CORRECT ANSWER: A , because An archipelago is defined as a chain of islands, which describes Japan and Indonesia perfectly. while the rest of the choices have to deal with large body of water or coral.

2. One reason for the development of an early civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys was that : a. the location protected from the people from land invasion b. periodic flooding left rich soil, which was ideal for farming c. these rivers provided a direct trade route between Europe and Asia d. these river flowed into the Mediterranean Sea NOTES: Mesopotamia An ancient region of southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq, this region included numerous early civilizations, such as Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria. CORRECT ANSWER: B Flowing rivers deposit fresh silt along their banks from areas upstream. When these rivers overflow, the silt pours onto the land providing rich soil ideal for farming.

3. Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution ? a. manorialism b. communism c. bartering d. market economy NOTES: Manorialism refers to Feudalism/ Feudal society Communism idea was by Karl Marx - Wealth is divided among citizens equally Bartering is to trade goods or services without the exchange of money Market Economy is an economy where most goods and services are produced and distributed through free markets. ( You can immediately eliminate manorialism and communism) CORRECT ANSWER: D, because the Commercial Revolution in Europe began when new forms of business organization This turning point led to the development of a market economy, or capitalism, in Europe. 4. Martin Luthers Ninety-Five Theses were a call for a. religious involt against the German prices b. reforms within the Roman Catholic Church c. greater papal authority d. crusades to spread Christianity NOTES: Ninety-Five Theses - the theses of Luther against the sale of favoring the Roman Catholic Church. ( You can eliminate a and c because it had nothing that was against German nor any type of authority, it also had nothing on Christianity ) CORRECT ANSWER: B, because Luther wrote the 95 Theses in opposition to the sale of indulgences being conducted by the Catholic Church in order to finance the Building of St. Peters Basilica in Rome. 5. Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on

a. the experiences of the past civilizations b. experimentation and observation c. emotions and feelings d. the teachings of the Catholic Church NOTES: Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton were all scientists and had made scientific advancements in history. ( Since, this question is mainly dealing with science , it tells us that we can eliminate past experiences, emotions/feelings, and Catholic Church ) ] CORRECT ANSWER: B, because these scientists prompted the Scientific Revolution through their use of the scientific method to carry out careful experiments based on sound hypotheses. 6. John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support a. a return to feudalism to Europe b. a government ruled by a divine right monarchy c. a society ruled by the Catholic Church d. a society in which people choose the ruler NOTES: John Locke : Believed that all people had rights that no government could take away. He expressed three of them as "life, liberty, and property". ( This tells us that he would not support feudalism, monarchy, or a society ruled by Catholic Church , but they would believe that the government should be run by the governed for their benefits) CORRECT ANSWER: D, both John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau formed the basis of a modern democracy. 7. Stalins Five Year Plans and his decision to form collectives are examples of a. strategies to modernize the economy of the Soviet Union through forced communism b. a more friendly foreign policy toward China c. methods of dealing with the United States during the cold war d. programs to westernize, educate, and enlighten the population

NOTES: The goal of the Five Year Plans were to modernise Soviet industry. Stalin claimed that the USSR was 50 to 100 years behind the west. The Five year plans were Stalin's method of modernising the country's industry. Many new roads, new steel & metal plants were created. CORRECT ANSWER: A, because it is in a command economy, such as that of the communist Soviet Union, the government controls all aspects of production. 8. Read the following passage. The time has come for you to go Live where you like, but not among us... Get out of our soil, our sea, our wheat, our salt, our wounds. [Get] out of the memory of our memories. - Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet Which concept is supported by the ideas expressed in this passage? a. socialism b. absolutism c. humanitarianism d. nationalism NOTES: Socialism- government regulates the economy Absolutism- acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical matters (autocracy) Humanitarianism: Human Welfare Nationalism: Extreme pride of a country ( Knowing this. you can eliminate choices a, b, and c due to the fact that these choices doesnt show any pride on their country) CORRECT ANSWER: D, because Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been denied a homeland of their own which has caused violence between the Israelis and the numerous terrorist organizations that support the Palestinian cause. 9. Mohandas Gandhi is best known for his a. use of passive resistance to achieve Indian independence b. desire to establish and Islamic nations c. opposition to Hindus holding political office d. encouragement of violence to end British rule NOTES:

Leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. ( This tells us that you can eliminate choice B ,because he had nothing to do with the religion of Islam. Then he did not want to end the british rule but wanted to achieve the independence) . CORRECT ANSWER: A, because Gandhi was an independence leader who used non-violent demonstrations and passive resistance to help end British control of India. 10. The rise of independent states in Asia and Africa after World War II demonstrates the a. failure of nationalist movements b. influence of socialism c. success of United Nations peacekeeping forces d. decline of European colonial empires NOTES: Colonialism was on its way out before World War 2 CORRECT ANSWER: D, due to colonial empires and European countries were either unwilling or unable to hold onto their colonies after the end of World War II. 11. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the a. granting of more political liberties to all people b. struggle between classes in society c. wars and conflicts between national leaders d. increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization NOTES: Karl Marx- He believed that in capitalism, there were two classes, capitalists and workers. Capitalists bring together labor (workers) and capital (machinery, etc.) together to make goods, which they then sell for a profit. ( This tells us that we can eliminate choices a, c, and d due to the fact that it has nothing to do with wealth or classes). CORRECT ANSWER: B, because the book The Communist Manifesto stated all human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie ( Means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods/services. 12. Read the following passage. -Europeans sought new markets for their goods. -Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs. -European middle class gained political power.

What was the major cause of these changes in Europe? a. Industrial Revolution b. Rise of feudalism c. Congress of Vienna d. French Revolution NOTES: Industrial Revolution- Focus on machines, factories, and industry Feudalism- Based upon fixed relations of lord to vassal and all lands held in fee (as from the king) Vienna- Settle the territorial problems left by the Napoleonic Wars French Revolution - Against the Bourbons, when Napoleon seized power CORRECT ANSWER: A, because workers transferred to urban areas in order to find and secure work in the factories located there. Europeans increased their wealth by securing new markets for their goods/services. 13. World War II is often considered to be a turning point in history because a. The League of nations demonstrated that an international organization could maintain world peace b. The war brought an end to dictatorships as a form of government c. European domination of the world began to weaken as nationalism in colonies increased d. Religious and ethnic differences were no longer a source of conflict between nations NOTES: WW2 - A war which Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, China, and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. CORRECT ANSWER: C, because After World War II, many European colonies wanted independence as nationalist feelings swept across these nations. 14. Which is one major reason the Holocaust is considered a unique event in modern European history? a. Jews of Europe have seldom been victims of persecution. b. Civilians rarely were killed during air raids on Great Britain. c. Adolf Hitler concealed his anti-Jewish feelings until after he came to power. d. The genocide was planned in great detail and required the cooperation of many people NOTES: Holocaust- The genocide of European Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II

CORRECT ANSWER: D, because The Holocaust was the planned by the genocide of the European Jewish population by Adolph Hitlers/ Nazis. 15. The economic policies of the Soviet Union traditionally emphasized the production of a. automobiles for export b. building materials for luxury housing c. consumer goods d. heavy industrial goods NOTES: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalins Five Year Plan, development of heavy industries such as New dams, for hydro-electricity, new roads were created. (This tells us we can eliminate anything that is not dealing with heavy industrial goods) CORRECT ANSWER: D, because Five-Year Plans begun under the rule of Stalin in the Soviet Union emphasized the development of heavy industries in order to transform agricultural to industrial superpower. 16. In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenins New Economic Policy (NEP) and Mikhail Gorbachevs policy of Perestroika both sought to a. increase spending of nuclear weapons b. strengthen central planning c. increase production through individual enterprise d. reduce the influence of middle-class farmers NOTES: Vladimir Lenin- Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR. Command economy, controls the means of production by having governmental agencies involved in production planning. CORRECT ANSWER: C, due to Communism and both Both Lenin and Gorbachev wanted to increase production in vital areas by introducing individual enterprise. 17. The conflict between Israel and the Arab nations since 1948 was often considered part of the Cold War primarily because a. the policy of detente evolved from this conflict b. communist governments were established in many Arab nations c. the leadership of Joseph Stalin strongly influenced the policies of Saddam Hussein d. the United States supported Israel and the Soviet Union supported several Arab nations

NOTES: Arab-Israeli Conflict- Tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East. CORRECT ANSWER: D, because The United States supported Israel, while the Soviets supported Egypt under Gamal Nasser, and other nations opposed to the United States and Israel. 18. Which conclusion about the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) can be drawn from this 1994 cartoon?

a. NATO did not react quickly enough to the crisis in Bosnia. b. Bosnia and NATO continue to disagree about the causes of the civil war. c. NATO's actions have allowed communism to take advantage of the destruction of Bosnia. d. The United States will probably withdraw from NATO as a result of the Bosnian crisis. NOTES: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Military alliance of the United States and various nations of Europe. Democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states (especially the United States and Europe) CORRECT ANSWER: A, because during the 1990s, it failed to act quickly enough to stop the warfare and destruction in Bosnia . 19. The Protestant Reformation and the European Renaissance were similar in that both a. discouraged the growth of strong monarchs b. encouraged people to question tradition c. were led by the military d.supported the return of the Roman Empire NOTES: Protestant Reformation- a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church

European Renaissance- The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. ( We can eliminate the Roman Empire, and Military. Since the reformation does not mention anything about monarchy , the answer is B) CORRECT ANSWER: B, because Humanism, or the emphasis on individuality, caused many to question traditional authority during the Renaissance. (Ex: Catholic Church)

20. Throughout the 1800s, Russia was interested in acquiring Turkey mainly because Russia wanted a. to maintain peace in the Middle East b. access to the Mediterranean Sea c.to re-establish the Byzantine Empire d.the rich farmland of the Anatolian Plateau NOTES: Russia is landlocked due to the fact that much of its water access is located in the northern part of the country and is frozen for most of the year. ( Definitely not choices C and D) CORRECT ANSWER: B, because Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles Strait held by Turkey and located between the Black and Aegean Seas, illustrates how this geographic factor has influenced Russias foreign policies.