Part 4 Musoma Report Final Final v4

PROJECT FORMULATION REPORT PART 4 - MUSOMA
FINAL
TA2009019 R0 PPF
Project Formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative
The technical assistance operation is financed under the EU ACP Water Project Preparation Facility August 2012
I R X I M X M A T A R T I R T I X T N E M P L T A N T S R U S N O O T I R T D C E V E L T A M X A M X I A M X I R R M I R T I T R A T A A T A M T R X I M A R X A T I M A R X M M T I A R T R X X
WS Atkins International Ltd in association with Matrix Development Consultants
European Investment Bank
Project Formulation Report - Musoma
Notice
This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for the European Investment Bank solely for the purpose of presenting our Initial Findings Report to the Project Formulation Study for Scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative. It may not be used by any person for any other purpose other than that specified without the express written permission of WS Atkins International Limited (Atkins) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd. Any liability arising out of use by a third party of this document for purposes not wholly connected with the above shall be the responsibility of that party who shall indemnify WS Atkins International Limited (Atkins) and Matrix Development Consultants Ltd against all claims costs damages and losses arising out of such use. The authors take full responsibility for the contents of this report. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the view of the European Union or the European Investment Bank. Document History JOB NUMBER: 5099279 Revision Purpose Description Originated 0 1 2 3 4 5 Draft / Unreviewed for information only Draft for client review Separate Volume Draft for issue to EIB for joint mission Final Draft Final RS RS RS CH CH CH MK MK MK PS PS PS 15.09.11 24.02.12 17.08.12 RS CH DH MW PS 27.05.11 DOCUMENT REF: 5099279/70/Musoma Report v4 Checked Reviewed Authorised Date
5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final
Table of Contents
Musoma 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Social Assessment 4.2.1. Introduction 4.2.2. Socio-economic and Environmental Context 4.2.3. Water Supply Context 4.2.4. Health and Sanitation Context 4.3. Urban Development Context 4.3.1. Introduction 4.3.2. 2002 Baseline Population 4.3.3. Population Projections 4.3.4. Urban Structure 4.4. Water Demand Projection 4.4.1. Development Scenario for Water & Sanitation Planning 4.4.2. Water Demand based on Feasibility Study projections (NBS) 4.4.3. Water Demand based on UN GRHS population projections 4.5. Water Supply 4.5.1. Background 4.5.2. Institutional Structure 4.5.3. System Performance 4.5.4. Water Resources 4.5.5. Treatment 4.5.6. Transmission 4.5.7. Storage Facilities 4.5.8. Distribution Network 4.5.9. Operations and Maintenance 4.5.10. Planned Developments 4.5.11. Further Development Needs 4.6. Wastewater and Sanitation 4.6.1. Introduction 4.6.2. General 4.6.3. Existing Situation 4.6.4. Future Developments Needs 4.7. Urban Drainage 4.7.1. Introduction 4.7.2. Existing Infrastructure 4.7.3. Planned Developments 4.7.4. Further Development Needs 4.8. Solid Waste Management 4.8.1. Introduction 4.8.2. Existing Situation 4.8.3. Planned Developments 4.8.4. Further Development Needs 4.9. Institutional Arrangements 4.9.1. Background
1 1 4 4 7 11 13 16 16 16 16 18 24 24 24 25 26 26 26 26 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 34 36 36 36 37 39 46 46 46 46 47 48 48 48 50 51 55 55

4.9.2. 4.9.3. 4.9.4. 4.10. 4.10.1. 4.10.2. 4.10.3. 4.10.4. 4.11. 4.11.1. 4.11.2. 4.11.3. 4.12. 4.12.1. 4.12.2. 4.12.3. 4.12.4. Vision, Mission and Strategic Goals Objectives Recommendations Financial Assessment Introduction Cost of Providing Watsan Services Non Revenue Water (NRW) Financial Performance Indicators Environmental Policy and Legislation Policy and Legal Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector Provision for Compensation and Resettlement Institutional Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector Environmental and Social Impact Analysis Introduction Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures Enhancing Environmental and Social Outcomes of Interventions 56 57 58 59 59 59 60 61 63 63 64 65 66 66 67 70 72
Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADF AFD AfDB AGR AWF BoQ CBD CBO CDM COWSO CP CR CSP CTI DEWAT DER DMM DP DSC DWF EAC EACAC EACCCP EIRR EIB ESMP ETA EWURA / EUWRA FOs ha IA GoB GEF GoK GoT GIZ (GTZ) GWA African Development Fund Agence Franaise de Dveloppement African Development Bank Annual Growth Rate Africa Water Facility Bill of Quantities Central Business District Community Based Organisation Clean Development Mechanism Community Owned Water Supply Organisation Collection Period Current Ratio Country Strategy Paper Percentage Contribution to Investment Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Tank Debt Equity Ratio Delegated Management Model Development Partners Debt Service Coverage Ratio Dry Weather Flow East African Community East African Community Audit Commission East African Community Climate Change Policy Economic Internal Rate of Return European Investment Bank Environmental and Social Management Plan Extraordinary Tariff Adjustment Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Field Offices hectare Implementing Agency Government of Burundi Global Environment Facility Government of Kenya Government of Tanzania German Technical Cooperation Gender and Womens Alliance PEDP MWAUWASA MWI / MoWI NA NGO Partner States LVSWSB LVWATSAN MCC M&E MDGs MIG MTP MoU MSF NBS NSGRP mASL MoPH&S KIWASCO KMC KPIs KWFT KWSDP Lcd LGA LTAP LVB LVBC LVEMP ILO JICA KfW KISWAMP International Labour Organisation Japan International Cooperation Agency German Government Development Bank Kisumu Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Programme Kisumu Water and Sewerage Company Kisumu Municipal Council Key Performance Indicators Kenya Women Finance Trust Kenya Water Sector Development Programme Litres per capita per day Local Government Authority Long Term Action Plan Lake Victoria Basin Lake Victoria Basin Commission Lake Victoria Environmental Management Programme Lake Victoria South Water Services Board Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Mwanza City Council Monitoring and Evaluation Millennium Development Goals Medium Income Group Medium Term Programme Memorandum of Understanding Multi Stakeholder Forum National Bureau of Statistics National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction Metres above sea level Min. of Public Health and Sanitation Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority Ministry of Water and Irrigation Not Applicable Non-Governmental Organisation The 5 member states of the East African Community, namely Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania & Uganda Primary Education Development Programme

O&M OR PAP RoT RE RPG RPSC RR RRTA RSF SME SIDA SANA SPI STAP STI SWAP ToR UFW Operation & Maintenance Operating Ratio Project Affected Person The United Republic of Tanzania Return On Equity Regional Public Good Regional Policy Steering Committee Return On Net Fixed Assets Regular Tariff Adjustment Rapid Sand Filter Small and Medium Enterprise Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Sustainable Aid in Africa Staff Productivity Index Short Term Action Plan Short Term Interventions Sector Wide Approach to Planning Terms of Reference Unaccounted for Water UNHABITAT UOC USAID USD WASREB WASSIP WATSAN WB WHO WR WSB WSDP WSP WSTF WTW UA UNEP UNFCCC Unit of Account United Nations Environment Program UN Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Human Settlements Programme Unit Operational Cost The United States Agency for International Development United States Dollar Water Services Regulatory Board Water Supply and Sanitation Service Improvement Project Water and Sanitation World Bank World Health Organisation Working Ratio Water Service Boards Water Sector Development Programme Water and Sanitation Programme Water Services Trust Fund Water Treatment Works
References
1. The United Republic of Tanzania (2010) - Water Sector Status Report 2010, Ministry of Water and
Irrigation
2. The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) - Ministry of Water Mkukuta Based MDG Costing For The
Water And Sanitation Sector - Final Report - Dar Es Salaam April 2006
3. The United Republic Of Tanzania (2006) - National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015 4. WASREB (2010) - IMPACT: A performance Report of Kenyas Water Services Sub-Sector, Issue No.
3, October 2010.
5. GoK (2007) - Kenya Vision 2030, the Popular Version, July 2007 6. GoK (2010) - Medium Term Expenditure Framework 2011/12 - 2013/14 7. Environment, Water And Irrigation Sector Report 2010, January 2011 8. MWAUASA (2010) - Business Plan, July 2010 - June 2013, July, 2010 9. KIWASCO (2010) - KIWASCO, Water Demand Management Policy and Strategy, 26 April 2010 10. WASREB (undated) - Tariff Guidelines 11. World Bank (2010) - Tanzania: Public Expenditure Review (PER) of the Water Sector, June 2010
Musoma
4.1. Introduction
The initial studies and investigation for Musoma Water and Sewerage Improvements have been undertaken under three programmes; an EU/KfW project under the Seven Towns Upgrading Programme, a subsequent AFD funded water supply project followed by a detailed design project for Musoma Sewerage (and water supply schemes in 6 smaller towns) funded through the WSDP. The proposed water supply project construction works described herein are to be undertaken under the AFD project. The studies and designs for all of the projects have been carried out by consultants Pyry Environment GMBH (Germany) and Don Consult Ltd (Tanzania), and this study utilises much of the work prepared previously. Atkins acknowledges the indirect contribution of Pyry and Donconsult to this study. The report details the findings of the mission to Musoma and discussions with MUWASA and Musoma Municipal Council. The following documents were reviewed: Draft Feasibility Study Report for Musoma dated March 2011, prepared by Pyry Environment GMBH and Don Consult Ltd under a joint venture (JV) consultancy service. This was financed by the European Union and part of the Ministry of Water and Irrigations 7 Towns Urban Upgrading Programme. Design Report for Musoma by Pyry Environment and Don Consult JV under project titled Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents, Supervision and Performance Management Support for Water Supply and Sewerage/Sanitation in Bukoba and Musoma. Final Engineering Design Report Sewerage for Musoma by Pyry Environment and Don Consult JV under project titled Consultancy Services for Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Sewerage in Musoma Municipality and Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Water Supply for Mugumu, Bunda and Tarime Townships and Mugango / Kiabakari National Project
The project area is within the current urban municipal boundary of Musoma, which includes wards classified as urban, rural and/or mixed. The consultant liaised with the municipal council when defining this boundary. The project area boundary was also partly influenced by the existing water service coverage as well as the intended development spread of the municipality. Musoma consists of 13 wards. It is the headquarters of Mara region in the North of Tanzania which borders Lake Victoria to the north-west and the Republic of Kenya. The town consists mostly of residential developments and a number of institutions. The main economic activities in the town are fishing, fish processing and textiles. Musoma has a topography that is fairly flat with a few rock outcrops. The land generally falls towards the lake. The altitude ranges from 1,320 to 1,140 m above sea level.The geology in the project area consists of granite, granodiorite, foliated gneisses and magnetite rock formations. The temperature varies between 20C and 35C. The area experiences two rainy seasons. The long rainy season starts in February and ends in May, while the short rainy season starts in September and ends in November. Musoma is 320 km from Mwanza, connected to by an all-weather road. Musoma is also linked to Kenya by an all-weather road. The town has a gravel airstrip from which commercial and non-commercial passenger and cargo flights operate. Charter flights for tourists going to the nearby Serengeti National Park also use the airport.
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Postal and courier services are provided by the Tanzania Postal Corporation. The town is well connected with telecommunication networks.
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MOYALE LOW ER LODWAR GULU LOYENGALANI MARSABIT
BUNIA
SOROTI
WAJIR
UGANDA
WEBUYE Kampala ENTEBBE INTERN ATIONAL KAKAMEGA KISU MU ELD ORET LAIKIPIA AIR BASE BARCLAYS ISIOLO MU LIKA
NYERI
KENYA
NANYU KI
GARISSA
BUKOBA GOMA IN TL GISEN YI KIGALI Kigali KAMEMBE
Lake Victoria
MU SOMA
NAIVASHA MU SIAR A Nairobi NAIROBI/W ILSON KITUI
MARA SERENA
MWANZA
LAMU/MANDA
BUJUMBURA IN TL Bujumbura
ARUSH A
KILIMANJAR O INTERNATIONAL MOI INTERN ATIONAL Mombasa
MOSHI
MALINDI
Kigoma
TANGA
KALEMIE DODOMA Dodoma
TANZANIA
ZANZIBAR NGEREN GERE Dar es Salaam
DAR ES SALAAM
IRINGA
MBALA
KARONG A
ZAMBIA
MTWAR A
Mtwara
MBINGA MOC IMBOA DA PRAIA MU EDA
PRO JE CT TITLE
Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Figure 4.1 Country Overview
DATE FIG UR E C RE ATED
September 2011
LEG EN D
FIG UR E N UM BE R & TITLE
CLIEN T
Major water bodies Major watercourses
River Nile Basin National Borders
Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW EN GLAND
Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.1.1.
Social Assessment
Introduction
Social context Musoma is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria (see Figures 4.1 and 4.2) and is the administrative headquarters of the Mara region in the north of Tanzania. The estimated population of Musoma is 143,000. More than 50% of the population is under the age of 20. At present, 7% of the population live in low density housing areas, 10% in medium density housing areas, 33% in high density planned areas and 50% in high density unplanned areas or peri-urban homesteads on the outskirts of the municipality. There is significant gender disparity; women are not allowed to own property for cultural and religious reasons and along with children are also the primary domestic water collectors. Approximately half of all households belong to some type of association; these associations may be useful channels to promote, advertise and gather support for some of the proposed project interventions. Health facilities are limited. Waterborne or water-related diseases are likely to account for a significant proportion of the workload of existing health facilities.
Figure 4.2 Musoma Town overview
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4.2.1.2. Water Supply Context The main water source for Musoma is Lake Victoria; there are currently three water intakes managed by Musoma UWASA. Treatment of abstracted water is limited to occasional disinfection. Direct abstraction from streams by individuals is also common; other sources include boreholes, springs and water purchased from vendors. The majority of residents perceive water as neither clear nor safe to drink; despite this, many people do not boil the water or use other treatment methods to improve its quality. 4.2.1.3. Sanitation Context Sanitation services and wastewater disposal in Musoma are currently provided by the Municipal Council. Musoma Town does not have a waterborne sewerage system. On-site methods are used by local residents for the disposal of wastewater and excreta, including traditional pit latrines, VIP latrines and septic tanks with soakaways. Existing services for sludge removal are limited and considered too expensive by domestic users, who use traditional hand emptying methods instead. Public sanitation facilities are available at markets and bus stands; these are in variable condition ranging from good to poor. Facilities at higher education centres are in good condition. Facilities in the regional hospital and schools are more limited and generally in poor condition. Facilities at Musoma District Prison are also inadequate for the current inmate and staff population. At present the Municipal Council disposes of sludge into six poorly engineered and maintained lagoons at Nyamitwebiri. 4.2.1.4. Positive and Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Interventions It is anticipated that the large towns phase of the LVWATSAN Initiative will have a tangible impact on public health (including improving maternal health and reducing under-five mortality), through the provision of increased access to clean water, improvement of wastewater treatment facilities, provision of adequate sanitation facilities, improved urban drainage and solid waste collection and treatment. Improving sewage treatment facilities and sewage coverage will prevent further pollution of the Lake, and have a direct impact on the quality of its water and ecosystems. Improved drainage would contribute to reduced incidence of malaria (by eliminating breeding habitats for malaria-carrying mosquitoes), as well as other waterborne diseases, while efficient solid waste disposal systems would also have a positive impact on public health by discouraging disease-spreading vermin and preventing entry of toxic leachates into soils and water sources. The combined beneficial effects of these interventions are associated with greater productivity and output, and therefore with alleviation of poverty and hunger. Given that poverty and environmental well-being are inversely linked, the implication is that overall environmental conservation and protection will be enhanced. It is a reasonable assumption that with the correct preventative and mitigation measures in place the negative environmental and social impacts associated with construction and operational activities will be limited in terms of duration and spatial extent and that they will be outweighed by the positive impacts arising from the project interventions. To facilitate this: A full ESIA should be completed for those components deemed to require one i.e. the wastewater treatment plant; in order to ensure that environmental and social aspects are properly considered in the selection of project options (where more than one alternative exists for a specific intervention) and that appropriate preventative and mitigation measures are defined and implemented through an Environmental and Social Management Plan for the project.
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Clearance of land should be preceded by appropriate baseline studies to define the fauna, flora and habitats that are present and assess land capability and use. Any resettlement (physical and economic) should be planned and executed in consultation with affected persons according to national laws and international standards as appropriate (none currently anticipated). Compensation and replacement of lost or reduced livelihoods should be considered.
In addition to the general positive impacts noted above, specific positive social impacts are expected to include: Decreased incidence of waterborne diseases; Reduced cost and time wastage in search of water. This may enable women and children to devote more time to educational opportunities. Given the high proportion of young people in Musoma, increasing time for school and attendance may bring significant benefits, particularly given the current low level of educational attainment. Improvement in health conditions and decreased cost of treatment for waterborne diseases by the consumer as well as decreased travel frequency to health facilities; Reduction in household expenditure on water; Improved hygiene standards, which should reduce pressure on health facilities (a significant proportion of diseases are related to poor water supply and sanitation services); Increased access to sanitation facilities; Reduction in hand emptying of latrines and septic tanks; Increased access to clean water; Year round access to water for households; Increased employment opportunities during construction phase; Community involvement in provision and management of water and sanitation services; and Increased number of women working for water sector institutions and involved in decision making.
To address gender inequities, project interventions should focus on womens and mens involvement in the planning, construction, operation, maintenance and management of domestic water supply, irrigation, sanitation or environmental protection. Project interventions should also give due consideration to internal culture and staffing issues, for example recruitment, promotion and training opportunities for female and male staff, sexual discrimination and harassment, and issues such as child care, paternity or maternity leave, and safe travel arrangements. Given the significant percentage of households that belong to an association it may be appropriate to consider the involvement of selected associations in gender mainstreaming for project interventions. 4.2.1.5. Objectives of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) An ESIA scoping study was undertaken for the wastewater project by Poyry; this was undertaken to: Define the baseline conditions based on a desktop review of available data and information (this section);
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Identify the potential positive and negative impacts related to the project components and the risks relevant to each component during construction and operation (Section 4.12); Identify and propose potential mitigation and enhancement measures (Section 4.12).
The ESIA is built on existing data and information, in particular the draft Feasibility Report for Musoma prepared by Pyry Environment GMBH (Germany) and Don Consult Ltd (Tanzania) in March 2011. This report was part of the Ministry of Water and Irrigations 7 Towns Urban Upgrading Programme. Where possible, social aspects were given a particular focus, including the assessment of project impacts on the poor and women. General recommendations for mainstreaming gender considerations into project planning and implementation are also presented. 4.2.1.6. Project Area Musoma covers an area of 63 km2 and is the administrative headquarters of the Mara region in the north of Tanzania.
4.2.2.
4.2.2.1.
Socio-economic and Environmental Context

Population The population of Musoma was measured as 108,242 during the 2002 census (of which 51,847 were men and 56,395 were women). Based on a population growth rate of 4.2% the population in 2011 is estimated to be 143,000. The population density is estimated at 120 people per km2. Table 4.1 shows the age distribution of households; more than 50% of the population is under the age of 20.
Table 4.1 - Distribution of household by five-year age groups (2007 data) Age <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total Male 12.1 15.1 16.0 14.7 8.4 4.7 5.0 4.9 3.5 4.1 3.3 3.6 1.7 0.9 1.2 0.3 0.6 100 Female 11.3 14.0 15.3 12.7 7.3 8.2 7.7 5.8 4.0 2.8 4.5 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.6 100 Total 11.7 14.5 15.7 13.7 7.9 6.5 6.4 5.4 3.7 3.4 3.9 2.5 1.7 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 100
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4.2.2.2. Settlements and Housing There is no clear trend in housing densities in the wards. Most wards have mixed housing densities (and a mixture of plot sizes). At present, 7% of the population live in low density housing areas, 10% live in medium density housing areas, 33% live in high density planned areas and 50% live in high density unplanned areas or periurban homesteads on the outskirts of the municipality. It is anticipated that the population distribution in the wards will gradually change (improve) with time as household income levels increase. With improved housing it is likely that the demand for improved water services will also increase. It is predicted that an increasing proportion of the population will live in low and medium density housing areas. There will be a corresponding decline the number of people living in unplanned settlements and homesteads. The number of households is estimated at approximately 22,000 and the average household size is between approximately 7 and 7.5 people. As might be expected there is a link between the level of poverty and the number of people per household; the higher the number of persons per household the poorer the household members. In the town centre, most houses are built with cement walls and roofs of galvanised steel sheeting. Further away from the town centre houses are built with mud walls and roofs of galvanised steel sheeting; a few buildings with mud walls and grass roofs are also present. In villages, most houses are used for residential purposes while those in the town centre are used for both commercial and residential purposes. Women are unable to own houses for cultural reasons. The majority of houses appear to be occupied by their owners (often with one or more relative). Private renting of property is uncommon. 4.2.2.3. Land Use The major land use is residential (planned and unplanned settlements). Over 60% of built up land is residential. The majority of unplanned residential areas are found in Kigera, Nyamatare, Mwisenge, Buhare and Nyakato. The majority of planned settlements are found in Mukendo, Mwigombero, Kitaji, Makoko and Kamunyonge. Low and medium density plots are situated along the Lake Victoria shore in Mwisenge and Makoko areas. Other significant land uses in the municipality include institutional, commercial, industrial, open space and urban farming: Major institutional areas are found in Makoko, Buhare and areas around the Mukendo hills. About 17% of the built up area is used by institutions (public and private). A further 3% is used for commercial purposes; commercial areas are largely found at the CBD and along Mukendo Street, other commercial activities also take place within residential areas (commercial residential) throughout the municipality. There are also informal income generating activities such as food vendors and small retail shops that are concentrated along major roads, in market places and at the bus terminal. Most industrial areas are located along the Mwanza road. Other industrial areas are found in Makoko, Mwisenge and along the shore of Lake Victoria. Most of the areas that were zoned for industrial development by the Musoma Master Plan (1993) have been encroached by squatter settlements and informal income generating activities. Urban farming takes place within residential plots and valleys in urban and peri-urban areas.
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4.2.2.4. Education According to the Musoma Municipal Council, there are 41 nursery schools (35 public, 6 private with an overall enrolment rate of 96%), 41 primary schools (35 public, 6 private), 24 secondary schools (18 public, 6 private) and 8 tertiary education institutions with a total of 34,860 students (Table 4.2).
Table 4.2 - School-related data Education institution Pre-primary (nursery) Primary Secondary Colleges / Institutes University (Open University) Total Number 41 41 24 7 1 114 Students per school 60 500 400 300 200 Number of students 2,460 20,500 9,600 2,100 200 34,860
Generally more girls are enrolled in schools than boys. Although the majority of the population has attended primary school, only a limited number continue to secondary and higher learning institutions, as can be seen from the numbers above. 4.2.2.5. Economy The main economic activities in the town are fishing, fish processing, and textiles. Due to its proximity to both Kenya and Uganda the town is well positioned to service neighbouring markets. 4.2.2.6. Household Incomes The main contributors to household budgets are men. Very rarely, women also contribute (the number of women with no source of income is higher than that for men). A significant proportion of people earn less than US$1 (TSh 500-1,500) per day. Men and women earn income from farming, business activities, the raising of livestock, fishing and paid employment in both government and the private sector. 4.2.2.7. Gender Disparity Women (and also children) are the primary water collectors for domestic use (Table 4.3). The average distance covered to get water is approximately 1.5 km. Collected water is often stored in buckets rather than larger storage containers, necessitating regular journeys.
Table 4.3 - Responsibility for water collection (2007 data)
Adult woman Type of residence Informal Formal Improved water source Public tap/standpipe Protected well Unprotected well Adult man Female Male child child (under (under 15) 15) No specific person No Did not specific Total know child No of house holds Water source safe for women and children
66.9 62.1
6.1 11.3
1.9 1.3
1.3 1.3
16.4 16.0
7.4 7.8 0.3
100 100
537 319
77.7 89.2
63.9 25.0 84.4
8.7
1.6
1.2
16.3 50.0
8.0 25.0 3.1
0.1
100 100 100
735 4 32
89.1 33.3 65.6
6.3
6.3
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Adult woman Protected spring Unprotected spring Water vendors Surface water Other sources Improved water Not improved Improved water Total 60.0 91.7 100.0 64.2 71.4 5.7 14.3 3.8 20.8 7.1 5.7 7.1 Adult man Female Male child child (under (under 15) 15) No specific person 40.0 8.3 No Did not specific Total know child 100 100 100 100 100 No of house holds 5 12 1 53 14 Water source safe for women and children 0.0 75.0 0.0 34.0 100.0
74.1 63.7 65.1
4.5 8.6 8.1
1.8 1.6 1.6
1.8 1.2 1.3
13.4 16.7 16.2
4.5 8.1 7.6 0.1 0.1
100 100 100
112 744 856
48.4 87.6 82.0
In the informal areas, approximately 24% of households have water on the premises. A little over 42% have to travel less than 15 minutes for water, while for approximately 12% of households the duration is 30 60 minutes. For approximately 10% of informal households the time reportedly exceeds 60 minutes. The situation in formal areas is very different, with approximately 60% of households having water at the premises and a further 25% having a water collection duration of 15 minutes or less; on 4% of households that require 30 60 minutes to collect water and a further 3% where the duration exceeds 60 minutes. 4.2.2.8. Membership of Associations Approximately half of the households belong to some type of association (46.5% in informal areas and 53.5% in formal areas) (see Table 4.4).
Table 4.4 - Percent distribution of households belonging to association (2007 data) Type of residence Informal Formal Total 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.7 0.7 2.7 7.1 22.3 7.2 0.7 15.8 8.2 1.0 0.3 0.1 1.3 0.6 2.5 20.8 1.1 6.2 1.3 3.0 4.8 9.7 10.0 27.4 7.3 1.3 24.6 13.9 3.4 1.9 0.3 1.1 1.1 3.2 20.5 2.4 8.7 1.1 2.4 2.9 6.4 8.6 25.0 7.3 1.0 20.5 11.2 2.3 1.1 0.2 1.2 0.9 2.9 20.6 1.8 7.5
Farmer/fisherman group or cooperative Other production group Traders or business association Professional Association Trade union or labour union Neighbourhood / village committee Religious or spiritual group Political group or movement Cultural group or association Burial society or festival society Finance, credit or savings groups Education group Health group Water management group Waste management group Sports group Youth group Women's group NGO or civic group Ethnic-based community group
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Other groups Any association Number of households 0.8 46.5 708 2.0 53.5 792 1.5 50.2 1,500
4.2.2.9.
Health Facilities Health facility data are summarised in Table 4.5.

Table 4.5 - Health facility types and patient numbers Facility type Dispensary Health centre Hospital Total Number 23 4 2 29 Patients per day 50 50 120 Patients 1,150 200 240 1,590
4.2.2.10.
Waterborne or Water Related Diseases A significant proportion of cases reported among the top ten diseases in Musoma Municipality were related to poor water supply and sanitation services (Table 4.6), particularly for those older than 5 years.
Table 4.6 - Annual Incidence of diseases in residents under and over 5 years of age Disease Malaria ARI Diarrhoea Intestinal worms Pneumonia Eye infections Ear infections Skin diseases Cardio vascular diseases HIV & AIDS Under 5 years Male Female 7,929 2,313 2,256 1,157 974 459 452 610 426 20 15,007 2,658 2,759 1,412 1,213 484 273 816 417 30 Older than 5 years Male Female 8,797 3,048 187 5,522 1,180 815 288 803 846 60 12,917 3,531 2,589 5,921 1,577 1,017 398 845 1,094 132 Total 44,650 11,550 7,791 14,012 4,944 2,775 1,411 3,074 5,783 242
Source: Comprehensive Health Plan Report, July 2010
4.2.3.
4.2.3.1.
Water Supply Context

Water Sources and Supply The main water source for Musoma is Lake Victoria. There are three water intakes managed by the water authority: Mwisenge, Mutex and Bweri, which have a combined capacity of between 9,700 m3/day and 15,300 m3/day. The water from the intakes is supplied to customers without any treatment, except for occasional disinfection. Direct abstraction from streams by individuals is also common.
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The current water supply service covers approximately 90% of the municipality population. The remainder obtain water from other sources which include boreholes, springs and vendors (Table 4.7).
Table 4.7 - Water sources (2007 data) Water source Piped into dwelling Piped into yard or plot Public tap or standpipe Protected well Unprotected well Protected spring Unprotected spring Rain water Water vendors Surface water Bottled water Other sources Dont know Total Number of households Informal 0.1 21.0 50.7 1.8 5.9 0.6 1.4 1.4 15.4 1.6 100 706 Formal 6.2 51.9 34.6 1.6 0.5 0.1 0.3 4.6 0.1 0.1 100 790
Approximately 17% of the population lives in low and medium density areas with house connections. The remaining 83% live in planned and unplanned high density areas and peri-urban homesteads using yard taps, public stand posts and water kiosks. As noted in 4.2.2.2 the proportion of people in high density housing is predicted to reduce as the economic situation of the people improves. 4.2.3.2. Water Quality in Lake Victoria The analysis of historical raw water quality data indicates that for the majority of physico-chemical water parameters the quality is within guideline values for drinking water established by the World Health Organization. However, some parameters (such as colour and turbidity) are occasionally increased. Increased values for bacteriological indicators such as total and faecal coliforms indicate the need for water treatment prior to supply to water consumers. As the existing Mwisenge Intake site is surrounded by domestic and industrial developments, it is reasonable to assume that water quality at this water intake will be negatively impacted by proximity to potentially polluting developments and that an alternative (undeveloped) intake site would be beneficial. 4.2.3.3. Access to Safe Water A majority of residents perceived that the water they used was neither clean nor safe. Although most are aware of boiling as a potential treatment method, the majority of people do not practice this. Where treatment is applied, boiling is by far the most common method used (Table 4.8). Although the link between the quality of water and waterborne diseases is generally recognised, this does not appear to trigger the implementation of treatment options for many people.
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Table 4.8 Percent distribution of households by water treatment (2007 data) Add bleach or chlorine Let stand and settle Percent that treat water to make it safe to drink 81.2 93.7
Boil
Sieve through cloth
Use water filter
Others
Type of residence Informal Formal Improved water source Piped into dwelling Piped into yard/plot Public tap/standpipe Protected well Unprotected Well Protected Spring Unprotected Spring Rain water Water vendors Surface water Bottled water Other sources Improved water Not improved Improved water Total 76.7 81.8 81.5 1.1 2.2 2.1 11.1 4.6 5.0 0.4 0.4 8.9 8.2 8.2 2.2 2.9 2.8 70.3 89.4 87.8 83.3 8.3 8.3 76.3 85.4 2.1 2.2 8.0 2.7 0.5 0.3 10.8 6.2 2.3 3.2
94.0 87.4 76.2 100.0 63.2 60.0 37.5 80.0 100.0 80.6
2.0 1.9 2.5 2.1 6.7 21.1 40.0 25.0 0.6 0.3
2.0 5.6 10.8 15.8 25.0 20.0 11.1 8.3
2.0 2.3 3.4
100.0 92.0 86.7 91.7 59.4 100.0
12.5
66.7 100.0 88.2 67.9 0.0 85.7
4.2.3.4.
Willingness to Pay for Water Supply The majority of non-domestic consumers (institutions) were willing to pay a price set by the water authority and to pay for improved services.
4.2.4.
4.2.4.1.
Health and Sanitation Context

Introduction Sanitation services and wastewater disposal in Musoma are currently provided by the Municipal Council. Musoma Town does not have a waterborne sewerage system.
4.2.4.2.
Domestic Sanitation Facilities On-site methods are used for the disposal of wastewater and excreta by local residents, including traditional pit latrines, VIP latrines and septic tanks with soakaways: The use of shallow (1 m to 2 m depth) pit latrines dominates as these are the only option for low income earners that cannot afford to construct septic tanks with soakaway pits or VIP latrines. In addition, water supply services for the majority of residents are from water points and it is not possible to carry enough water by hand for toilet flushing. Due to their shallow depth and the high water table in lower lying areas near the lake, latrine pits may pose a contamination risk to shallow water wells in some areas. Pit latrines
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are used in the rural and peri-urban wards of the municipality: Bweri, Nyamatare, Kigera, Buhare, Mwisenye and Nyamatare. VIP latrines are partially used in the semi-urban wards of Bweri, Nyamatare, Kigera, Nyakato and Makoko. VIPs are used in areas not well served with a piped water supply from Musoma UWSA. Septic tanks with soakaways are commonly used in the peri urban and urban wards of Mukendo, Kitaji, Mwigobero, Mwisenge, Nyasho, Makoko and some parts of Bweri. Households in these areas have installed water closets and pour flush toilet systems that are connected to the septic tanks. In some medium and high-density areas, households have constructed pour flush toilets connected to offsite pits due to either lack of space or finances for construction of systematic septic tanks with soakaways.
Of these three options, only those people with VIP latrines and septic tanks are considered to have acceptable toilet facilities. 4.2.4.3. Sludge Removal Four exhauster trucks are available to empty septic tanks and latrines; two trucks (9.2 m3 and 5.5 m3 capacity) are owned by the Municipal Council while two (each with 3.5 m3 capacity) are owned by private entrepreneurs. The trucks belonging to the Municipal Council are old and suffer from frequent mechanical breakdowns. Those belonging to the private entrepreneurs are relatively new and in good running condition. 4.2.4.4. Sludge Disposal Sludge is disposed of in six lagoons (dug, with limited engineering) each measuring approximately15 m x10 m. These are located at Nyamitwebiri, 9.5 km from the edge of Bweri ward. The six lagoons are not connected and when one is full, the trucks empty into the next. The lagoons are poorly maintained and as they are not fenced, livestock from the neighbouring rural community is able to graze around them and drink from them. 4.2.4.5. Sanitation Facilities in Public Areas There are several public pay toilets and bathrooms in public areas. The public toilets are owned by the Municipal Council and operated by individuals contracted by the Municipal Council. i) Markets There are five markets: Soko Kuu, Mwigobero, Nyasho, Kamunyonge, and Nyakato. With the exception of Nyakato, each has pour flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Charges for visiting are Tsh 200; bathing facilities are also available for Tsh 300. Nyakato market has a pit latrine, which is temporary, and generally not in good condition. The toilet facility at Soko Kuu market has only three stalls; two for the females and one for males (plus a urinal). These facilities are not sufficient to service the market population and the septic tank is reported to fill quickly due to the high population it serves. Mwigobero market toilet facility is situated at the Mwigobero fishlanding site, which also serves as a departure and arrival port for small passenger boats to and from Kinesi, Busweta, Rukuba, Sumbatu, Kiamawi, Ruhu and Sonjo villages. The facility, with four toilet stalls, is insufficient to service the market and passenger population. Although the toilets are in fairly good operating condition they are not clean. The toilet facilities at Kamunyonge and Nyasho markets are adequate and in fairly good operating condition; however these toilets are also not maintained in a clean state.
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ii) Bus stands There are two bus stands, the regional bus stand at Bweri and the local bus stand at Kitaji. The Bweri bus stand has two toilet and shower facilities consisting of water closets and urinals connected to septic tanks with soakaway. The toilet facilities have been commissioned recently and are still in adequate, clean and good operating condition. The toilet facilities are owned by the Municipal Council and operated by individuals contracted by the Council. Charges for visiting the toilet and bathing are Tsh 200 and Tsh 300 respectively. Kitaji bus stand also has its own toilet facility consisting of water closets and pour flush toilets connected to septic tanks with soakaways. The facility also serves the neighbouring recreational garden area behind the bus stand. The toilet facility, owned by the Municipal Council and operated by an individual contracted by the Council is quite adequate and in good operating condition. 4.2.4.6. Sanitation Facilities in Schools Sanitation in primary schools in the municipality is generally inadequate. The toilet facilities consist of pour-flush toilets connected to off-site pits or deep trench pit latrines. On average, 85 pupils share one toilet, which significantly exceeds UNICEFs recommendation of 20-30 pupils per toilet. Some schools do not have toilet facilities at all (Bweri, Kigera B and Nyarigamba). Section 4.6 provides more detail. 4.2.4.7. Sanitation in Major Institutions i) Musoma District Prison Sanitation facilities in Musoma prison (with 600 inmates, 100 staff and about 300 household members) are poor. The prison together with the staff housing has 12 septic tanks connected to 19 soakaway pits, some of which are poorly maintained, in bad condition and a potential source of health risks. ii) Education and training centres Most education and training centres in Musoma town use septic tanks to dispose of their wastewater. They also have pit latrines that are used when no running water is available. The septic tanks and the soakaways were assessed to be in good condition. iii) Regional hospital The regional government hospital uses septic tanks with soakaways to dispose of wastewater. Almost every building block (offices, wards, mortuary and the kitchen) has its own septic tank and soakaway pit. However, due to the poor soil condition and high water table in the hospital area, the septic tanks and soakaways collapse before completion of their planned life. There is also poor access to the tanks where they are located between buildings (e.g. for emptying by exhauster). To address these issues, one large centralised septic tank and soakaway is being constructed to service the entire hospital.
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4.3.
4.3.1.
Urban Development Context

Introduction
It was not possible to obtain much definitive data or information for Musoma. The post of Municipal Town Planning Officer is currently vacant, with the Lands Officer (a surveyor) acting in charge. The Musoma Master Plan was prepared almost 20 years ago by the Ministry of Lands Housing & Urban Development, covering the period 1983-2011 no copy was available, but in any case it would be of little value for this exercise, a view echoed by the Feasibility Study consultants.
4.3.2.
2002 Baseline Population

Table 4.9 shows the 2002 Census population of 108,242 for Musoma municipality broken down into the 13 wards, and classified as urban, rural or mixed. The definition of urban and rural wards presumably relates to the dominant character of development in each ward. This indicates an urban population of about 61,000 (57%), and a rural or peri-urban population of about 47,000 (43%).
Table 4.9 - Musoma Municipality 2002 census population Wards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mukendo Mwigobero Iringo Kitaji Nyasho Bweri Nyakato Kigera Kamunyonge Nyamatare Mwisenge Buhare Makoko Total Source: Feasibility Study Table 4-1 Status Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban Mixed Urban Rural Urban Mixed Urban Mixed Rural 2002 3,295 3,051 5,966 6,847 7,793 13,485 16,512 15,146 5,581 6,387 12,280 4,791 7,108 108,242
4.3.3.
4.3.3.1.
Population Projections
Feasibility Study The Feasibility Study1 considers low/medium/high annual growth rates (AGRs) for the three categories of ward (see Table 4.10) to generate three population growth scenarios through to 2030 (see Table 4.11). It selects the medium AGR (6.2%) as the basis for the water demand estimates. The use of a constant AGR over a 28-year period is questionable methodology as the AGR will typically fall over a long period (Don Consult did the same in their Mwanza
Seven Towns Urban Upgrading Programme Draft Feasibility Report, Pyry Environment GMBH & Don Consult Ltd, March 2011
1
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study). Moreover, the selected AGR is considered to be rather high no evidence or justification is provided to support the implied high level of in-migration that would be needed to support this AGR.
Table 4.10 - Feasibility Study population growth rates Ward classification Urban Mixed Rural Overall Low 3.3 % 6.6 % 2.5 % 3.5 % Medium 6.6 % 7.0 % 3.0 % 6.2 % High 7.0 % 8.0 % 6.6 % 7.0 %
Source: Feasibility Study Table 4.2
Table 4.11 - Feasibility Study population projections Low AGR 3.5 % 2002 2010 2020 2030 108,242 142,534 201,058 283,613 Medium AGR 6.2 % 108,242 173,487 317,043 586,362 High AGR 7.0 % 108,242 185,980 365,851 719,684
Source: Feasibility Study Table 4-3
4.3.3.2.
National Bureau of Statistics No separate NBS projections were available for Musoma. The Feasibility Study (4.1.4) refers to comparison between the consultants projections and those of NBS, and says that NBS assumed an annual average growth rate of 6.65%. This AGR applied over the period 2002-31 generates a 2031 population in excess of 700,000.
4.3.3.3.
UN Global Report on Human Settlements The UN Global Report on Human Settlements (GRHS) Table B.2 (p.238) gives country-specific estimates of urban population AGRs for 10-years bands: 2000-10, 2010-20 and 2010-30. The respective figures for Tanzania are 4.20%, 4.10% and 3.80%, which are significantly lower than those suggested by NBS and the Feasibility Study. Table 4.12 compares projections from the Feasibility Study (extrapolated to 2031) with the GRHS (the shaded column), based on the 2002 census figure. This highlights the impact of a lower AGR on the population growth. The GRSH-based projection results in a 2031 population 46% lower than the Feasibility Study figure, with commensurate implications for the delivery of infrastructure and other urban services.
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Table 4.12 - Comparison of population projections Feasibility Study 2002 Census AGR 2002-11 2011 AGR 2011-21 2020 AGR 2020-31 2031
1
GRHS1 108,242 4.20% 156,749 4.10% 225,041 3.80% 339,182
Difference -
108,242 6.2% 184,243 6.2% 317,043 6.2% 622,716
- 27,494
-15%
- 92,002
-29%
- 283,534
-46%
GRHS = UN Global Report on Human Settlements 2009.
Feasibility Study 2011 & 2031 figures obtained by extrapolating 2010 & 2031 figures from F/Study Table 4-3.
4.3.4.
Urban Structure
Figure 4.3 is a diagrammatic illustration of the broad structure of the municipality. This shows three zones: Central urban zone development with a predominantly urban character. This comprises the central commercial areas and associated residential development (both planned and unplanned). This covers about 22% of the total area of the municipality. Suburban zone low-density housing development, much of it informal/unplanned, mixed with small-scale cultivation. This covers about 30% of the total area of the municipality. Peri-urban zone comprising cultivated or vacant land with scattered settlement. This covers about 48% of the total area of the municipality.
4.3.4.1.
Municipal boundary Figure 4.4 shows the existing municipal boundary and the proposed extension. The current boundary encloses an area of 63km which the MMC considers to be too small. The submission for the extension was prepared for Central Government in 1993 but has still not been approved. It is not entirely clear why such a large extension is required and why it is considered to be of such importance, since large areas of the peri-urban zone remain undeveloped and could accommodate significant additional population in urban settlement.
4.3.4.2.
New plot development Figure 4.5 shows the areas which have been developed for new residential development within the past 20 years (these were sketched out by hand by the Acting Town Planning Officer). No precise figures were available for the total number of plots set out, but it is likely that the total falls some way short of the demand generated by population growth. This will have contributed to the growth of informal/unplanned settlements in the peri-urban zone. The process for land development appears to follow the national town planning model and standards used in all towns (see Mwanza Urban Context section for more detailed explanation). Examination of these identified areas on Google Earth indicates that many are not currently developed. This means either that areas have been planned but
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development has not yet been carried out, or that the areas were drawn in the wrong location. More detailed investigation is required to establish which is the case. It appears that little spatial planning logic has been applied to the selection of new residential development areas. These seem to be scattered in areas where suitable land is available, rather than following a systematic phasing of development in a geographical area that would permit more logical and cost-effective delivery of public utilities. 4.3.4.3. Regularisation of informal settlements No figures were available for the population living in informal settlements. In line with the 1995 national land policy, it is assumed that MMC intends to grant secure land tenure to residents of informal areas, both squatter settlements within the urban zone and traditional villages in the peri-urban zone. 4.3.4.4. Land requirements 2011-31 Table 4.13 gives the distribution of Feasibility Study population increase 2011-31, which will be accommodated in three ways: Absorption into the existing urban area through densification of urban development (sub-division of plots, infill development, regularisation of informal settlements etc) it is assumed that the existing urban population will increase by 25% in this manner. Developments in progress: this assumes a notional 500 plots @ 5 persons per household, giving a population of 2,500. Balance to be accommodated in additional new development areas.
184,243 622,716 438,473 46,061 2,500 389,912
Table 4.13 - Distribution of Feasibility Study population increase 2011-31 2011 population 2031 population Pop increase 2011-31 Absorption in existing urban area (+25%) Development in progress Balance of population increase in peri-urban areas
Table 4.14 converts the balance to be accommodated in new development areas into physical land requirements. It shows three demand categories (high, medium and low density) in the ratio 6:3:1 (in line with national planning standards). It uses use the minimum area for each category of plot (450-600m, 6001,000m, >1,000m) this promotes the concept of the compact city, so as to ensure efficient use of land and cost-effective delivery of infrastructure networks. It is noted that medium and low density plots are currently set out at 1,500m and 3,000m respectively. The average household size is 5 p/hh. This needs to be kept under regular review as any variation will increase or reduce the demand for plots/land. The last two columns give net and gross residential areas. Net residential area is the land required for housing plots alone. Gross residential area allows for local roads, shops, community facilities, open space, schools, clinics etc. The efficiency factor varies from 0.5 for high density housing to 0.58 for low density. This excludes major infrastructure (e.g. trunk/main roads) and large-scale institutional and employment development.
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Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140

LEGEND
Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW ENGLAND
Central urban zone
Suburban zone
Peri-urban zone
SCALE BAR
0.5
1 Kilometers
PROJECT TITLE
Municipal boundary
Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Figure 4.3 - Urban Structure September 2011 European Investment Bank
FIGURE NUMBER & TITLE
DATE
CLIENT
Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140

LEGEND
Municipal Boundary
SCALE BAR
1 Kilometers
PROJECT TITLE
Proposed Extension
Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative
Figure 4.4 - Existing Council Boundary and Proposed Extension

DATE
September 2011 European Investment Bank
CLIENT
Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140

LEGEND
Development Areas 1990-2011
SCALE BAR
0.5
1 Kilometers
PROJECT TITLE
Project formulation for scaling up the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative Figure 4.5 - Development Areas 1990-2011 September 2011 European Investment Bank
DATE
CLIENT

Table 4.14 - Additional Land Requirements 2031 for population in peri-urban areas Plot category - High density - Medium density - Low density Plot size m 450 600 1,000 Share 60% 30% 10% Peri-urban areas 2011-31 233,947 116,974 38,991 389,912 - High density - Medium density - Low density 450 600 1,000 60% 30% 10% 84,447 42,224 14,075 140,745 Hholds = plots (@ 5 pph) 46,789 23,395 7,798 77,982 16,889 8,445 2,815 28,149 Gross Net res res area area (ha) (ha) 2,106 4,211 1,404 780 4,289 760 507 281 1,548 2,599 1,345 8,155 1,520 938 485 2,944
The total demand for new plots generated by population increase is 2,000-4,000 plots per year (depending on the actual population growth rate) so the 500 plots assumed to be in the process of being made available represent much less than one years supply. This highlights the urgent need for the MMC to speed up the planning and design of new residential areas. Failure to do so will inevitably result in an increase in unplanned development and expansion of informal settlements. The shaded rows in Table 4.14 illustrate the impact of using the lower GRHS population growth rates to predict land requirements. The demand for land to accommodate population in peri-urban areas over the period 2011-31 would reduce by over 60%, with a commensurate reduced demand for infrastructure and other urban services. This would have significant implications for the cost of urban expansion and the phasing of implementation. It is therefore essential that actual population growth is monitored closely to ensure that the planning and delivery of urban facilities matches actual growth, so as to avoid significant over or under-supply.
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4.4.
4.4.1.
Water Demand Projection

Development Scenario for Water & Sanitation Planning
It is not possible to state with any certainty which particular estimated AGR or resulting population projections will be correct. This study therefore uses both the Feasibility Study high projection (an AGR of 6.1%) and the UN GRHS projection (AGR varying from 4.2% to 3.8%) as the basis for the subsequent review and analysis of proposed WATSAN facilities, but the GRHS data is considered more realistic. It is therefore essential that population growth is monitored regularly over the coming years and the true rate of population increase ascertained, so that the planning and delivery of urban facilities matches actual population growth and avoids significant over or under-supply. The development scenario assumes: A 25% increase in population absorbed in the existing urban area. Development of the notional 500 plots which is in progress. Regularisation of informal/unplanned settlements, leading to demand for improved water & sanitation facilities. These projects will tend to encourage a scattered development pattern the MMC should be encouraged to phase projects in a particular geographical sector so as to facilitate planning and delivery of utilities infrastructure.
4.4.2.
Water Demand based on Feasibility Study projections (NBS)

Table 4.15 sets out estimated domestic water demand, based on Feasibility Study projected populations for 2031. Three customer categories are given (low, medium and high income) in the same 6:3:1 proportions used to calculate land requirements, with corresponding average daily consumption rates, defined in terms of litres per capita per day (lcd). This indicates a total 2031 demand of about 55,000 m per day, or an additional 39,000 m per day to meet population growth 2011-31. The shaded rows illustrate the impact of the lower GHRS population growth rates on water demand. Total demand would reduce by about 46%, and demand generated by population increase 2011-31 would reduce by about 58%.
Table 4.15 - Domestic Water Demand 2031
Total pop @ 2031 Water demand (m/day) 22,418 20,550 12,454 55,422 12,211 11,193 6,784 30,187 Pop increase 2011-31 Water demand (m/day) 15,785 14,470 8,769 39,024 6,568 6,020 3,649 16,237
Customer category - Low income - Medium income - High income
Share
Consumption (lcd) 60 110 200
Population
Population
60% 30% 10%
373,630 186,815 62,272 622,716
263,084 131,542 43,847 438,473 109,460 54,730 18,243 182,433
- Low income - Medium income - High income
60% 30% 10%
60 110 200
203,509 101,755 33,918 339,182
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Project Formulation Report - Musoma 4.4.3. Water Demand based on UN GRHS population projections
Table 4.16 sets out the estimated 2031 urban water demand, based on a projected population of 339,182 using the figures from the UN GRHS. Three customer categories are given (low, medium and high income) in the same 6:3:1 proportions used to calculate land requirements, with corresponding average daily consumption rates, defined in terms of litres per capita per day (lcd). This indicates a total 2031 supply requirement of 41,507 m per day.
Table 4.16 - Water Demand Projection 2031 (UN GRHS projection) Total pop @ 2031 Water Population demand (m/day) 203,509 101,755 33,918 339,182 12,211 11,193 6,784 30,187 3,019 3,019 1,509 37,734 Supply Requirement 1.1 41,507
Customer category - Low income - Medium income - High income Commercial Institutional Industrial
Share 60% 30% 10% 10% 10% 5%
Consumption* (lcd) 60 110 200 89
The demands shown here (UN projection) are significantly lower than those used in the Feasibility Study. The principal difference is the use of the lower AGR but other differences include the adoption of different unit consumptions (for consistency across this Study) and because of higher allowances made for non-domestic consumption.
90000 80000 70000 60000
m3/d
50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2011 2016 2021 2026 Phase 2Cap Phase 1Cap UNProj NBSProj 2031
Figure 4.6 Demand Projection and Plant Capacity, Musoma
The proposed capacity of the new Phase 1 source development (34,500 m3/day) will be adequate to meet the full water demands of the city until around 2018 (NBS projection) or more realistically 2024 (UN GRHS Projection) ; thereafter Phase 2 will need to have been developed. These projections assume 100% customer coverage which is unlikely to be achieved in the near future and take no account of leakage, factors which will tend to balance out.
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4.5.
4.5.1.
Water Supply
Background
Musoma Town receives its water through a number of intakes on Lake Victoria. Mwisenge is the most significant intake with a current production capacity of about 9,000 m/day. Mutex and Bweri are other intakes under the management of the water authority. The combined capacity of the three intakes varies between 9,700 and 15,300 m/day. The water from the intakes is supplied to the customers with minimal treatment; just disinfection, which is not always provided. The water from Misenge intake is pumped both to Mukendo tanks and directly into the network, while the water from Mutex and Bweri intakes is only supplied through direct pumping. There is one booster station at Kamunyonge that pumps water to Mara and Buhare tanks. The water supply system has a number of tanks sited around the town; the total storage capacity of the tanks is just over 2,500 m. The distribution network uses an assortment of pipe materials with the total network length of around 65 km. The development of the distribution network over the years has not kept pace with the housing developments. The current network only covers an estimated 60% of the population (MUWASA). Most of the pipes were laid more than 40 years ago and are generally considered to be in bad condition.
4.5.2.
Institutional Structure
Water and sewerage services within Musoma town are provided by MUWASA, one of twenty urban water and sewerage authorities within Tanzania. MUWASA is a semiautonomous body reporting to the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Dar es Salaam. Provision of water and sanitation services outside the formal networks lies with the Municipal Council and their Water Engineer.
4.5.3.
4.5.3.1.
System Performance
General The data in this section is taken from MUWASAs 2009 -10 Annual Report.
The main challenges facing MUWASA revolve around the following issues: The water demand is higher than supply capacity; Inadequate water quality due to lack of treatment; Unaccounted for water is high; Limited coverage of the distribution network; Low billing efficiency and metering ratio; Frequent failures of the old pumps and pipelines; Increasing cost of electricity; and Limited access to financing for investment requirements.
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Table 4.17 - Capacities of Existing Intakes Mwisenge Design capacity (m/d) Present capacity (m/d) Production - previous period (m) Production - this year (m) 20,352 15,048 3,832,562 3,799,547 Mutex 3,552 2,220 11,684 13,373 Bweri 192 110 28,044 32,499 Total 24,096 17,378 3,872,290 3,845,419
1,300 domestic water meters were received through WSDP last year all have been installed. An additional 285 meters were procured and installed through internal resources. This brought the total metered customers to 4,798 by the year end. During the year MUWASA attempted to procure a further 2,000 meters through WSDP. However, this procurement was not approved as WSDP did not provide funding. The unaccounted for water for the year 2009/2010 was given as 43%. Metering of active customers is now 72%. 4.5.3.2. Water Availability and Consumption i. ii. 4.5.3.3. Average hours of service per day Proportion of consumers with 24 hrs Service 22 hrs 85%
Supply and Demand MUWASA provided the following estimates: i. ii. Estimated water demand Quantity of water produced 8,640,000 m3/year (23,671 m3/day) 3,845,419 m3/year (10,535 m3/day)
The estimated demand is for the whole town including areas not currently served.
Table 4.18 - Number and Percentage of Population Served Category Total pop. Pop. Served Percentage Institutional 5,767 3.5% Household 40,050 25% Yard Tap 56,070 35% Kiosk 2,243 1.4% Total 160,200 104,130 65%
NB: It has not been possible to fill the fields for total population by category as such data is not predictable for those areas that are yet to be supplied. The population figures are based on Municipal statistics.
The tariff in use was approved by EWURA through order No. 10.001 of 25th January, 2010 for effectiveness beginning of February 2010. The following table summarizes the Tariffs.
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Table 4.19 - Current Approved Tariffs - MUWASA Customer category WATER SALES Metered Range (m3) Domestic 0-5 5 - 10 Above 10 Institution 1 30 Above 30 Commercial 1 10 Above 10 Industrial 1 50 Above 50 Kiosk TZS/m 450 550 600 550 700 650 750 650 750 300 21,000 35,000 2,500 15,000 21,000 30,000 2,500 15,000 7,500 25,000 2,000 7,500
3
Unmetered TZS/month/m3
New water Connection charges
Service charges per month
Reconnection charges
30,000 -
50,000 -
3,000 1,000
17,500 -
4.5.4.
Water Resources
All of the water needs for Musoma are drawn from three intakes on the lake. These are shown in Figure 4.7. Mwisenge Intake The Mwisenge intake is located on the northern side of the town. It abstracts water from Lake Victoria via submersible pumps at the end of a pipe bridge. There are two submersible pumps (one duty, one standby). The pumps supply water through a 300 mm steel pipe via a small tank where disinfection is carried out to the high lift pumps, pumping directly into the network and to Mukendo Hill tanks. There are 5 pumps, one is out of operation. Pump Nos. 1, 4 and 5, supply water to the Mukendo Hill reservoir through two raising mains. Pump no. 3 supplies water to the ground level reservoir at Kamunyonge booster pump station and directly to some parts of Mwisenge.
Mwisenge Intake Pump Station
Bweri Intake Bweri intake and pump station is located on the eastern shore of the lake. The pump station comprises three pump sets - two horizontal centrifugal pumps belonging to MUWASA and one vertical pump which belongs to the Bweri Secondary school and delivers water to the schools storage facility.
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Figure 4.7 Water Supply System Overview - Musoma Source: Pyry 2010
Mutex Intake The Mutex intake is also located on the eastern shore line. It was constructed in 1978. It consists of a 150 mm GS suction pipe equipped with a foot valve and strainer. The pump house is made from corrugated steel as a temporary structure. Only one pump is installed. It operates 8 hours per day. The pump delivers water to Rwamulimi reservoir (a private tank), with a storage capacity of 90 m, and supplies the Rwamulimi area.
4.5.5.
Treatment
The only treatment carried out is chlorination through a gravity feed from manual mixing tanks at Mwisenge. The other sources are untreated.
4.5.6.
Transmission
The transmission system consists of rising mains to Mukendo Hill reservoir and Kamunyonge booster station including the transmission mains from Kamunyonge booster station to Mara tank and Buhare tank.
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4.5.6.1. Rising Main from Mwisenge Intake to Mukendo Hill Reservoir The Mwisenge Mukendo Hill transmission system consists of two pipelines; a 300 mm diameter Ductile Iron pipe 735 m long which ends at a 680 m tank on Mukendo Hill constructed in 1983; and a 200 mm diameter Cast Iron pipe 820m long laid in 1952 which delivers water to the old reservoir, which has a storage capacity of 500 m. 4.5.6.2. Kamunyonge Booster Station Kamunyonge booster station is located along Mjita road. It is served by a 200 mm diameter PVC gravity line from Mukendo reservoir and by pump No. 3 at Mwisenge high lift pump station via a 350 mm Glassfibre pipe. The booster pump station comprises two horizontal centrifugal pumps. The booster station supplies Mara secondary school ground reservoir (capacity of 225 m) via a 150 mm PVC pipe, and Buhare ground reservoir (Buhare area) via a 150 mm GI pipe.
4.5.7.
Storage Facilities
Musoma water supply system has a number of small storage facilities sited around the city; 14 tanks were identified during the recent Feasibility Study with a total storage volume of 2,700m. 10 of these are operated by MUWASA and the remaining 4 are privately operated. Original (main) tanks for the supply to the centre of the town are situated on the rocky hill above the city centre called Mukendo Hill.
4.5.8.
Distribution Network
The distribution network is divided into 4 operational zones; Zone A-D. The oldest part of the existing distribution network is located in Zones A and B. It was laid between 1950 and 1970 and comprises mainly cast iron pipes. According to the operator, this part of the town experiences frequent bursts and high leakage because of its poor condition. The pipes have exceeded their economic life. Many branch and section valves were disturbed during the construction of roads in the towns. Some were actually buried under the tarmac. Consequently, there are difficulties operating the network. The network within Zone C is newer since the pipes were laid between the 1970s and 1990s. Zone D was created to supply the extension of the townships eastwards. It is partly served from Mukendo Hill reservoir and by Bweri and Mutex pumping stations. Most of the distribution mains in this zone were laid in the 1970s and 1990s. The poor condition of the distribution network generally results in very high water losses. MUWASA have expressed concerns that the envisaged water supply improvement measures and the extension of the distribution network, if not coupled with much needed rehabilitation of the existing distribution network, will increase the operating pressures in the existing network system which in return will create additional uncontrollable water losses.
4.5.9.
Operations and Maintenance

Many problems in the existing water supply system are exacerbated by inadequate operations and maintenance. For instance, comprehensive water quality analyses should be carried out at least twice per year, but results indicate only basic water analyses were done in 2007 and 2008. These sampling periods are inadequate to monitor existing water sources; Pyry as part of their studies estimated the level of non-revenue water to be about 44%; clearly this figure is too high and concerted efforts are needed to bring it down to more acceptable levels.
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3 Table 4.20 - Pyry Water Balance for Musoma (2010) m /day
Authorised Consumption System Input Volume 10,417
Billed Authorised Consumption 6,011 Unbilled Authorised Consumption Apparent Losses Real Losses
5,865
Revenue Water
5.865
56.3%
145 NonRevenue Water 4,552 43.7%
Water Losses
2,291 2,114
4,408
4.5.10.
4.5.10.1.
Planned Developments
Proposals under AFD Project The design flows used are based on the water demand calculations given in the Feasibility Study and the facilities proposed under the AFD project have been sized accordingly. A new treatment plant with half the planned 2030 capacity is to be constructed (Phase 1). The plant will have a treated water capacity of 34,450 m/day. A new intake with an abstraction capacity of 36,300 m/day is also planned to supply raw water to the new treatment plant. Demand projections prepared for this study indicate that the capacity of the Phase 1 plant will be adequate until around 2026 (based on the UN GRHS projection), provided that leakage rates can be reduced to acceptable levels and assuming that full coverage of the population is not achieved. The treated water will be transmitted to four reservoir sites namely; Mukendo, Nyamiongo, Buhare and Kwangwa. These reservoirs will serve each distinct distribution zones. At present, only the Mukendo reservoir is in existence. Nyamiongo Reservoir is to be built under this Phase 1 project, but Kwangwa and Buhare reservoirs are proposed to be built under a Phase 2 project. The principal design parameters for the facilities are based on the configuration for the ultimate phase. Table 4.21 shows the design flows for abstraction facilities, treatment facilities, and transmission facilities. Figure 4.8 shows the schematic configuration of the design flows.
Table 4.21 - Design Capacities - Pyry Item Peak season water demand and Phase 2 capacity Phase 1 production as % of gross demand Treated water production - Phase 1 Treatment losses as a % of raw water Raw water production requirements Raw water pumping hours Raw water production requirements Raw water design flow Actual treated water production Transmission from Bukanga to Nyamiongo & Mukendo Unit m /d % m /d % m /d hrs m /h m /h m /d m /d
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Value 68,819 50 34,450 5 36,221 22 1646 1650 34,450 34,450
4.5.10.2.
Raw Water Abstraction Facilities The proposed raw water pumping station has been designed as an on shore installation. The raw water abstraction facilities will consist of a gravity main
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conveying lake water into a pump sump located on the shore. From there, the water will be pumped to the inlet chamber of the new water treatment plant. The key details of the proposed intake, gravity main, intake pumping station and rising main are shown schematically below.
Figure 4.8 Proposed Water Supply System upgrade - Musoma Source: Pyry 2010
4.5.10.3.
Intake The selection of the intake site was influenced by water quality considerations and land availability. The old intake at Mwisenge is now surrounded by development causing deterioration in the water quality. The new site at Bukanga is situated away from heavy human settlement and should therefore offer improved raw water quality. The lake shore at the intake is generally rocky with one pocket of sandy beach. This is where the low lift pump house is proposed. The intake area is an open shore with continuous movement of water, which discourages the algae blooms that thrive in shallow stagnant waters. Raw water will be extracted from 150 m off-shore, where the water depth is about 4 m. The water abstraction depth will be located at 1 m above lake bed level. The water abstraction depth was selected to be deep enough to minimize any possible abstraction of algae, whilst at the same time, high enough above the lake bed to avoid the abstraction of disturbed silt from the lake bottom. We note that lake levels do vary but that the design consultant is confident that the intake pipe level is 2m below the lowest level ever recorded for the lake, which should ensure that supplies are maintained at times of low lake level. The intake will consist of a 600 mm abstraction pipe laid with a uniform invert level up to the pump sump. The sump will have two compartments. The first compartment will act as a debris trap; the second chamber where the submersible pumps will be
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installed. The wall separating the two compartments will have openings fitted with penstocks and appropriate sieves. The pumps are designed to operate for 22 hours per day. There will be four pumps, corresponding to the number of water treatment modules in the treatment plant. Each pump shall deliver 412 m3/h and will lift the water through a static head of 22.5 m. 4.5.10.4. Treatment The plant proposed is a conventional treatment plant with a Phase 1 design output of 34,500 m3/day. The Feasibility Study anticipated expansion of the works in 2025 to double capacity to meet 2030 demands (Phase 2). Limited water quality data was collected during the various study phases although jar testing was done to confirm coagulant dosages. The treatment process proposed is aeration, chemical dosing, flocculation, clarification and rapid gravity filtration together with both pre-chlorination and post chlorination. Sludge and filter wash water is to be settled with the supernatant discharged to the Lake and the solids taken to drying beds. There is a basic question as to whether clarification is actually required at this time. Arguments in favour include: The location of Musoma is towards the western end of the lake, not too far from Kisumu where a similar process is used successfully; The intake is relatively shallow; and There have been problems with algae in the western areas of Lake Victoria.
Arguments against include: Mwanza functions successfully without clarification; and The intake location has been selected to minimise or avoid problems from algae and silt.
If clarification were to be omitted then it would clearly be necessary to allow in any design for its future addition. However, if included, as proposed, it is suggested that a bypass be provided to avoid the process when raw water quality is good to reduce the operational costs incurred during the process. The following comments are made: The process design appears generally reasonable. However, it may be better to dose lime immediately after the aeration and then the coagulant, followed by a small flocculation stage prior to the filters. Note - this level of detail can be left to the process designer if final design is with the Contractor. The use of channels for flocculation is appropriate and supported. Upflow clarifiers are effective but are an expensive choice due to the depth required. The addition of lamellas is also questioned. They should improve clarified water quality and reduce the size of the clarifiers but they make access difficult and require covering to prevent algal growth. At Kisumu they are not used and the plant operates well without. The filter design loadings appear reasonable; 6 m/hr is a widely used loading. The provision for dealing with clarifier sludge and filter wash water should be reassessed. The quantity of clarifier sludge is given as 12 m3/day in Section 5.6.5 and 100 m3/day in Section 5.6.10; the lower figure appears more credible. The solids content of the filter backwash water will be low, probably no more than 0.04% solids. The procedure suggested of two tanks for filter backwash water being operated on a batch process with five hours of settling is feasible. However it
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would be easier for the operators to normally run them in series with some form of floating arm draw-off to remove supernatant from the second tank at a slow rate. This would allow operation without operator input except for periodic sludge removal. The idea that 100 m3 of sludge would be generated from each backwash is incorrect (Section 5.6.10). Even if the solids concentration in the sludge was as low as 1%, the quantity would be less than 10 m3, and a more reasonable volume would be around 3m3. Nevertheless the area of drying beds is probably reasonable but should be rechecked by the designer. It may be better to take the sludge from the clarifiers to the backwash tank rather than direct to the sludge drying beds to allow preliminary settling.
4.5.10.5.
Storage and Distribution MUWASA expressed concerns that the works originally proposed under the Phase 1 development did not adequately cover their service area and that they would prefer to forego investment in the sewerage system in order to extend the water network to include additional service reservoirs and some additional principal distribution mains. This suggestion was put to MoWI, AFD and the Consultant for their consideration and as such the investments were reconsidered. The proposed funding now covers the items listed below. It appears that the additional reservoirs are also included with the expansion of the distribution network. AFD also report that their agreement also includes an additional 2 million to be provided by GoT to cover the purchase of additional customer meters and to make service connections.
Table 4.22 - AFD Project Investments Item Production and Delivery Preliminary and general items Intake and raw water rising main Water treatment plant Clear water rising main Storage reservoir Primary distribution main Sanitation Dayworks Sub-Total Distribution Network Replacement mains Expansion costs primary and secondary network Expansion costs tertiary network Sub-Total Contingencies 10% TOTAL 1.0 2.9 4.8 8.7 2.5 27.1 2.6 0.8 6.4 2.7 0.7 2.0 0.5 0.1 15.9 MEUR
4.5.11.
Further Development Needs

Due to the significant investment planned in the water supply system for Musoma under the AFD project no major interventions are required in water under this project. However, some provision has been made to cover Technical Assistance with a Loss Control Programme and parts and equipment to ensure that the investment is worthwhile.
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The following table summarises the possible interventions to improve the water supply situation in Musoma.
Table 4.23 - Summary of Possible Interventions Item Maintenance Supply of materials, pipes, fittings, replacement valves, etc MUWASA have inadequate stocks of materials and the stores need to be stocked if maintenance issue to be addressed MUWASAs stock of consumer meters is old, many over 10 years old; a large stock is required to enable a sensible meter replacement policy to be 2 adopted Remarks Estimated Cost million
0.2
Supply of consumer meters
0.1
Capacity MUWASA need Waste Control Unit MUWASA need expertise, equipment, etc to establish an effective WCU and for the design of appropriate DMAs etc
0.1
Technical Assistance Assistant with set-up of WCU including undertaking network modelling, GIS database records, waste control DMAs etc 2 years programme of TA 0.4
TOTAL COST MILLION EUROS

Note: Prices are indicative; they include engineering, supervision and contingencies ex. VAT.
0.8
In theory this is covered by GoT contributions to AFD project so may not be required.
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4.6.
4.6.1.
Wastewater and Sanitation

Introduction
This section of the report details the findings of the study relating to Musoma sewerage. This included review of the following documents: Draft Detailed Design Report for sewerage in Musoma municipality dated 20th December 2010. The report was prepared by Pyry Environment GMBH, Germany and Don Consult Ltd (Tanzania) Joint Venture (JV) under a consultancy service financed through the Water Sector Development Programme (Tanzania) Final Engineering Design Report Sewerage for Musoma by Pyry Environment and Don Consult JV under project titled Consultancy Services for Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Sewerage in Musoma Municipality and Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Water Supply for Mugumu, Bunda and Tarime Townships and Mugango / Kiabakari National Project
Detailed designs for the Phase 1 sewerage area, being prepared by Poyry, are under preparation at the time of this report.
4.6.2.
General
Sanitation services in Musoma are currently provided by Musoma Municipal Council. At present the town does not have a centralised waterborne sewerage system. Disposal of wastewater and excreta is based on on-site sanitation methods. The Municipal Health Office reported during the field exercise that residents of the municipality use traditional pit latrines, VIP latrines and septic tanks with soakaways to dispose of excreta. No data was availed on the extent and distribution of these facilities from the council. Reference was however made to a report by UNHABITAT (Urban Inequality Survey conducted in 2007) that gives the breakdown of sanitation facilities by type in the municipality as follows:
Table 4.24 - Sanitation facilities in Musoma by method of excreta disposal Facility Pour Flush Toilets to Septic Tanks Pour Flush Toilets to Latrines Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine (VIP) Traditional Pit Latrines Others including bush and open grounds TOTAL Percentage 20 16 16 46 2 100
It should be noted that the draft detailed design report for sewerage in Musoma is inconsistent with respect to numbers and percentage of sanitation facilities for the household surveys conducted in 2009 and 2004. Therefore figures quoted could not be adopted for purpose of this report. The council is reported to be experiencing challenges in emptying septic tanks and the latrines and as a result when these facilities are full the untreated excreta flows to Lake Victoria. The council owns only two vacuum trucks which are reported to break down regularly (see discussions on sludge emptying services below). The problem becomes acute during rainy seasons, especially in those areas with a high ground water table. Also it is common to find raw sewage discharged into storm water drains in the municipality.
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It was also observed and confirmed during the mission that there are no major informal settlements in the town. It was however reported that about 40% of the population live in unplanned settlements that are not densely populated. The majority of these are on the peripheral wards of the town for example Nyakato and Kigera. It was also noted that more than 60% of the population in these areas have access to the basic amenities including water and roads. Despite plans for a sewerage system in the centre of Musoma, on-site sanitation will remain the predominant concept for the foreseeable future. Although the case for sewerage infrastructure for the town is not compelling it is the desire of the Government, Municipal Authorities and MUWASA that a piped sewerage network and wastewater treatment plant be constructed severing the towns central business district.
4.6.3.
4.6.3.1.
Existing Situation
Sewerage Network Musoma does not have an off-site sanitation system. The town population uses onsite sanitation facilities including pit latrines, septic tanks or the bush to dispose of excreta. In regard to water supply, it was highlighted by the Musoma Municipal Engineer that about 73% of the population has access to water supplied by MUWASA. The remaining 27% majority of which are in the peripheral wards of the town get their water from shallow wells, springs and/or directly from the lake.
4.6.3.2.
Public Toilets As detailed earlier, public latrines are common in market places and bus stands in the town. It is reported that most of the public toilets are pour flush type connected to septic tanks with soak-away pits. Some toilets also incorporate bathing facilities and the associated charges are Tshs 200 and 300 for toilet use and bathing respectively. The areas served by these facilities were not identified during this study exercise. However the draft detailed design report for Musoma sewerage lists five major market centres in Musoma and two main bus stands on which these facilities have been constructed.
4.6.3.3.
School Sanitation During the mission, it was reported that the municipal council of Musoma runs approximately 114 schools and other educational institutions with varying student population. It was reported that most schools rely on traditional pit latrines and pour flush latrines (where water is available) connected to either septic tanks or pit latrines for disposal of excreta. Following discussions with the Environmental officer, it was revealed that majority of the schools do not have enough toilets hence more students/pupils up to 85 are forced to share one toilet. It was also reported that some schools have very poor toilet facilities or do not have any at all though it was not established which these schools are. It is evident that school sanitation requires immediate intervention.
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Schools pour flush toilets to septic tank under construction in Bweri
4.6.3.4.
Institutional Sanitation It was reported during the mission that major institutions including hospitals, educational centres and other institutions use septic tanks as the main form of excreta disposal. The majority of the septic tanks in these institutions were reported to have soakaway pits that are in good operating condition. This assertion was not however confirmed during the mission.
4.6.3.5.
Latrines and Septic Tanks Traditional pit latrine use is the prevalent mode of on-site sanitation in the municipality. This may be explained by the fact that majority of the residents are low income earners who cannot afford to construct VIP latrines or septic tanks. Similarly pour flush type of latrines are not common in the majority of domestic households due to inadequate supply of water for flushing near the toilets. Septic tanks with soak-away pits are a common facility especially in institutions, commercial establishments and the high income areas of the municipality. It was reported during the mission that septage from the latrines and the septic tanks is hauled away by vacuum exhausters belonging to the council or private entrepreneur to the lagoons in Nyamitwebiri for disposal. Currently the municipal council owns two vacuum exhausters of capacity 9,200 and 5,500 litres. At the time of the visit, it was reported that the smaller capacity exhauster had broken down and that it had not been operating for some time. The larger capacity truck was reported to be working though the council confirmed that it regularly breaks down. This was ascertained on the way to the Nyamitwebiri disposal site, whereby the truck was found stalled on the way to the disposal site. The council charges for disposal of septage are as follows: Tshs 40,000 for domestic premises Tshs 45,000 for institutional premises Tshs 50,000 for business premises Tshs 60,000 for industrial premises.
The council also reported that three private exhausters are in operation under a licence granted by the council. The capacity of each of the private exhauster is only 3,200 litres. The private exhausters charge approximately Tshs 35,000 per trip. 4.6.3.6. Eco-San No eco-san was seen during the visit and it was established that these are not popular here. There are no dense or informal settlements in Musoma. Eco-sans may be considered because they are more suited in areas that have enough spaces
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for the sludge to dry or where it can be ferried away to other locations (transport and access to such sites important) for drying. These conditions are pronounced in Musoma. 4.6.3.7. Wastewater Disposal of Major Industries and Factories Industrial growth in Musoma is not established. It was however reported that most of the industries are in the fish processing trade. These industries were reported to have their own pre-treatment units where the wastewater from the processing units and washings is pre-treated before discharge into Lake Victoria. It was reported that the National Environment Management Council (NEMC), is responsible for enforcement of discharge standards but no data was availed to assess the effluent quality from these industries before discharge. Most of the major industries in Musoma are sited outside the area proposed for sewerage under Phase 1. 4.6.3.8. Sludge Disposal It was reported during the field exercise that the sludge disposed from the pits is discharged into the 6 dug holes lagoons in Nyamitwebiri in Bweri ward about 9 kilometres from the town centre. The size of each of the lagoon is approximately 15x10m. It was explained that the lagoons are not interconnected and that when one is full, the trucks empty into the next one and new ones are dug as need arises. The lagoons are poorly managed and are not fenced. Livestock was seen grazing on the grasslands near the ponds and it was felt that they may be wading and/or drinking from them. The area where the lagoons are dug is not settled. The road to the lagoons is in poor state with problems for the exhausters being reported. The Municipal Council which is responsible for road maintenance does not own a grader.
One of the six holes used for sludge disposal at Nyamitwebiri
One of the council exhausters stalled on the way to Nyamitwebiri
4.6.4.
Future Developments Needs

The draft detailed design report for Musoma sewerage prepared by Pyry Environment and Don Consult JV under the Water Sector Development Programme proposes development of the sewerage and sanitation infrastructure and improvement programs in two phases as discussed hereunder.
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Proposed site for Wastewater Treatment Plant at Makoko Musoma
4.6.4.1.
Sanitation Improvement Plans According to the Design Report, following the construction of the sewer system serving part of Musoma, sanitation improvement programmes are to be undertaken as follows. Phase I Works proposed to be implemented under this phase of development include improvement on the collection, treatment and disposal of sludge from on-site sanitation systems in the areas not sewered in the city centre, and western and eastern districts of the municipality. These include procurement of exhausters, improvement of poorly constructed latrines, extension of latrine coverage and execution of sanitation and health education. Phase II Works proposed to be implemented under this phase of development include improvement on the collection, treatment and disposal of sludge from on-site sanitation systems for those households not sewered under both phases of the sewerage improvement plans.
4.6.4.2.
Formalisation of Unplanned Land From discussions held with the Municipal Council surveyor, we understand that there is an ongoing programme by the council to formalise land in the town. Currently there are plans to survey plots and issue title deeds. The council is not aware of any informal settlements in the town. They stated that what exist are unplanned settlements. From visual observations of some of these in Bweri, it was clear that they are not densely populated. The town is in the early stages of development and constraints in land availability have not yet started to be felt. If the plans by the council to formalise the unplanned areas are implemented, this will go a long way towards averting mushrooming of informal settlements in the town. The following section of the report will detail the investment needs solely aimed at improving the sanitation condition in the municipality.
4.6.4.3.
Town Centre Sewerage Sewerage infrastructure is proposed to be developed as follows:
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Phase I The Phase I design horizon is up to the year 2020. Works proposed to be implemented under this phase of development include construction of a sewerage system and Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) at Makoko to serve the city centre. The investment cost of the sewerage infrastructure was estimated as 11 million.
Phase II The Phase II design horizon is up to the year 2030. Works proposed to be implemented under this phase of development are as follows: Construction of a sewerage system and a new Wastewater Treatment Plant (EWWTP) at Bweri in the east; and Expansion of Makoko WWTP and the sewer network in the western district of the municipality.
A review of the need for a sewerage system was conducted during this exercise and discussions held with the various agencies to justify its construction. It was argued in the recent AFD funded study that there is no strong justification for a sewerage system for the town at the moment and the following reasons were given: i. ii. Population has not changed dramatically in the area over the last few years. The volume of wastewater generated is currently low.
iii. The ability and the willingness of the people to pay for the improved sewerage service is questionable. iv. Properly designed sludge lagoons and sludge drying beds once constructed, will allow proper disposal of septage and this combined with regular emptying of septic tanks will improve the performance of on-site sanitation facilities to a great extent. v. Finances to implement the sewerage project are limited.
vi. The proposed sewerage system is a pumped system. The project may not be financial and economically attractive. However, at discussions during the October mission for this project it was agreed that proposals for town centre sewerage would be developed further as it was felt that the absence of a piped sewerage system for the town centre could be holding back development and that the current disposal of wastes through septic tanks and latrines were having a detrimental affect on groundwater and the lake environment. Designs have already been prepared under the WSDP for a sewerage collection system for the town centre with an appropriate treatment system. A sewer network is therefore proposed for the town centre as a Phase 1 development; recommendations are based upon the proposals in the Draft Feasibility Study funded by EU/KfW under the Seven Centres Project. The proposed sewer network will basically serve the town centre wards of Mukendo, Kitaji, Iringo and Mwigobero. The justification supporting the installation of a sewer network in the town centre is: High population density of about 147 inhabitants per ha, which is expected to increase in the future. High population density in the town area rules out the use of onsite sanitation methods. The town centre has clear urban characteristics and high commercial activity with houses arranged in blocks. This makes installation of sewer lines straightforward. The likely users (being business and commercial entities) can afford connection to the sewer network.
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Water supply coverage in the town centre is high and service level with yard and house connections which should enable the generation of sufficient waste flows in the sewer network. The town area has a high water table, which makes use of onsite methods undesirable.
Catchments Three catchment areas within the town centre are proposed for the initial installation. Catchment 1 covers Mukendo ward; the sewer lines will drain by gravity to a proposed pumping station on the peninsula near Musoma Fish Processors. The main areas that will be served are the regional and district administrative blocks, police blocks, prison, regional hospital (part) and Musoma Fish Processors. Catchment 2 covers the wards of Mwigobero and Iringo which form the major part of the commercial and business areas. The sewer lines will drain into a proposed pumping station at Iringo. Areas served by this catchment area are the CBD and some residential areas. Catchment 3 covers areas around Kitaji lagoon. The sewer lines in this catchment area will drain into a proposed pumping station adjacent to the lagoon. There are three proposed pumping stations, one in each catchment area: Iringo pump station Kitaji pump station and Mukendo pump station.
Trunk Sewer to the Waste Water Treatment Plant All wastewater collected will be pumped to a new wastewater treatment plant at Makoko. Sewage will be pumped to a transfer manhole located near Peninsula Hotel from where it will gravitate to another pumping station about 1 km away. From here wastewater will be pumped directly to transfer chamber near the WWTP from where it shall flow by gravity through the inlet chamber to the treatment ponds. The proposed sewer system will consist of the components as shown in Table 4.25.
Table 4,25 - Description of items of the proposed sewer system
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) The WWTP is proposed to be constructed at Makoko area on the shores of Lake Victoria. The site was assessed under the previously quoted project and confirmed to be appropriate because: The site is large enough (17 ha) for construction of waste stabilization ponds as a waste water treatment option; and It would cause minimal social disruption.
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However, Atkins has raised some concerns over the choice of site, notably: The area is sited by the lake and may be inundated at high lake water levels; The site is currently used for agriculture; It neighbours residential settlements;
The final engineering design report for Musoma sewerage identifies a number of other reservations on the adoption of this site for construction of the wastewater treatment plant. Further work will be required to review the sewerage proposals including the suitability of the selected pond design prior to construction. 4.6.4.4. Further Sanitation Needs It was evident that even after an off-site sanitation system is developed for the town, a number of residents will continue to rely on on-site sanitation infrastructure. Following the discussions with the key stakeholders including the Musoma Municipal council (Health and Environment officer) and the Musoma Water and Sewerage Authority, the key issues concerning the improvement of the sanitation services in Musoma are as follows. On-site Sanitation Investment Options The improvement of on-site sanitation facilities especially in schools, health facilities, public places and individual households will see improvement of health and reduce environmental pollution. This will also see an increase in the number of school going children especially girls who are deemed to be affected mostly by poor sanitation facilities in schools. There is unlikely to be a financial case for loan investment since no returns are expected from this form of measure, however grants may be advanced in form of credit facilities to fund the improvement of these facilities. The improvement options under this measure include: Improvement of poorly constructed toilets; Design and construction of long lasting VIP toilets or Eco-san in schools, market centres, bus stands and health centres; and Preventing the discharge of human waste into storm drains.
Sludge Trucking Business There is a possible avenue for additional funding in the sludge trucking business. The investment opportunities will include: Procurement of two exhauster trucks each approximately 10,000 litre capacity to empty septic tanks and latrines especially in areas with good vehicle access. Procurement of two Vac-Tug tankers to empty pit latrines in densely populated areas. These will be more appropriate also in areas where access is a constraint and the terrain is difficult. The technology involves a motor driven vehicle comprising a vacuum pump with a long hose connected to a small tank.
4.6.4.5.
Sludge Digesters To improve septage management, the design and construction of a sludge digestion and disposal system to treat septage discharged from the latrines and septic tanks is needed. The plant can be located in Nyamitwebiri or at the proposed WSPs at Makoko. The system would comprise of a discharge manhole, open earthen digester (it was reported that favourable temperatures are experienced in the project area), digested sludge collection lines, open drying beds, supernatant collection lines from the digester and drying beds and a simple grassed plot to act as a wetland for treatment of supernatant. The road to the disposal facility would be murram/gravel
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graded and the disposal site fenced. Other ancillary facilities including a store and a caretakers house would be constructed. Should the town centre sewerage proposals be developed, extracted septage could be discharged at the proposed treatment works negating the need for separate digestors. 4.6.4.6. Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening Capacity building is critical to creating awareness of sanitation matters. This will include capacity building of Municipal staff to deal with sanitation issues and sensitising the residents of Musoma on proper sanitation methods aimed at reducing environmental and health issues associated with poor sanitation. 4.6.4.7. Further studies on the sewerage system for Musoma Atkins recommends that comprehensive studies be undertaken for a future Musoma sewerage system to develop a proper and working master plan for sewerage system for the town. Funding is required for the study of sewerage infrastructure and a sewerage master plan for the town. The master plan will provide a clear and precise roadmap on the sewerage development plans for the town. 4.6.4.8. Effluent-only sewage networks and communal septic tanks Atkins has considered whether the use of an effluent only system, which would involve construction of small bore sewers (110mm uPVC sewers) from individual households to a centralized septic tank, is appropriate. The system is more suited to areas with poor ground conditions and to densely populated areas where road access is poor or where terrain does not permit entry of exhausters to empty the septic tanks. However we consider that there can be no justification for investment in such a system in this area since there is no obvious need (see also section on formalisation of unplanned areas above). The associated cost estimates for the proposed interventions is summarised in Table 4.25.
Table 4.25 - Possible interventions in Musoma Sanitation Item Construction of city centre sewerage system and treatment facilities Phase 1 Construction of VIP toilets Remarks The lack of sewerage is hampering the redevelopment of the centre this is a priority for the Town Council but the commercial case needs proving. It is estimated that about 500 toilets will be required. These toilets will be constructed in schools and other strategic places in the market centres, bus stands and health facilities. Construction of small bore sewers, communal collection facilities etc as appropriate Training and capacity building of the council and MUWASA staff. 2 exhausters and 2 Vac-tug tankers will be procured to provide attendance to septic tanks and pit latrines Consultant to prepare master plan setting out the proposed development of the sewerage system for the town TOTAL COST (MILLION EUROS) Approx. Cost million 11.0
2.5
Servicing on-site sanitation Capacity building Procurement of Exhausters
0.2 0.2 0.4
Master plan study for Musoma Sewerage
0.7
15.0
*- Note: Prices are indicative; they include engineering, supervision and contingencies ex. VAT. Actual costs to be
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determined. The mean exchange rate used is 1 EURO = Tshs 2190 @ 19 July 2011. - The cost for the master plan is only indicative and has been taken as 5% of the total cost of the proposed sewerage project for the town from the past studies. - Costs associated with land acquisition for construction of the proposed facilities are excluded in the costing summary.
th
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4.7.
4.7.1.
Urban Drainage
Introduction
This section of the report details the findings of the field exercise in Musoma regarding storm water drainage. It was evident from the discussions held with the Musoma Municipal Council that no studies have been undertaken in regard to storm water drainage in the town. No documents were available for review and thus the documented findings are based on discussions held with the council. The discussions took place on 28th June 2011 with the Municipal Engineer, Municipal Health officer and the Municipal Environment officer. The information presented in the report may therefore represent the Councils appreciation of the problems at hand.
4.7.2.
Existing Infrastructure
Musoma municipality does not have an extensive urban drainage system. The majority of the town drainage system is reported to be in poor condition. Only a small percentage of the existing channels are lined, the majority of which are concentrated in the town centre. It was reported that a lot of filth is washed to the lake and this may be attributed to poor solid waste management in the town. As discussed later, it is evident that more than 40% of solid waste generated everyday in the town is uncollected and probably ends up in the streets and the main drainage channels. The existing storm water drainage structures appeared to be in a state of neglect and/or dilapidated and require upgrading. Vegetation was also noted to have grown in some. The main drains in the town flow to a central collection pond (Kitaji pond) located in the middle of the town. A part of the perimeter of the pond (less than 25%) is walled with masonry blocks. The remaining portion is fenced with barbed wire. The pond has two access gates. The construction was funded by UNHABITAT. The pond is a good recreational facility. It was reported that during rainy spells, flooding is evident in areas surrounding the pond. The main problem is attributed to the poorly constructed earthen channel that directs water from the pond to the lake, which is approximately 1 km long.
View of Kitaji pond in Musoma
Heavily silted outlet channel from the pond to lake Victoria (with domestic toilet built over)
4.7.3.
Discussions with the Council revealed that the following interventions are planned for urban drainage improvement in the town. The interventions are not documented in any literature.
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Construction of lined ditches in the town to improve on stormwater management and avert the serious problems posed by flooding. The length of the drains was not stated. The Council have not done any storm water infrastructure assessment. Rehabilitation of the Kitaji pond to improve its biodiversity and convert it into a recreational facility. Works to be undertaken include landscaping, fencing with masonry/brick walling, and ancillary works including construction of a toilet. The council have written a concept note titled Promotion and Rehabilitation of Kitaji Pond in Musoma Municipality to Reduce Environmental Degradation and Poverty dated March 2010. The associated cost of this undertaking as per the concept note was Tshs 117,610,500. Design and construction of culvert overflow structure from the pond to Lake Victoria. The length of this culvert structure is about 1 km. A hydrological study of the catchment area feeding the pond will need to be carried out to determine the catchment flow.
4.7.4.

The possible interventions on Musoma storm water drainage based on the proposed development needs presented above are summarised hereunder. The costs presented were obtained/discussed with the council. Some mark-up for engineering costs and provision for contingencies have been allowed.
Table 4.26 - Possible Interventions in Musoma Urban Drainage Item Construction of new stone pitched open drains Construction of an overflow drain culvert to drain Kitaji pond to lake Victoria Recreation of Kitaji pond Remarks The lengths of these are estimated to be about 25 kilometres. Mesh retainers will be constructed at strategic locations in the drains. The length of the culvert is approximately 1 km. Mesh retainers will be constructed at strategic locations in the drain Cost obtained from the Municipal council concept note with some allowance for contingency and engineering design costs allowed. The approximate total length of the culverts is approximated at 125m Estd Cost million 1.85
1.06
0.09
Construction of 900mm diameter concrete culverts in some selected problematic areas Construction of 600mm diameter culverts in some low lying areas that are problematic
0.05
The approximate total length of the culverts is 90m.
0.02
TOTAL COST (MILLION EUROS)
3.1
*- Note: Prices are indicative; they include engineering, supervision and contingencies ex. VAT. Actual costs th to be determined. The mean exchange rate used is 1 EURO = Tshs 2190 @ 19 July 2011. - Costs associated with land acquisition for construction of the proposed facilities are excluded in the costing summary.
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4.8.
4.8.1.
Solid Waste Management

Introduction
This section of the report details the findings of the field exercise in Musoma. The exercise was conducted through discussions with Musoma Municipal Council Health and Environmental Officers. No documents were provided for review. The documented findings in this report are based on discussions with the Municipal Council staff.
4.8.2.
Existing Situation
Waste collection and disposal in Musoma is the responsibility of the Councils Health Department. The town consists of thirteen (13) wards which are further subdivided into 57 peri-urban areas (popularly known as MITAA in Tanzania). Solid waste management in Musoma central business wards is the responsibility of the individual households, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Municipal street cleaners who collect waste in six designated refuse collection points located within the town. In the rural wards waste management is the responsibility of the individual households who either burn, bury or compost their household wastes for use as farm manure. It was reported that though Musoma was covered under the UNHABITAT/SIDA initiative dating back to 2005 aimed at assisting the Councils prepare Town Development Strategies, little or no development has taken place owing to limited investment in solid waste management. Although the town looked quite clean the facilities employed in waste collection are fairly basic. Thus the council would benefit from improved facilities.
4.8.2.1.
Waste Generation and Composition Based on data obtained from the Council, the current daily waste generation in Musoma is approximately 130 tonnes, of which only 68 tonnes (52%) is collected for disposal, with the remainder being either dumped haphazardly, burnt in the open or buried. Following is a tabular summary of the waste generation in Musoma (from council records).
Table 4.27 - Musoma Solid Waste Generation (Tonnes/day) Generated Collected Uncollected Year Waste Waste waste 109 57 52 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 116 122 130 60 63 68 56 59 62
The above figures are based on volumetric estimation since there are no weighing facilities. Further, waste composition data is not known as no studies have been conducted to determine waste composition. 4.8.2.2. Waste Collection Systems and Infrastructure Waste from individual households is collected by CBOs to the six designated refuse collection points or the many open collection points that are neither constructed nor sheltered. The CBOs use handcarts and wheelbarrows to collect and deliver refuse to these collection points. Only two of the collection points are well constructed and sheltered. These were the ones visited during the field exercise. Waste from the collection points is hauled by the council using a tipper truck to the dumpsite for
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disposal. Scavengers are allowed to pick recyclable materials such as plastics and metal for sale in Mwanza and Kisumu (Kenya). No scavengers were seen during the field exercise and it was confirmed that no formal recycling takes place. There is no demand locally for recycled waste. Waste collection charges are as follows: Tshs 500 per month for household collection Tshs 2,000 per month for business premises e.g. hotels Tshs 10,000 15,000 per month for industrial establishments
The Council is also responsible for the collection of waste from some larger institutions such as hospitals and government buildings save for medical wastes that are incinerated at the hospitals. It was reported that the council operates the following pieces of equipment for waste collection: 4.8.2.3. 1 no. 7 tonne capacity tipper truck 2 hand carts Other pieces of equipment including wheelbarrows and buckets
Waste Disposal Waste collected from the town is disposed off at the open temporary dumpsite located in Buhare approximately 5 kilometres away from the town. The dumpsite was opened up for disposal in the year 2008. Uncontrolled dumping is practised and the main form of waste reduction employed at the site is burning. There is no weighbridge at the site. The site is unfenced. The dumpsite is very basic with no management systems in place: material is deposited directly onto natural ground (soil). The access road to the dumpsite is not gravelled though it appeared to be in a good state of maintenance save for the section adjacent to the site that requires grading. The dumpsite borders settlements including Buhare Institute. The Council reported that it is in the process of identifying suitable land for construction of an engineered sanitary landfill. Once this is done, the dumpsite will be reclaimed and rehabilitated.
One of the waste collection points in Musoma central business district
Open dumpsite in Buhare
4.8.2.4.
Medical Wastes These are wastes that are generated by hospitals and healthcare related institutions. Tanzanian law requires that all hospitals have on-site incinerators for burning medical wastes. It was reported during the field exercise by the Environment officer that majority of the hospitals in the town have incinerators for burning the medical wastes. No hospital was visited to confirm this. Medical wastes are classified as hazardous,
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and recent interventions in solid waste management emphasise management of these wastes. 4.8.2.5. Electronic Waste Electronic waste (e-waste) can also be classified as hazardous since these contain harmful metal elements that may cause environmental degradation and serious public health problems if they are not disposed off in a controlled manner. These wastes are however valuable if proper recycling systems are adopted. The precious metals in these wastes including the plastics can be recycled and this may reduce to a great extent the problems associated with haphazard dumping of e-waste. Data on e-waste was not obtained during the field study exercise. It should be noted however that ewaste generation in the town is increasing, as is happening elsewhere in the world.
4.8.3.
Following discussions with the Municipal Council Director, it is proposed that in the near future the town will be divided into two districts namely Musoma and Butiama. The existing central wards (township area) will be in Musoma district which will have both town and municipal councils. Butiama district will be made up of mainly the rural wards hence the functions of the district will be run by Butiama town council. As a result of this development, Butiama district will require its own dumpsite. Discussions with the Environmental Officer revealed that the Council has the following plans aimed at improving solid waste management practices in the town.
4.8.3.1.
Waste Collection In a bid to improve the waste collection system in the town, the Council is proposing to acquire waste collection vehicles and construct more collection points. A source of funds for this undertaking has not been identified.
4.8.3.2.
Waste Management Model The Council is aware that the current waste management practices it employs are inadequate. However the main constraint is a lack of capacity to deal with the problem coupled with financial constraints. It is appreciated that the town is experiencing growth and if urgent action is not taken, the problem will escalate beyond manageable levels. It has been pointed out that only 52% of the waste generated in the town is collected and dumped. Some of the issues to be addressed to ensure an effective waste management model include: Capacity Building of the Municipal staff to deal with solid waste management issues. This will also involve sensitising the residents of Musoma on proper waste management methods including collection, sorting and recycling at household level to reduce the volume of waste ending up at the dumpsite. Record keeping. This may involve procurement of a vehicle weighbridge to keep track of the weight of waste generated. This will also help in a great way to improve on revenue generation at the dumpsite. Dumping will be charged on weight of waste dumped and not on volumetric assumptions as is the case currently. The management model will also include planning for waste storage, collection, transfer, transportation and disposal.
It should be noted that for the above to be achieved effectively and efficiently, further studies and pilot projects are required.
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4.8.3.3. Waste Disposal The Council is reported to be planning to identify and acquire land for construction of an engineered sanitary landfill. Construction of the landfill will also include the following associated infrastructure: Buildings and associated ancillary works; Lining of the landfill; Leachate management and disposal systems; Procurement of a standard incinerator for burning combustible wastes to reduce volume of waste to be land filled; Access roads to the landfill; and Weighbridge to be installed at the landfill site.
4.8.4.

From the above, the following investment needs are evident.
4.8.4.1.
Waste Collection Proper waste collection techniques and infrastructure are imminent. These include the following: i. Construction of more centralised waste collection points to enhance efficiencies in collection and reduce the CBOs needing to transfer waste over comparatively long distances. The existing refuse collection points need to be well constructed and sheltered. This will also involve construction of free draining concrete slabs for placing waste to avoid unwarranted scooping of underlying soil and damage to shovel equipments when shovelling away waste placed at the collection points. Procurement of waste collection vehicles. The number of each type of vehicle to be procured will be dependent on the type of waste storage systems to be adopted. This will come out of the proposed studies on solid waste management in the town. The possible vehicles to be procured include: Skip containers; Waste collection tipper trucks; Dumpsters; Shovel loaders; and Tractors.
ii.
Procurement of the above collection vehicles will greatly assist in collection efficiency and reliability. It is expected that substantial capital outlay will be required to procure the equipments. Similarly, the operation and maintenance costs are expected to be high. Therefore equipment should be procured for which spare parts will be affordable and readily available. 4.8.4.2. Waste Disposal The existing open dumpsite poses negative environmental impacts and needs significant improvements. The Council does not have immediate plans to improve the dumpsite but is opting for new land to construct an engineered sanitary landfill. Construction of the landfill is urgent. The existing open dumpsite will have to be rehabilitated and decommissioned once the landfill is ready. Construction of the landfill will be accompanied with the following other investments:
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Procurement and installation of a weighbridge to help in accurately measuring and recording waste dumped; Procurement of a standard incinerator to burn combustible wastes at the dumpsite to reduce volumes to be land filled. Open burning of waste should be discouraged as it poses a significant danger to the environment and human health and could lead to explosions if there is escape of landfill gases; Upgrading of the access roads to the landfill. The roads need not be tarmacked but could be gravelled and a shovel and/or grader procured for purpose of maintenance; Construction of ancillary works including fencing of the landfill, caretakers house and sanitary block, store and records room, connection to power, water and telephone etc.; Construction of leachate collection ponds and associated pipe work including gas management systems at the landfill to prevent contamination of the lake waters; and Lining of the landfill with low permeability clay core or High Density Polyethylene liners (HDPE).
4.8.4.3.
Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening Capacity building is fundamental in creating awareness on best solid waste management practices. Capacity building of the Municipal council staff is vital to enable them to deal proactively with solid waste management issues. This will also involve sensitising the residents of Musoma on proper waste management methods including collection, sorting and recycling at household levels. The council staff will be empowered to deal with issues pertaining to solid waste management and this is expected to greatly improve the management models and revenue collection hence the financial standing of the waste management department. This may see also deployment of more staff to this department to enable it deal with the issues.
4.8.4.4.
Expanding the Waste Collection and Transportation Business Consideration can be given by the Council to entering into contracts with private entrepreneurs to provide the waste management services on behalf of the Council. They will however need to be supervised by the council to assure efficiency and effectiveness in collection, transfer, transportation and disposal of waste. The Council needs to be strengthened to be able to undertake this. This may include training and capacity building as discussed above. The advantage of this is that the Council operational and maintenance expenses for the waste collection and transportation fleet will reduce significantly. Further the capital outlay required for procurement of this equipment and vehicles will be reduced. The Council can subcontract certain operations and be left to manage others.
4.8.4.5.
Further Studies and Pilot Projects It is evident that further work needs to be done to get a more accurate picture of waste composition and quantities generated in Musoma. Further studies on waste management model for the entire town needs to be undertaken. This may involve the following; Planning and implementing a solid waste collection system with the relevant design and operations parameters carefully considered. These parameters include: Collection vehicles; Routes;
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Crew size; Work scheduling; Set out locations; Collection frequency; and Monitoring techniques for the adopted/implemented collection system etc;
Planning and implementing the most cost effective waste storage systems; Planning, design and construction of waste transfer and collection stations; Planning, design and construction of properly engineered waste disposal systems that will cause less environmental degradation and pose no harm to human health; Further studies may need to be done to investigate the possibilities of contracting private companies to undertake some or all of the Councils collection services this will help to reduce the Councils financial burden relating to vehicles, equipment and crew; and Studies into alternative waste disposal methods such as composting. Musoma being an agricultural town generates a lot of waste that can be composted to produce organic manure for use in agriculture. It is possible that a small composting pad could be constructed at the dump site or at a centralised place within the town. However, in order to assess the feasibility of this, it is important to get a better feel of waste composition and quantities arising in the town.
Following is a summary of the proposed interventions for Musoma Solid waste management including the associated cost estimates.
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Table 4.28 - Possible interventions in Musoma Solid Waste Management Item Capacity Building Remarks The council solid waste management department and the residents of the town will be sensitised and trained on best practices in solid waste management. More staff may be trained and deployed to assist the department deal effectively and efficiently with solid waste. The number and type of each equipment to be procured will be determined following the studies recommended hereunder and in consultation with the council. The costs allowed are only indicative and consider the best solution when no subcontracting is allowed. More waste collection points need to be constructed. For purpose of cost estimating, ten more collection points are considered. The cost also includes improvement of the existing two sheltered collection points. The costs include for land acquisition, construction of the engineered landfill, installation of weighbridge, access roads, buildings and fencing. They also include engineering costs but exclude costs related to services such as water, telephone and power. A consultant will be appointed to work closely with the council and other stakeholders to draw up a feasible waste management model for the town. Pilot projects for the recommendations of the consultant can be implemented in a few areas. Only the associated consultancy cost has been allowed. TOTAL COST (MILLION EUROS) Approx* Cost million 0.2
Procurement of refuse collection equipment
0.6
Construction of centralised waste collection points Construction of landfill
0.2
1.5
Further studies and pilot projects
0.6
3.1
*- Note: Prices are indicative; they include engineering, supervision and contingencies ex. VAT. Actual costs to be th determined. The mean exchange rate used is 1 EURO = Tshs 2190 @ 19 July 2011. - Costs associated with land acquisition for construction of the proposed facilities are excluded in the costing summary.
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4.9.
4.9.1.
Institutional Arrangements
Background
This section summarises the institutional arrangements for MUWASA, information presented is from MUWASA annual report for 2009-10.
4.9.1.1.
Personnel and Administration At the end of 2009/2010 MUWASA had a total of 79 staff. The proportion of female employees is 27% and staff per connections is 9.8 staff per 1000. The organisation structure of the Authority remained the same as that stipulated in MoU 2005 08. Forming a Human Resources department as stipulated in the latest guidelines in the MoU (2009 - 2011) was being assessed for adoption in 2010/11.
4.9.1.2.
Performance Related Incentive The budget shows a performance allowance is paid based on the criteria of collection targets, whereby a weekly collection of Tshs 20 million or more attracts additional payments.
4.9.1.3.
Vehicles and Equipment One Station Wagon, a Pickup and four Motorcycles delivered during 2008/09 through Funds disbursed by the Ministry through the Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) continued to perform well.
4.9.1.4.
Offices and other Buildings Finishing of the Boardroom and rehabilitation of MUWASA offices continued to be suspended to address other pressing operational issues in the face of limited internal financial capacity. Glazing, fencing and floor tiles remain outstanding.
4.9.1.5.
Communication The Authority has telephone, post office box, wireless e-mail facilities, broadband internet access and fax as means of communication. There is a LAN supporting six computers. There is also a dedicated LAN for the billing software that links five computers. There is also an intercom with 17 extensions.
4.9.1.6.
Management Information System The accounts software in use is QuickBooks. Accounts staff received short training on this software to sharpen their skills in using the software after it was updated. For billing, the Authority use University Computing Center (UCC) billing software. Some problems were experienced on and off but technical backstopping was promptly received from UCC via Internet, telephone and physical visits. Only the subroutine for determination of Ageing of arrears needs to be improved further.
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Project Formulation Report - Musoma 4.9.2.

4.9.2.1.
Vision, Mission and Strategic Goals

Function To develop and carry out proper maintenance of water and sewerage works. To plan, finance, design and execute new water supply and sewerage projects. To collect revenue and fees from customers for water supplied and wastewater collected. To acquire title deeds for fixed assets of the Authority. To acquire technologies that enhances efficiency in operation of water and sewerage services. To prepare timely reports and information to the Ministry and other stakeholders on events that have an impact on the continuous supply of water or sewerage disposal. To establish a conducive environment for staff development. To monitor and evaluate the utility performance.
4.9.2.2.
Powers and Duties The powers and duties of the WSSA are as stipulated in the Water Supply and Sanitation Act number 12 of 2009, Section 21 as follows: Provide water supply for uses as are required by the Act or any other written law dealing with the management of water resources, water quality standards and the environment; Secure the continued supply of water for all lawful purposes by continuously treating the water and monitoring the quality of water supplied at such times and in such a manner as may be prescribed in the water quality standards or rules made under the Act; Develop and maintain waterworks and sanitation works; Protect and maintain water sources; Advise the Government in the formulation of policies and guidelines relating to potable water standards; Plan and execute new projects for the supply of water and the provision of sanitation; Educate and provide information to persons on public health aspects of water supply, water conservation, sanitation, and similar issues; Liaise with local government authorities on matters relating to water supply and sanitation and the preparation and execution of plans relating to the expansion thereof; Collect fees and levies including any regulatory levy for water supply and sanitation services supplied to consumers by the water authority; Propose water supply and sanitation tariffs; Provide amenities or facilities which the water authority considers necessary or desirable for persons making use of the services or the facilities provided by the water authority; and Do anything or enter into any transaction which, in the opinion of the Board of the water authority, is calculated to facilitate the proper exercise of the functions of the water authority under the Act.
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4.9.2.3. Vision To be the most efficient water and sanitation utility in Tanzania whilst meeting industry best practice. 4.9.2.4. Mission To provide reliable, high quality water supply and sanitation services at affordable rates for the people of Musoma Municipality, through professional management. 4.9.2.5. Core Values In our activities we bear important obligations to our customers, the wider community and to one another. We want our employees to wake up every morning with the passionate belief that their work is making a real difference to the lives of the people in Musoma by emphasizing the following values. 1) Customers Focus We must provide quality services to customers, keep them informed on our activities, listen to their concerns and act promptly to address their problems and other factors that will lead to customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. 2) Integrity We conduct our business in an open and sincere manner in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations so that we are correctly perceived to be an organization of dedicated and competent individuals of high integrity and credibility providing quality services. 3) Employees Development: The collective talents of our employees comprise our most important asset. We strive to provide an organisation and operating environment that attracts nurtures, stimulates and rewards employees performance and creativity, providing a safe work place and an opportunity for growth. 4) Teamwork The Authority emphasises teamwork while recognising the contribution of the individual. 5) Pursuance of Excellence: Our goal is to aspire to the highest levels of Excellence in all our endeavours. We will continually review our internal processes to ensure provision of cost effective services to both external and internal customers.
4.9.3.
Objectives
MUWASA has outlined six objectives for the next strategic period. These are: Improved access to reliable, adequate, clean and safe water supply; Achievement of sustainable financial capacity to meet the operations of the Authority and 15% for investment as stipulated in the MoU; Improved human, financial and physical resources management and accountability; Environmentally friendly wastewater management instituted; Effective and efficient information dissemination, education and communication developed and implemented to keep stakeholders and general public informed on MUWASA activities; and Minimise chances of HIV infections among staff and management and support for those infected.
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Project Formulation Report - Musoma 4.9.4. Recommendations

Analysis of MUWASAs performance clearly demonstrates some areas for improvement. Current initiatives on network mapping and analysis need completing including verification. Provision has been made within the proposed project budgets for additional technical assistance and capacity building, the extent of which will be subject to more detailed analysis as part of the programme.
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4.10.
4.10.1.
Financial Assessment
Introduction
This section uses ratio analysis as a tool to analyse MUWASAs operational and financial positions. The ratio indicators presented here provide information on efficiency and operational performance, credit-worthiness, liquidity and profitability of the utility and hence provides some insight into the financial conditions of the utility. The ratios reflect respective financial year (FY) performance based on the latest information provided to the Study Team.
4.10.2.
Cost of Providing Watsan Services

The FY 2009/10 audited figures for MUWASA water and sanitation costs are shown in Table 4.29 below. In terms of size of financial results and to some extent operational features, MUWASA is a direct comparator for BUWASA. Working Ratio (WR) and Operating Ratio (OR) As Table 4.29 shows, in 2009/10 FY MUWASA has a positive net operating income of only 31,400 just less than that of BUWASA. It should be noted that in 2009/10 there was no depreciation allowance in MUWASAs books. This was due to the change in accounting policy on categorization and measurement of assets wherein a firm of valuers was engaged in that year to determine fair value of assets (Tanzania National Audit Office, 2010c:13). At 0.95 for both WR and OR MUWASAs ratios are slightly worse than developing country utilities ideal ratios of 0.68 and 0.82. It should be noted that the ratios are not good enough for the EWURA/MOWI performance target figures of 0.49 and 0.64 respectively.
Table 4.29 - MUWASA Costs
Tsh. million Personnel Expenditures General Admin Expenditures Operating Expenditures Total Operating Expenses Total O & M Expenditures Depreciation Allowance Total Expenditures 3 Billed Water Volume (m million) Billed Revenues Deffered Income Other Income Total Income Of which Grants Operating Income Net Operating Income WR OR 3 Personnel Costs per m Personnel Costs in Operating Expenses Unit Operational Cost (UOC) Staff Productivity Index (SPI)
Source: Tanzania National Audit Office
MUWASA 2009/10 000 231.86 112.83 5,065.57 616.48 616.48 616.48 522.71 125.16 647.87 68.40 647.87 31.39
455.42 221.62 533.86 1,210.90 1,210.90 1,210.90 2.20 1,026.71 245.85 1,272.56 134.36 1,272.56 61.66
% of total expenditures 42.09 20.48 49.34 111.91 111.91 111.91 94.89 22.72 117.61 12.42 117.61 5.70 0.95 0.95 0.11 0.38 0.28 9.60
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Unit Operational Cost (UOC) In 2009/2010 MUWASA sold 2.2 million m3 of water, just about double what BUWASA sold. Reflecting higher volumes of water sold compared to BUWASA, at 0.28 its UOC is better and almost 4 times that of MWAUWASA. Personnel Costs Per Unit of Water In June 2010 MUWASA had a total staff of 81. At 0.11/m3 personnel costs for MUWASA are almost half that in BUWASA due to the larger volume of water sold. Staff Productivity Index (SPI) MUWASA reports that as of end of June 2010 it had had 8,467 connections comprising 7,852 domestic, 217 institutional, 360 commercial, 17 industrial and 21 kiosks. Hence its SPI of 9.6 is lower than that of BUWASA. The situation with regard to the connections with meters/working meters is worse. Only 5,284 connections had meters and a much less 4,607 connections had working meters (see Table 4.30 below).
Table 4.30 - MUWASA Working Meters in June 2010 Category Zones A B C D Total Working meters Total Connections
Source: MUWASA, 2011
Domestic 859 1,146 1,169 1,016 4,190 7,852
Institutional 64 22 25 28 139 217
Commercial 172 31 12 36 251 360
Industrial 2 9 11 17
Kiosk 0 16 16 21
Total 1,097 1,199 1,206 1,105 4,607 8,467
Tariffs and Cost Recovery Levels - MUWASA The current tariff structure charged by MUWASA was approved by EWURA through order No. 10.001 of 25th January, 2010 for effectiveness beginning of February 2010, these are presented in section 4.5.3.3. MUWASA tariffs are slightly lower than those in Bukoba. The number of people in each household in Musoma according to the 2002 census was 6.9 but current estimates would suggest a figure of 7.5. The percentage poverty rate in Musoma is estimated at 18% in 2010. It seems that with the recent increase in tariff it would not be easy to increase water tariffs in the near future.
4.10.3.
Non Revenue Water (NRW)

Wastewater disposal in Musoma is currently handled by the Musoma Municipal Council and there is no waterborne sewerage system hence MUWASA gets its water revenues from water supply operations. According to MUWASAs report for 2009/2010 FY the total volume of water produced was 3.8 million m of which billed volume was 2.2 million m. This gives a billing efficiency of only 77%. Apart from physical losses as discussed above, the level of non-metered connections in Musoma is quite high hence as Table 4.31 shows the overall level of NRW is 43%.
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Table 4.31 - MUWASA NRW July 2010 Indicator Non Revenue Water Billing Efficiency Collection Efficiency Annual Collections (million Tshs) Customers with working meter Annual Billing (million Tsh) Source: MUWASA, 2010 2007/08 44.8% 73.6% 88.4% 749 2,755 794 2008/09 40.5% 79.3% 85.2% 997 2,930 1,006 2009/10 43% 77% 89% 1,103 4,798 1,108 Includes collection of arrears Remark NRW increase in 2009/10 due to tariff structure
4.10.4.
Financial Performance Indicators

Accounts Receivable/Collection Period (CP) At the end of FY 2009/10 MUWASA carried 184,000 in trade and other receivables compared to a much less 85,000 for BUWASA. As Table 4.32 shows, at 4.22 months MUWASAs CP is rather high compared to BUWASAs 2.6 months indicating the need to tighten on collection of what it is owed.
Table 4.32 - MUWASA Revenues and Financial Ratios MUWASA 2009/10 FY Tsh million Billed Revenues Total Income Of which Grants Operating Income Net Operating Income Accounts Receivable Total Fixed Assets Debt Service Charges New Capital Expenses Total Shareholders Equity Current Assets Debt Current Liabilities Ratios CP (months) CTI (%) New Investments/Fixed Assets (%) DSC DER CR RR (%) RE 4.22 154.74 1.67 0.00 1.6 1.08 1.08 1,026.71 1,272.56 134.36 1,272.56 61.66 361.42 5,716.61 95.41 5,724.92 422.05 258.65 000 522.71 647.87 68.40 647.87 31.39 184.00 2,910.37 48.57 2,914.60 214.87 131.68
Percentage Contribution to Investment (CTI) MUWASAs Draft Strategic Plan, 2011 2015 (MUWASA (2010) does not have a costed investment plan. However there is mention of several objectives that the organisations wishes to achieve in the next few years. These include improving access to reliable,
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adequate, clean and safe water supply and achievement of sustainable financial capacity to meet the operations of the Authority and 15% for investment. MUWASAs 2009/10 FY figures show increase in property, plant and equipment in the amount of Tsh. 5.1 billion (2.2 million). This is however based on revaluation of property, plant and furniture of which pipes and fittings alone were revalued from Tsh. 687 only at end of 2008/9 to Tsh. 4.3 billion ( 1.8 million) at the end of 2009/10. The actual amount spent in acquisition of plant and equipment was a more modest Tsh. 95.4 million ( 40,700) in 2009/10. MUWASAs CTI was 155% while the new investment over net fix assets in 2009/10 was only 1.7% reflecting the revaluation of assets as explained above. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSC) In 2009/10 MUWASA did not hold any debts apart from nominal overdraft and bank charges. Given its 2009/10 financial operations, it is not possible for MUWASA to service any meaningful debts related to capital development. Debt Equity Ratio (DER) As mentioned above, there are no commercial debts held by MUWASA. Current Ratio (CR) At 1.6 MUWASA does not have a good CR. Since CR should be observed in conjunction with CP, at 4.2 the CP is also not good. Return on Net Fixed Assets (RR) As a measure of productivity of fixed assets in use, expressed as the ratio between net operating income and net fixed assets in 2009/201 MUWASA reported an RR of 1.1%. Given that there has been a massive revaluation of assets, MUWASA needs to focus on increasing revenues and thus net operating income to build on funds for future investments. Return on Equity (RE) Similar to MUWASAs low RR, the RE is rather low at 1.1%. Current Levels of Grants and Government Budget Support Much like In 2009/10 MUWASA would not have been able to meet its total operating expenses from billed revenues. Hence the grant of Tsh. 134 million ( 68,400 helped in meeting the expenses. There would be a need to revise the 2011-2015 Strategic Plan to include priority capital expenses since it is clear in the next few years, operating at current levels of efficiency, MUWASA would not be able to finance any substantial capital developments from its operating income. External sources of funding would need to be sourced through the Government to fund well-though out investments as per the Strategic Plan.
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4.11.
4.11.1.
Environmental Policy and Legislation

Policy and Legal Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector
In Tanzania, environmental protection is given considerable attention in national legislation and regulatory instruments relating to water resources and supply. The National Environmental Policy of 1997 provides the framework for ensuring environmental and social considerations are taken into account for all decision-making in Tanzania. With regard to the water, sewerage and sanitation sector, the Policy supports the objective of providing clean and safe water within easy reach, to satisfy other needs, to protect water sources and prevent environmental pollution. The main principles for environmental management in the Environmental Management Act of 2004 (EMA) include the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2005, require all ongoing projects listed under the Third Schedule of the Act and First Schedule of the Regulations to conduct environmental audits. Water supply and waste treatment and disposal (municipal solid waste and municipal sewage) fall under these Schedules. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is developing standards for water effluent quality, air emissions, soil contamination and waste oil disposal. In line with the polluter pays principle, these standards will specify requirements for discharge licences and applicable fees. The National Water Policy emphasises the need for the protection and conservation of water sources, and underscores the interaction between water and the environment. Specifically it promotes the polluter pays principle, recognises the necessity of causing the least detrimental effect to the natural environment, and the need for determination of water flows for the environment (in order to maintain a healthy and viable riverine and estuary ecosystems based on best available scientific information). The Water Resources Management Act of 2009 stipulates the need for protecting biodiversity, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, and for preventing and controlling pollution and the degradation of water resources, and endorses the precautionary and polluter pays principles. It requires Strategic Environmental Assessments or Environmental Impact Assessments to be undertaken for major water projects in accordance with Regulations provided under EMA. For trade effluents, consent to discharge into receiving waters is required. The Water Supply and Sanitation Act makes it an offence to pollute water that may be carried into a waterworks. The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) Act of 2001 endorses the need to protect and preserve the environment. EWURA is responsible for regulating and monitoring environmental and health and safety issues with respect to the water and sewerage authorities. The Tanzania Bureau of Standards specifies standards for municipal and industrial wastewaters, drinking water, air quality (vehicular) and acoustics (environmental noise). Other pieces of legislation which may be relevant with regard to potential environmental impacts of the proposed project and its components include: Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Ordinance Cap.336 Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No.42 of 1974 and with Amendments of 1981 and Act No.8 of 1997 Occupational Health and Safety Act No.5 of 2003 Wildlife Conservation Act No.12 of 1974 Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003 Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 Protected Public Places and Recreation Areas Act (1969)
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Project Formulation Report - Musoma 4.11.2. Provision for Compensation and Resettlement
A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) was prepared in 2006 by the Ministry of Water for the Water Sector Development Programme, but provides guidelines that can be applied to all water sector projects. The RPF is essentially based on the World Bank Operational Procedure 4.12 for Involuntary Resettlement. It requires that: Involuntary resettlement and land acquisition will be avoided where feasible, or minimised, by exploring all viable alternatives. Where involuntary resettlement and land acquisition is unavoidable, resettlement and compensation activities will be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to give the persons displaced by the project the opportunity to share project benefits. Displaced and compensated persons will be meaningfully consulted and will have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement and compensation programs. Displaced and compensated persons will be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihood and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to predisplacement levels or levels prevailing prior to the beginning of the project implementation, whichever is higher.
The policy covers direct economic and social impacts resulting from projects caused by the involuntary taking of land resulting in i) relocation or loss of shelter; ii) loss of assets or access to assets; or iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. It also covers involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. In the absence of a formal Resettlement Policy, the following legal instruments provide the legal framework for compensation and resettlement in Tanzania: The Land Act (1999) The Land Regulations (2001) The Village Land Act (1999) The Local Government (District Authorities) Act The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act Land Acquisition Act (1967), Town and Country Planning Ordinance cap 378 Local by-laws
Land in Tanzania is vested in the President as trustee on behalf of all. The National Land Policy requires full and fair compensation to be paid to any person whose right of occupancy or recognised long standing occupation or customary use of land is revoked or otherwise interfered with to their detriment by the State under the Land Act of 1999. The Land Act of 1999 (Section 34) also states that where a right of occupancy includes land which is occupied by persons under customary law, and those persons are to be moved or relocated, they must be compensated for loss of interest in the land and for other losses. They also have the right to reap crops that are sown before any notice for vacating that land is given. The Land Act (Section 156) requires that with regard to communal right of way in respect of wayleave, compensation shall be paid to any person for use of land, who is in lawful or actual occupation of that land, for any damage caused to crops or buildings and for the land and materials taken or used for the works. Requirements for the assessment of compensation are provided in the Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations of 2001. Valuation must be done by a qualified and authorised valuer.
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Project Formulation Report - Musoma 4.11.3. Institutional Framework in the Water and Sanitation Sector
Various institutions are involved at various stages in the environmental and social impact assessment process. NEMC has the overall responsibility for environmental regulation, and is therefore responsible for monitoring environmental impacts of water supply and sewage / industrial wastewater. EMA requires that each city, municipality, district, town council appoints an Environmental Management Officer (EMO) and an Environmental Management Committee (EMC). The EMO's responsibilities include the monitoring of the preparation, review and approval of EIAs of local investments and projects. The EMO should report to the Director of the Environment. Environmental management officers and committees should be appointed at the kitongoji, ward, mtaa and village levels. The main parties involved in carrying out resettlement and/or compensation processes are the relevant Urban Water and Sewerage Authority, the District Councils, District Lands Officers, Ward Councils and Village Councils. These institutions are well experienced in national procedures for compensation and resettlement.
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4.12.
4.12.1.
Environmental and Social Impact Analysis

Introduction
The Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative, which is led by UN-HABITAT, aims to assist the East African regional governments in achieving the Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation through four specific objectives: Promoting pro-poor water and sanitation investments in the secondary urban centres in the Lake Victoria Region; Supporting development of institutional and human resource capacities at local and regional levels for the sustainable delivery of improved water and sanitation services; Facilitating realisation of upstream water sector reforms at the local level in the participating urban centres; and Reducing the environmental impact of urbanization in the Lake Victoria Basin.3
It is anticipated that the second phase of the LVWATSAN Initiative will have a tangible impact on public health (including improving maternal health and reducing under-five mortality), through the provision of increased access to clean water, improvement of wastewater treatment facilities, provision of adequate sanitation facilities, improved urban drainage and solid waste collection and treatment. Improving sewage treatment facilities and sewage coverage will prevent further pollution of the Lake, and have a direct impact on the quality of its water and therefore the Lake ecosystems. Improved drainage would contribute to reduced incidence of malaria (by eliminating breeding habitats for malariacarrying mosquitoes), as well as other waterborne diseases, while efficient solid waste disposal systems would also have a positive impact on public health by discouraging disease-spreading vermin and preventing entry of toxic leachates into soils and water sources. The combined effects of these interventions are associated with greater productivity and output, and therefore with alleviation of poverty and hunger. Given that poverty and environmental well-being are inversely linked, the implication is that overall environmental conservation and protection will be enhanced. However, the actual interventions proposed under Phase 2 of the LVWATSAN Initiative (see Table 4.33) may themselves pose a number of detrimental environmental and social risks, during construction and/or operation. Potential environmental impacts (negative and positive) and associated mitigation measures are discussed in Section 4.12.2 and potential negative and positive social impacts and mitigation measures are discussed in Section 4.12.3.
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2010); Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative - Overview of the Pro-poor Approaches for Improved Access to Affordable Water and Sanitation Initiative of UN-HABITAT. Page 66

Table 4.33 - Proposed Musoma interventions Aspect Category Item Supply of materials, pipes, fittings, replacement valves, etc Supply of consumer meters Water Ops MUWASA Waste Control Unit (WCU) Assistant with set-up of WCU including undertaking network modelling, GIS database records, waste control DMAs etc Construction of VIP toilets Sewerage Capital projects Construction of piped sewerage system and treatment plant for the town centre Servicing on-site sanitation Capacity building Sewerage Technical assistance Procurement of exhausters Master plan study for Musoma sewerage Construction of new stone pitched open drains Construction of an overflow drain culvert to drain Kitaji pond to Lake Victoria Urban drainage Capital projects Recreation of Kitaji pond Construction of 900mm diameter concrete culverts in some selected problematic areas Construction of 600mm diameter culverts in some low lying areas that are problematic Solid waste Capital projects Construction of centralized waste collection points Construction of land fill Capacity building Solid waste Technical assistance Procurement of refuse collection equipment Further studies and pilot projects All Capacity building Capacity building
4.12.2.
4.12.2.1.
Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

General negative environmental impacts There may be a number of general environmental impacts associated with construction and operational stages of the proposed project interventions. These include: Erosion in and around excavation areas (in construction areas and also areas where borrow pits for construction materials are established). Sloping and bare land is particularly prone to erosion, which may lead to loss of soil productivity and capability; Siltation downstream from erosion areas, particularly during periods of intense rainfall; siltation can cause significant ecological impacts by reducing light penetration and growth of important food chain species, and the blanketing of bottom dwelling plant and animal species (leading to mortality); In addition to siltation, chemical pollution of water may also occur (e.g. derived from spills of petroleum products and cementitious materials);
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Air pollution (and associated health impacts) may occur due to the presence of airborne dusts (e.g. from bare areas and the passage of vehicles / plant) and smoke (e.g. from burning materials and diesel engines); Noise pollution from construction and operational plant; Increased traffic movements and temporary constraints to access for local people; Temporary or permanent loss of land for agriculture and other community / individual uses; Losses of, or changes in, biodiversity in areas where land is temporarily or permanently cleared (e.g. pipelines, access roads, construction sites, borrow pit areas, labour camps etc); land clearance by fire may aggravate the loss of biodiversity due to the increased risk of uncontrolled expansion; Introduction of alien fauna or flora species (e.g. from the transport of construction plant from one area to another); Ponding and the creation of stagnant water in excavated areas, which may increase the breeding of problematic species (e.g. mosquitoes) and increase the risk of cholera, typhoid and dysentery for people bathing in or drinking such water; Increased local resource use (e.g. harvesting of wood and hunting) by workers brought into the area to undertake construction and operational activities; and Discharge of partially or untreated sewage and wastes from temporary labour camps.
It is reasonable to assume that with appropriate planning and implementation of standard mitigation measures (e.g. silt fences, avoidance of unnecessary vegetation clearance, limited working hours to reduce noise), the risk and extent of such impacts can be effectively prevented or minimised. 4.12.2.2. Water Supply Installing consumer meters will assist in monitoring the amount of water consumed and wasted, and this then comprises an important aspect in conservation of water resources. Moreover, leaks and overflows will be more easily detected (in the former case preventing contamination of water supplied through leaking pipes). Most of the proposed interventions related to the water supply will support mechanical solutions (e.g. replacement of fittings and valves), which will not have major environmental repercussions, but rather will improve operational conditions that will in turn improve the quality and supply of water. No negative impacts on water are anticipated with respect to the set up of the MUWASA Waste Control Unit. 4.12.2.3. Sanitation Improving sanitation and access to sanitation is directly linked to improved environmental quality. The proposed interventions include the construction of VIP toilets. In constructing (or improving) pit latrines, consideration must be given to soil types in the proposed location, water table fluctuations (particularly during the rains) and proximity to water sources. To be effective, soils must drain well. In rocky terrain or areas with a high water table, shallow pit latrines may be the predominant type. The potential impact of these on water quality must be considered when implementing project interventions. Septic tanks must be designed bearing in mind the number of people they will each serve, but also ensuring ease of access for exhausters (see Sewerage, below). Designs must be such that any overflow or effluent will comply with appropriate regulations and guidelines. It is assumed that septic tank sludge will be taken to the proposed sludge digestion and disposal facility (see Sewerage, below).
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4.12.2.4. Sewerage The proposed construction of a sludge digestion and disposal facility may require the acquisition of land. This will have to be addressed through the preparation of a compensation and resettlement plan (which will have to be done in conjunction with the EIA study), and the subsequent implementation of that plan. As there is no formal Resettlement Policy in Tanzania, compensation and resettlement will need to take into consideration other relevant legal instruments, the Resettlement Policy Framework developed for the Water Sector Development Programme and relevant international standards. The procurement of additional exhausters may reduce the cost of services to domestic premises and thereby reduce the use of traditional hand emptying methods. It has been proposed that a Sewerage Master Plan be developed. It would be appropriate to carry out a Strategic Environmental Assessment to feed into that Master Plan. There is a need for an ESIA to cover the town centre sewerage system and wastewater treatment plant and this will cover issues with groundwater at the identified site and any resettlement issues. It is anticipated that the urban drainage component proposed under this project (e.g. stone pitched open drains, concrete culverts and the construction of an overflow drain culvert to drain Kitaji pond to Lake Victoria) will help to ensure that stormwater does not contribute to excessive loading of the sewage system. During operation, the main issues will be: disposal of liquid effluent; disposal of solid waste (for example sludge, and solids and silt accumulating in the sewers and screens); air emissions (e.g. methane gas) and odours. Depending on how sludge will be stored and disposed of, NEMC may also require a licence for their disposal. Any sludge used for land application should first be tested for tested for toxic substances and heavy metals to ensure that it does not pose a risk to public health and the environment. As noted above, construction of the waste treatment ponds would have impacts typical of construction projects such as disturbance to traffic and the public, soil erosion, dust and noise emissions. 4.12.2.5. Urban Drainage The construction of concrete culverts and the upgrading of the drains to accommodate stormwater and runoff will contribute to improved public health, as it will (potentially) eliminate the accumulation of water, which is linked to several waterborne diseases such as malaria, typhoid and cholera. During construction of new stone-pitched drains there will be some disturbance to motorised and pedestrian traffic, although this would be temporary. Dredged material and litter from the drains, as well as construction debris (e.g. damaged slabs) will have to be disposed of in an acceptable manner, either through land application or at approved dumpsites. Again, if dredged material is applied to land, it will need to be tested for suitability before application. 4.12.2.6. Solid Waste The proposed interventions for solid waste management (centralised waste collection points, procurement of refuse collection equipment and construction of a landfill) will contribute to improved public health and reduce the risk of rubbish blocking the drains (which attracts vermin and thus encourages the spread of disease). The proposal to develop a landfill will have to address a number of issues. Firstly, land will have to be acquired in a suitable area where the landfill can be sited. During site selection, extensive public consultations should be held to identify public concerns that would need to be addressed, and to ensure acceptability of the site. Attention will have to be paid to wind direction (to avoid odour nuisance to neighbouring communities), soil types, natural drainage systems and proximity to water sources, and proximity to residential areas and educational institutions. If the site is privately owned or has people residing on it, a compensation and resettlement plan will have to be drawn up and implemented. Management of the landfill is critical to ensure that leachates do not enter into water sources, that landfill gas emissions
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are controlled or captured, the site is properly secured and has a buffer zone to improve aesthetics. In addition, employee health and safety needs to be ensured, which means that all employees at the dumpsite must be properly trained in handling the various types of waste. There are a number of issues that also need to be considered for waste collection services and collection centres. Collection services must be scheduled and the public must be aware of collection days and times. Collection centres should provide receptacles for different types of waste. Waste and leachates should not be allowed to enter stormwater drains. Persons handling waste at the collection points should be provided with appropriate personal protection equipment.
4.12.3.
4.12.3.1.
Potential Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Positive Social Impacts The proposed project interventions will result in a number of positive social impacts, including: Decreased incidence of waterborne diseases; Reduced cost and time wastage in search of water, which may enable women and children to devote more time to educational opportunities. Given the high proportion of young people in Musoma increasing time for school and attendance may bring significant benefits, particularly given the current low level of educational attainment; Improvement in health conditions and decreased cost of treatment for waterborne diseases by the consumer as well as decreased travel frequency to health facilities; Reduction in household expenditure on water; Improved hygiene standards, which may in turn reduce pressure on health facilities (a significant proportion of diseases are related to poor water supply and sanitation services); Increased access to sanitation facilities; Reduction in hand emptying of latrines and septic tanks; Increased access to clean water; Year round access to water for households; Increased employment opportunities during construction phase; Community involvement in provision and management of water and sanitation services; and Increased number of women working for water sector institutions and involved in decision making.
Potential indicators to track progress in delivering these positive impacts are shown in Table 4.34.
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Table 4.34 - Potential Indicators of Positive Social Impacts Aspect Health Positive Impact Improved health Impact Indicators - Reduced child mortality in children aged 1-5 - Greater life expectancy - Reduction of preventable water borne diseases e.g. cholera, typhoid and diarrhoea - Reduction of child mortality rate - Access to clean, quality and affordable drinking water - Reliable supply - Number of meters connected - Number of yard taps - Reliance on treatment to make water safe to drink - Number of water kiosks, bathrooms and toilets - Revenue generation from water sales by both men and women - Willingness to pay for new and improved water supply (infrastructure and meters) - Employment generation and increased business opportunities - Poverty reduction - Affordable water prices - Time and cost savings while searching for water, bathing and toilet facilities - Reduction in expenses for medical services - Investments due to trickle effects of water and sanitation - Efficient and effective service delivery by the project - Willingness of the people to participate and share costs, facilities and activities related to water and sanitation services - Social cohesion through daily dialogue on operations and maintenance of the facilities - Security and safety of the infrastructure - Involvement of community (men and women) members in decision making, policy formulation and implementation of the project - Taking into account womens interest in the water and sanitation in the design and choice of technology - Effective participation of women and other vulnerable groups in the project - Gender sensitive development and inclusion in decision making - Degree of personal hygiene at home - Access to high quality toilets and bathing services in public services - Access to high quality toilets in educational facilities - Access to high quality toilets in major institutions - Capacity building through awareness creation, seminars and training workshops - Domestic use of exhauster service - % of total sludge disposed of in proposed new facility
Water supply
Safe drinking water
Economic strategy
Improved livelihoods
Social integration
Collaboration and participation
Gender and pro-poor strategy
Community involvement Gender analysis and mainstreaming
Sanitation
Cleanliness
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4.12.3.2. Negative Social Impacts Potential negative impacts and proposed mitigation measures are summarised in Table 4.35.
Table 4.35 - Potential negative social impacts and proposed mitigation measures Aspect Infrastructure development Negative Impact Demolition of private properties on encroached road reserves that are corridors for piped water networks, sewerage and storm drainage; increased land demand Increased water and sanitation demand/supply and facilities Contamination of drinking water through storm water, direct collection drains, surface runoff from roads, sludge spillage Risks of drowning, accidents and injuries to the community through open manholes Interference with local culture and values Increased informal settlements due to improved services Mitigation Measure Proper planning by the Council Clear policy on public road reserves Continuous awareness with respect to the public utilities being developed Compensation of those to be negatively affected by the project Facilitate contingency funds for expansion Plan and charge user fees Plan designs for water and sanitation appropriately
Demography Water supply
Occupational health and safety
Monitor the system regularly to identify areas of danger and isolate these areas Involve the community in project activities right from inception Adherence to policy and regulatory mechanisms for better control and management of the city Involve the community in project activities through community forums Provide prior information about the design of the project Form community committees to sensitize the affected areas Dialogue with the Council to provide alterative site for affected businesses
Encroachment, displacement and resettlement of project affected persons (PAPs)
Interference with business and relocation of business during development Loss of property and other eventualities, e.g. clashes
4.12.4.
4.12.4.1.
Enhancing Environmental and Social Outcomes of Interventions

Relative Significance of Impacts of the Project It is a reasonable assumption that with the correct preventative and mitigation measures in place the negative environmental and social impacts will be limited in terms of duration and spatial extent and that they will be outweighed by the positive impacts arising from the project interventions. To facilitate this: A full ESIA should be completed in order to ensure that environmental and social aspects are properly considered in the selection of project options (where more than one alternative exists for a specific intervention) and that appropriate preventative and mitigation measures are defined and implemented through an Environmental and Social Management Plan. Clearance of land should be preceded by appropriate baseline studies to define the fauna, flora and habitats that are present and assess land capability and use. Resettlement (physical and economic) should be planned and executed in consultation with affected persons according to national laws and international standards as appropriate. Compensation and replacement of lost or reduced livelihoods should be considered.
4.12.4.2.
Gender Mainstreaming in Project Interventions Gender is an integral component in development; to address existing gender inequities, project interventions should focus on womens and mens involvement in the planning, construction, operation, maintenance and management of domestic water supply, irrigation, sanitation or environmental protection. Project interventions should also give due
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consideration to internal culture and staffing issues, for example recruitment, promotion and training opportunities for female and male staff, sexual discrimination and harassment, and issues such as child care, paternity or maternity leave, and safe travel arrangements. Gender mainstreaming activities for participating institutions are summarised in Table 4.36. Given the significant percentage of households that belong to an association it may be appropriate to consider the involvement of selected associations in gender mainstreaming for project interventions.
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Table 4.36 - Gender Mainstreaming in Participating Institutions Category of inquiry Policy and action plans - Gender policies - Attention to gender in all policies Issues to consider Is there a gender policy? When was it developed and who was involved? Does it use sex-disaggregated data? Is its implementation being monitored? What is the attitude of senior management staff to gender issues? Who are formal and informal opinion leaders? Which external agencies or people have an influence on the organisation? Who are the decision making bodies? Is there a designated gender unit/focal person? What do they do? With what resources? Are other staff members gender-aware? Is sensitivity to gender included in job descriptions and assessed at job evaluations? Is there funding for capacity building on gender? Is there funding for gender actions on the ground? Is attention to gender included in routine systems and procedures (information systems, appraisals, planning and monitoring)? Have staff been issued with guidelines on gender mainstreaming? What are the numbers of men and women at each level in the organisation and according to roles and sectors? Check employment and hiring policies Does the organisation create a safe and practical environment for women and men e.g., transport, toilets, childcare, and flexibility of working hours? How does information flow and to what extent are women and men included in the communication chain? What are the main shared values? Do they relate to equality? And specifically to gender? Is decision making centralised or decentralised? What are the attitudes towards female/male staff? What are the male and female staff perceptions towards Steps to be taken for organisational change If there is no gender policy but a desire to address inequalities between men and women then the action will be: - Develop a gender policy for all the participating institutions - Assess who are the champions for gender equality and equity - Engage all relevant and potential staff and management - Create a participatory and inclusive environment for policy development
Influencing policy
Human resources - Gender focal staff - All staff
- Have clear ToRs for the unit/focal persons - Establish training in gender mainstreaming and advocacy as an on-going process with action targets - Have professional backstopping support - Involve focal units as an integral part of existing processes and programmes - Allocate budgets for staff capacity building and for actions on the ground - Allocate time for actions at the operational level - Develop indicators to monitor progress - Include gender in systems and procedures - Develop sex-disaggregated information systems - Include gender in staff Terms of Reference and interviews - Have indicators for monitoring policy progress in implementing gender - Develop checklists and guidelines - Have gender sensitive recruitment policies that are not discriminatory, even though gender is not about balancing numbers - Provide staff access to decision making processes - Analyse the organisation with respect to its sensitivity to the different needs of women and men - Look at organisational assets such as equipment, furniture, toilet design and accessibility, etc. Are they suitable for women and men? - Adopt an organisational culture that values women and mens perspectives equally - Explicitly state the organisations commitments to gender equality in all policies and programmes - Decentralise decision making to allow both women and men a voice in organisational decision making
Financial / time resources - Gender equality initiatives on the ground - Staff capacity building initiatives Systems procedures and tools
Staffing statistics
Women and mens practical and strategic needs
Organisational culture
Staff perceptions
- Conduct gender capacity building and awareness raising programmes, especially
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Category of inquiry Issues to consider gender? Does the organisation have equal opportunity polices? What does the policy cover? How is it promoted and implemented? Steps to be taken for organisational change where gender is seen as just one of the donor requirements and not an organisational value - Pay attention to equality within the structure, culture and staffing of organisations as well as in the programmes, policies and procedures - Assess and evaluate continuously using gender-sensitive indicators to enable a comprehensive review
Policy and actions
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Phil Sutherland W S Atkins International Ltd Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT18 5BW England
Email: phil.sutherland@atkinsglobal.com Telephone: +44 (0)1372 726140
Atkins Ltd except where stated otherwise.

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PROJECT FORMULATION REPORT PART 4 - MUSOMA

WS Atkins International Ltd in association with Matrix Development Consultants

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

Acronyms and Abbreviations

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

MOYALE LOW ER LODWAR GULU LOYENGALANI MARSABIT

BUKOBA GOMA IN TL GISEN YI KIGALI Kigali KAMEMBE

NAIVASHA MU SIAR A Nairobi NAIROBI/W ILSON KITUI

KILIMANJAR O INTERNATIONAL MOI INTERN ATIONAL Mombasa

KALEMIE DODOMA Dodoma

ZANZIBAR NGEREN GERE Dar es Salaam

MBINGA MOC IMBOA DA PRAIA MU EDA

DATE FIG UR E C RE ATED

FIG UR E N UM BE R & TITLE

Major water bodies Major watercourses

River Nile Basin National Borders

European Investment Bank

Woodcote Grove Ashley Road Epsom Surrey KT185BW EN GLAND

Fax + 44 (0) 01372 740055 Tel. + 44 (01372) 726140

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

Figure 4.2 Musoma Town overview

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

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Socio-economic and Environmental Context

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

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Project Formulation Report - Musoma

5099279/70/Musoma Report - Final

European Investment Bank

Project Formulation Report - Musoma

7.4 7.8 0.3

63.9 25.0 84.4

8.0 25.0 3.1

100 100 100