1

. .

2010

,
(Fe3O4), ,
,
, ,
.

.
19
,
. Oersted Ampre

. Ampre 1821
,
. Maxwell
1871 .
20
Einstein
Minkowski
,
,
, .
,

, , ..
.

,

.
.
.

,
.

,
.
SI,
centimeter gram second (cgs)
.
-

. .
Michell
1750 Coulomb 1785,
.

(pole strength) p

F

p1 p 2
r2

Coulomb ,
.
( ).
.
.
,
,
. cgs
,
F

p1 p 2
r2

4
r cm F dynes.
.
, dyne
cm.
cgs.
SI
1/40,
F=

p1 p 2
(SI)
4 0 r 2
1

0 4 x 10-7 weber/ampere
meter (Wb/Am). SI Newton
(N) 1 newton = 105 dyne (dyn).
,
,
. ,
F= (

p1
)p 2 Hp 2
r2

p1
r2

,
dyne .
,
,
, .1.1.

1.1
oersteds (Oe) cgs.
SI ( )

p
4 0 r 2

amperes per meter (A/m). 1 Oe = (1000/4) A/m.

Oe
5000 Oe.


.

.

H dA
A

( ),

A , ,

,

, A . n
,

A= n
,
, .

d A
, . 1.2.

1.2
Gauss ,
Maxwell, ,
.

=
cgs oersted cm2 Maxwell
(Mx). SI
= 0
weber.
,
.

.
=

d
dt

Faraday, .

.
,
( Lenz).

, SI
weber, sec,
volt ,
.


1820, Oersted ,
.
, .
,
, ,
, ,
.
(1821) Ampre ( )
( ,
) .
( , ,
).
( , + -)
,
, .1.3.
, Ampre
,
, (molecular
currents). ,

7
100 .

() .

1.3

:
ampere
1/2 amperes meter .
Ampre
, .
Ampre
,
,
, , .1.4

1.4
(integral form) Ampre SI

H dl = I
C

C, , d l
C, dl
C .
Ampre,
.
Maxwell 1861, (displacement
current).
Ampre
.

Biot Savart
Ampre (
) Biot Savart.

d
,
H

d l
1
dH =
Idlxr
4 r 3
r
, .
Biot Savart

dH =

1
Idlxu
4 r 2

u
, .
S.I.
0.

,
.
Ampre.
.1.4.
(
), H
.

H dl = 2 H = I
C

H=

I
2

Biot Savart
. 1.5.

d =

1
1
Idlxu =
I dl u sin
2
4 r
4 r 2

d l u , (90 + ). ,

1.5

dH =

1
1 rd
dl sin(90 + ) =
sin(90 + )
2
4 r
4 r 2 cos

dl = r d/cos
sin (90 + a) = sin90 cos + cos90 sin = cos r = /cos,

I cos 2 d
cos d
dH =
cos
2
2
4 cos
4

H=

/2

/2

cos d

sin/ 2/ 2

Ampre.
.

.
.

.

10

,
, .1.6.

1.6

F p H ,

p sin

l
l
p H sin (pl) H sin m H sin
2
2

m = p l .

,

mIA
SI A m2.

,
:
1) , ,
m
2)
, m .
.1.7.

1.7

11

, . , (
ergs) d

l
dE = 2(p H sin) d m H sin d
2

m H sin d = - m H cos = - m H
/2

cgs. SI

= - 0 m H

12

,
.
.

H ,

B . H

B . ( ) B

H ,

. B H ( cgs)

B = H + 4 M

M .

m
emu
M=
V cm 3

M
() ,
,
. cgs
emu/cm3 gauss.

SI B , H M

B = 0 ( H + M )

0 . M

H (/m) 0

weber/A m henry/m. , B weber/m2

tesla (T). 1 gauss = 10-4 tesla.

B
. , = /, =
/ . ,
.

13

.
, ,
.
.
.

.
,
, (.. a Al)
(.. MnO FeO).

.
,
.
,
, , ,
.

. ,
,
,
. -
. .2.1

.

2.1


, ,
.

14

M emu

H cm 3Oe

. (
, = / emu/g Oe
).

=

B gauss
(
)
H Oe

.
,
.
= + 4
( cgs)
= 1 + 4
SI
henry/m.
SI

1+
0

. .2.2

.

2.2

15
-, -,

.2.2 ().
.

.
,
.


.
.2.2 ()
.

. 2.2 ().

. , ,

. ,
. ,
.

.
,
.


,
. ( )
.2.3
.

0 ,
. ,
, = + 4.
s
s
.

2.3

16
,
s r . ,

c.
.

( ).
,
.
.
,
.
. ..
,
.


.

17

Ampre

.

.

, () .

.
,
,
, .
Schrdinger

Schrdinger.
,

.
, ,

.
Coulomb
e2/40r, e 0
(electric constant, dielectric constant of
vacuum permittivity of free space or vacuum).
, Schrdinger =

2 2
e2

2m e
4 0 r

me

1 2
1

1
2
2
r

sin 2 2
r r r r 2sin
r r sin 2
2

( Laplace)..
( )

nlml(r,,) = Rnl(r) Ylml(,)

18
Coulomb,
,
r
. n, l, ml
. ,
r
2
nlml (r, , ) .

Laguerre Rnl(r),
n l. Laguerre
.
n

Rnl (r)

1

0
1

0

1

0

2e r / 0

1
r
2 - e r / 2 0
2 2 0
3

2 6 0

e r / 2 0

l = 0
( s ) n = 1,2,3 l = 1 ( p ) n = 2 3
.3.1. , n
. ,
( (nodes)
) n l 1.

3.1
lml(,), l ml

19
.
.
lml (,)

l
0

ml
0

1 1

2 3

-1

1 1

2 3

1

2
1 1

2 3
1

cos

sin e i
sin e-i

n, l ml
Schrdinger
. n l

ml .
n = 1
l = 0.

Schrdinger ,
:
n = 1, 2, 3, .......
l = 0, 1, 2,........n 1
ml = - l, - l+1,........l 1, l

, .

.
n
n
.

me e4 1
En
2 2 2
32 0 n

20
me , e 0
.
n
.
n = 1 .
( ),
n (shell).
n n2 ,
.
n
, ,
l ml.


l
( ).

L l(l+1)
l 0,1,2,3,(n-1),
n
.
l ,

(orbital). l=0 s ,
,
. l=1 p ,
( ) , l=2
d .
n
, l.
,

.
ml
ml

l +l,
ml .
,
p (l =1) + , 0 - , . 3.2.

21

3.2

l(l+1) 2 .

(precession) .

, ,
,

n.
,
Schrdinger ,
.
,
n l. , l (
)

1s;2s,2p;3s,3p,3d;4s,.
,

, .
l
l.

22
Zeeman


,
.
m
H
= -0 mH


m = A

.
v,
e
, t = S/v t= 2/v. ,

=

ev
ev

2
2

,
,
( ,
).
= 2,

m = IA =

e v
ev

2
2

.


= mev

ml ,

mev = ml

23

v=

ml
me

= 0

e
ml H = 0mlH
2me

B = e /2me Bohr
.
B = 9.274x10-24 J/T ( m2)

,
.
Zeeman,
, .

,
. ,
v m
m=

e
ml ml
2me

ml
.

.
.
m = l(l+1)
:
ml,
L l(l+1) .
m = l(l+1) ,
-ml.
.3.3
,
Zeeman.

24

3.3
, s p.
. ,
p ,

.


, n, l ml ,
,
() .
Schrdinger,
() , Dirac,
1928 ,

. Dirac
,
, ,
.
s .

s s(s+1)

3
2

L.
ms ml. ,
e 1/ 2 , +1/2.

o o ,
, .3.4

25

3.4
,

m = - gems
ge = 2.002319 ge .
2,
Bohr . ge
,
Zeeman, .
Pauli
Pauli
. ,

( n, l, ml, ms).
1925 Pauli

. ,
( ). ,
, , ,
, , e3 .


,
.
,
. ( )
.

, .

, (

26
) ,
,
,
.3.5.

3.5

.
4,
,
.
,
, l s
, ,
.

, .
Russell Saunders


. ,
,
,

.
,

l1 l2 .
L
L = l1+l2, l1+l2-1,.., l1 l2
, l1=1 l2=2,
L
L = 3, 2, 1

27
,
l ml = -l,
-l+1l, L
ML, L, -L+1,.L

.
,
S
S = s1+s2, s1 s2
S = -S, -S+1,.,+S.

S = 1 MS = -1, 0, +1
S = 0 MS = 0.

.3.6.

3.6
, (
)
J = L+S, L+S-1,. L-S
J 4
MJ -4, -3,.0,..,4.

J J(J+1)

J .

28

Russell-Saunders.
:
1) H J,
L S L
S.
2) L, S, J
.
, L, S, J
.
, ,
.
.
Hund
Friedrich Hund ,

. Hund ,
, Russell Saunders
.
Hund
S. (
) ,
.
.
, Pauli,
,
Coulomb .
,

L. ,
(
) , ,,
. ,
, L .
Hund , ,
,
J (. J = L-S ).
, , J (.
J = L+J ) .
,

.
Mn2+. 3d
3d ,
, S =5/2.
ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 ,
.3.7 ml , o

29

3.7
, L = 0,
, J = S = 5/2.
jj
Russell Saunders
, (actinides),
. i
, li si
ji
j i = l i + si
ji
J
J=

jj
L, S.
,
J .
Zeeman
Zeeman,
(.. Ca Mg).
Zeeman,

.
,
.
ge .
ge 2 1,
J m
, .3.8. ,

, ( ()
), S, L J
J.

30

3.8

m = -g J

g=1+

J(J 1) S(S 1) - L(L 1)

2J(J 1)

, Land J = J, J-1,.,-J
, J
.

m = g

J(J+1)

.3.9
, g ,
L, S J L J
. , ,
J = 0 ( )
J = 1 ( ).
.
,

.



. L S
J,
, . 3.10.

31

3.9
L S L
S
, . 3.10. ,

3.10
S = 0, ms = 0, L = 1 ml = 0, 1,

Zeeman. Paschen
Back.

32

, .
( )
.
, .

( )
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .

, .

,
, , ( )
, .4.1.
,
(
, ). Bi
, ,

.

4.1
, ,
.
Lenz ,
,

. , ,
.
,

33
, ,
, .

, = /,

.
,
.

. Langevin,
(
),
. SI
cgs .
,

, .4.2.

4.2
(
),
,
.
,
, (
Faraday Lenz).

E ,
. ,
Faraday :

( Introduction to
Electrodynamics, D.J. Griffiths, . 301 310).

E
Faraday

34

d
= E dl =
C
dt
.
r,
= 2r =

d
dt

. m
( m = I A )
.
,
, Faraday,
, .

, ,
. ,
.
,
eEr dL/dt.

dL
e d er 2 0 d
eEr

dt
2 dt
2 dt
= , = r2
= 0, .
,

e r 2 0

L =
2
,
e/2me . ( L = mev =
ev/2, m = IA = -eL/2me). ,
m =

e
L =
2m e

e 2 r 2 0
H
4m e

35

. ,

. , ,
,
.

. ,

r ,
r
.
2/3. ,
, r 2

.
m = -

Ze2 r 2

av

6m e

,
,
. ( /,
= 6,02252x1023 mol-1 Avogadro (
), ).
,
=

N 0 e2 2
M

r
H
6m e

av

( SI). ,

. ,
r 2

av

, .

10-6,
,
10-3 10-5.
cgs

emu/cm3 Oe.

NZe2 2
r
6m e c 2

av

36

, .
, ,
,
.
(molecular orbital theory
(MO)), ,
,
, ,
, .
, i
i =

c
r

i ci ,
.
.
(bonding orbitals),
(antibonding orbitals) (non - bonding
orbitals).

.

.
( )
,
, .
: H2
: 1s,
1s ,
.4.3(a).
, ,
.4.3.
1s*, 1s
,
.4.3(b).
, , .4.3(c).

37

4.3
2 ,
.
, , ,
.


, .

.
, , -
( ),
.

,
.

, .
,
(
). ,
,

.
,
.

, SiO2 (silica)
surfactants .

38

4.4
. 4.4
(TEM) ,
.
10 nm.
(mesoporous material),
2 50 nm.
( IUPAC)
(microporous materials), 2 nm
(macroporous materials),
50 nm.
Surfactants ( surface active agents), ,
, ..
.
.

. ,
,
, c (critical transition
temperature), . 4.5. Tc
()
-1.
,
,

.
.

.

39

4.5
Meissner
, , ,
, Tc
, .4.6.

4.6
= 0(+) = 0, = - = / = -1 ( SI)
= 0 (1 + ) = 0,
. Tc
.

Meissner
. ,
( Lenz)
,
.

.
130 (
Tc).

40

Tc
()
. ,
Hc.
,
Tc,
.
,
Hc.
, .
( c)
.

.


-1 c.
. ,

.
,
Tc,
(vortex state),
c1, . 4.7,
.
,
, ,

.
,
.
,

4.7
(vortex lattice Abrikosov vortex, Abrikosov, Nobel 2003).
. 4.8

41

4.8
c1
Hc2 . c2
.
c2
.

(superconducting quantum
interference devices SQUIDS)
5x10-18 T . Josephson,
.

,
. ,
.

,
Nb3Sn,
,
.

,
(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI).

42

,
,
.
,
.
,
kT
(kT ~ 0,025 eV T = 300 K),
, 5.1().
, ,

. .5.1().

5.1
.
,
d
. ,
.
.
f , f
.
() , 2.
( )
Curie,
.

, = /
. 10-3 10-5.
,

1 ,
0 ( SI
0
, 0.

43

.
Langevin,
.
.
, Pauli,

( ).
Langevin
Langevin
,
, .
,
,
.5.1().
, ,
.

Boltzmann e -E/kT.
, +d
dA = 2r2 sind
.2.1. ,
.

5.2
,

= -0 mH = -0mH cos. ,
+d
mHcos/kT
e 0
sind

0 ,
p()
+d

44

p() =

e0 mHcos/kT sin d

0 mHcos/kT

sin d

mcos

= Nm cos = Nm cos p() d = Nm

0

e0 mHcos/kT cos sin d

0 mHcos/kT

sin d

kT
mH
= m coth 0
= Nm L()

kT 0 mH

= 0mH/kT L() = coth() 1/ Langevin.

.5.3.

5.3
, .. ,
,
m
.

,
. Langevin
Taylor

45

L() =

3 25

.....
3 45 945

,
,
( )
=

m m 2 0 H
=
3k T
3

, .

M Nm2 0 C
=

H
3kT
T
C = Nm20/3k . Curie,

.


(J ), .

,

2J+1
2J+1 1

coth
coth =
= 0 g J
2J 2J
2J
J
= 0 g J J()
J() Brillouin,
Langevin, J . Brillouin
Taylor
J+12 J 2 J+1
J+1

-
3 ....
J() =
3
3J
90J

= 0 J g /kT (! = 0mH/kT
Langevin. g Land).
Taylor

=

0 g 2 J(J+1) 2 C

3kT
T

46

,

0 g 2 J(J 1) 2
2
C=
0 m eff
/3k
3k

J(J+1)

meff = g

Curie Weiss

Curie, ,
, Curie Weiss
=

C
T-

, Curie Weiss
() ,
Curie, TC, ,
.
Curie
,
. Weiss 1907
Curie Weiss
,
(molecular field).
,
,
.

.
Weiss

W =
. , ,

Htot = H + HW

=

M C

H T

47

Htot = H + M

M
C

H M T

CH
T - C

T -

Curie Weiss.
= , ,
().


.
.
Weiss.
TC
. TC
HW .
TC 0W
kTc. Fe TC
1043 , Co 1394 K Ni 631 K. ,
TC = 1000 K, HW ~ kTC/B0 ~ 10-16103/10-20 ~ 107 Oe =
109 A/m, .
Weiss
Curie
.
Langevin Curie Weiss
.
, .
,

.
, Langevin
.


m .
Land g J,

48
, , m =
g J(J 1) . , ,
. ,

5.1. ( Eu3+)
.
Eu3+
, g J(J 1) = 0, J = 0,
. , 0
, ,
( ).
(first order perturbation theory).
, 0,
, . ,
,
.
van Vleck .
,
.
5.1.
.

m/
g J(J 1)

Ce3+
4f15s25p6
2,54
2,4
3+
2 2 6
Pr
4f 5s 5p
3,58
3,5
3+
3 2 6
Nd
4f 5s 5p
3,62
3,5
Pm3+
4f45s25p6
2,68
3+
5 2 6
Sm
4f 5s 5p
0,84
1,5
Eu3+
4f65s25p6
0,00
3,4
3+
7 2 6
Gd
4f 5s 5p
7,94
8,0
Tb3+
4f85s25p6
9,72
9,5
3+
9 2 6
Dy
4f 5s 5p
10,63
10,6
3+
10 2 6
Ho
4f 5s 5p
10,60
10,4
Er3+
4f115s25p6
9,59
9,5
3+
12 2 6
Tm
4f 5s 5p
7,57
7,3
Yb3=
4f135s25p6
4,54
4,5
,

,
. 5.2

, ,
.
,
.

(quenching of the angular momentum)

49
(crystal field), ,
, .

.
3d

LS. 3d
, ,
.
5.2.
.

m/
g J(J 1)
g S(S 1)

Ti3+, V4+
3d1
1,55
1,73
1,8
3+
2
V
3d
1,63
2,83
2,8
Cr3+, V2+
3d3
0,77
3,87
3,8
3+
2+
4
Mn , Cr
3d
0,00
4,90
4,9
3+
2+
5
Fe , Mn
3d
5,92
5,92
5,9
Fe2+
3d6
6,70
4,90
5,4
2+
7
Co
3d
6,63
3,87
4,8
Ni2+
3d8
5,59
2,83
3,2
2+
9
Cu
3d
3,55
1,73
1,9
,

.
, 4f
5s, 5p 6s ,
LS. , L
S
J .
Pauli
Langevin
, ,
.

. ,
. ,

, ,
Langevin, .
Pauli.
, .

50

( )

e2
U(r) =
4 0 r
. 5.4

5.4
,
,
, .5.5,
,

1 mee4
n = 2
n 32 2 02 2
.5.4

2 2 n 2
n =
2m e L2
. 5.5

51

5.5
.
. . 5.6 ,
,
.
,
. . 5.6 n = 3
, , . Pauli

5.6

, .
, ,
, .
, .5.6,

,
, .5.7.

52

5.7
.5.7 (
) ,
.
, .

.
.
Na
.5.8. ,
a,
. Na
1s, 2s 2p
3s. 3p .
,
.
, 3s 3p
, .

.

53

5.8
,

,
. .
Na 3s ,
3s 3p, .
3s 3p .


.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.

m = - ge ms =
ge = 2,002319, ms = Bohr.
,
Fermi
Fermi, EF.

Fermi
. ,
,
.
5.9.

54

5.9
,
,
. (
,
,
, . ,


.
Pauli,
,

Fermi .
,

,
.
. 5.9, Pauli
, .

,

.


,
, .
, ,
. ,

.

55
,
.
Schrdinger
,
. ,

2 2
2
2
2 2 2 k (r) E k k (r)
2m e x
y
z

L (
)
. ,

k (r) eikr
k

kx ,ky ,kz

2n
L

n . L
, k
.
k(r) Schrdinger

k =

2
(k 2x k 2y k 2z )
2m e

() ,
5.10.
, ,
Pauli
Fermi,
, .
, (
) Fermi.

56

5.10
k
= ( 2 /2me)k2. Fermi F = ( 2 /2me) k 2F ,
kF
4
k 3F ,
3
, .
k (kx, ky, kz)
2/L. , k
(2/L)3. , ,
(
)

k 3
3/ 2
Fermi
V 3
V 2m e E F
3 F
x2
x2 2 k F 2

3
k
3
3 2
2

L
V . ,

( F) (V/32)(2meE/2)3/2.
D(E)
. ,
Fermi,
V 2m e
D(EF) =

2 2 2

3/ 2

E1/2
F

, . 5.11.

57

5.11

3/2

(V/32)(2me/2)3/2=N/ E F .
D(EF) =

3 N
2 EF

Pauli.
. 5.11, , ,
,
, Fermi
(, . 5.11 ).
Fermi . , = 107
A/m

E = + 0 ~ 10-3 eV, Fermi eV,
.
Pauli
,
,
Bohr. ,
m = -gems = . ,

0cos,
. ,
0
, 0.
,
, . 5.11.
,
,

,
Fermi. ( Fermi
, ).

58
0
+ 0.
- 0,
+ 0. ,

E

1 F
D(E 0 )dE
2 -0 B H

E

1 F
D(E 0 )dE
2 0BH
,
,
.
()
,
,
.
=

EF
EF

D(E 0 )dE - D(E - 0 )dE

2 0BH

0 B H

:
+ 0 = +
= - 0 + = 0
= F + = F + 0
E - 0 = E = 0 - = 0
= F - = F - 0


E F 0

F 0
D(E
)
dE
D(E
)
dE
M=

-
2
0
0

D(E+) D(E-) ,
=

F 0

E F 0

D(E) dE

59

20 F, 20 D(EF),

M = 0 2 D(EF)
D(EF)
Fermi
D(EF) =

3 N
2 EF

= 0 2

3 N
2 EF

,
=

M 3N 0 B2

H
2E F

.
Pauli
,
.
Landau
1/3 Pauli.
, ,

=

N 0 B2
EF

SI.
, Na
Al,
.

Pauli

M 0 2 D(EF )

60

=

M
0 2 D(EF )
H

Fermi.
Pauli
.
Pauli T = 0 K,
Fermi,

3N 0 2 3N 0 2
Pauli =

2 F
2kTF
Fermi TF, EF = kTF.
Fermi eV, .. Cu
3 eV,
kTF = 8,61706x10-5xTF = 3 eV

TF = 3,48x104 K
,
Pauli ,
=

0 g 2 J(J 1) 2 0 2

3kT
kT

g ~ 2 J = S = .

3 1
P auli 2 kTF 3 T

= 2,76x10-2 T = 300 K
1

2 TF
kT
Pauli 100
.
Pauli Landau

Landau = -

1
Pauli
3

61

, ,
H Lorentz

F -e[v x H]

, ,

,
. ,
.
Pauli T
>0
Fermi kT.

2

2 kT
2
= 0 [1
] 0 [1
]
6 EF
6 F

= 0 [1+1,37x10-9T2]
0 Pauli T = 0 K.
T.

D(E)
. ,
,
m*e
. ,
, .

Pauli
.

62

Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs

m = M/H

3,60
0,61
0,46
0,20
0,26

Pauli

P
P(cor)
3,83
1,44
4,00
1,12
0,65
0,85
0,59
0,81
0,30
0,49
0,23
0,57

.
3,60
0,42
0,24
0,11
0,23

10-2 J T-2 kg-1 (SI).

.
Pauli.
spin , ,
.
P Pauli .
P(cor) P
.
Pauli .

,
.

( 1s2, 2s2, 2p4)
2
, . 5.12.
16
Hund, .
,
,
. , ,

, .
, ,
Coulomb.
,
. ,
Coulomb.

63

5.12
2

.

,
, .
, ,
(adiabatic demagnetization).
Peter Debye (1926) William Francis Glauque
(1927 ).
. 5.13.

5.13
,
( 4,2 .
1),
Langevin . ,
(.. , Gd2(SO4)3 8H2O)
,

64
,
.
,


,
, ,
G .
,
. , 2 He

. H2
.

,
,
.
, ,
, . ,

(), .
1
.


.
Kelvin ( 0,3 0,0015 ).

.

, ,
(cooperative) , ..
.
Langevin
-

.

65

,
.
,

.

Weiss
, 1907 Weiss
.
,
.

.

,
, Weiss 1907.
Weiss
Weiss
Curie Weiss
=

C
T-

.
Curie TC
Curie Weiss ,
TC. Weiss

TC, TC
,
. HW
,
( )
.

.
,
,
.

66

Weiss. Langevin

= mL()
= 0mH/kT L() Langevin.
. 6.1 = NmL() .
Weiss ,
= HW/, .
H , = 0mHw/kT,
= HW/, HW
,
M=

Hw
kT 1

0m

. 6.1 .
= NmL()

.

6.1
, ,
, Hw
Mspont, ,
.

67

. H = HW,

0 mH W 0 m

kT
kT

kT
=

0 m
,
. , ,

Langevin ,
Mspont.
,
Langevin ,
. . 6.1.
Curie C
,
.
T = TC, . 6.2,

(second order transition) .

6.2
Curie
, Langevin (
1
m), ,
3

68

kTC
1
m
0 m 3

TC =

0 m 2
3k

Curie. , , ,

.
, Curie,
Weiss

3kTC
0 m 2

HW = = m =

3kTC
0m

,
,
.

, . 6.2.
.
, Langevin
Brillouin,
J. ,

3kTC
2
0 m eff

Curie
TC =
meff = g

J(J 1) .

2
0 m eff
3k

69

6.3
. 6.3
/0 ( 0 )
/C Fe, Co Ni ,
Langevin ( ()),
Brillouin J = 1 (b) J = (c). Weiss
J = 1/2.
Weiss
1928 Heisenberg

(many-body problem).
,

.

,
.
(exchange integral)
.

Pauli.
, .
,
Coulomb. , ,

Coulomb. ,

Coulomb .

Coulomb .

70
1 ,
Coulomb
U=

e2
4 0 r

(1,6x10 -19 ) 2
J 2,1x10 -18 J 1,4x10 5 K
10
10
(1,1x10 )(1x10 )

105
.
, ,
.
.
He

He ( ),
1s 2s, ,
, . 6.4. (
1s2,
).

,

= 1 + 2 + 12
1 2
Coulomb
12 Coulomb

2s

1s

parallel

antiparallel
6.4

71

1 =

2 =

2me
2

2me

12 =

12 -

Ze2
4 0 r1

22 -

Ze2
4 0 r2

e2
4 0 r12

r12 .
Schrdinger
.


Pauli.
( )

.
, .
.
,

.

.
,
( )
.
He,

(r1,r2) =

1
2

[1s(r1)2s(r2) +2s(r1)1s(r2)]

1s 2s 1s 2s , r1 r2
1 2 1/ 2
(). , ,
(
) .
,
(r1,r2) =

1
2

[1s(r1)2s(r2) - 2s(r1)1s(r2)]

72

. bra ket,

= (r1 , r2 ) H (r1 , r2 )
=

1
[1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) 2s (r1 )1s (r2 )] (H1 H 2 H12 ) [1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) 2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) =
2

1
[ 1s (r1 ) H1 1s (r1 ) 2s (r1 ) H1 2s (r1 )
2
1s (r2 ) 2 1s (r2 ) 2s (r2 ) 2 2s (r2 )
1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) H12 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 )
2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) H12 2s (r1 )1s (r2 )
1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) H12 2s (r1 )1s (r2 )
2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) H12 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) ]
E1 E 2 K J
+ ,
.
2J ( J ,
) .
J ,
.

1 = 1s (r1 ) H1 1s (r1 ) 1s (r2 ) H 2 1s (r2 )
2 = 2s (r1 ) H1 2s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) H 2 2s (r2 )
= 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) H12 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) =
= 2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) H12 2s (r1 )1s (r2 )

J = 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 ) H12 2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) =

= 2s (r1 )1s (r2 ) H12 1s (r1 ) 2s (r2 )
1 2
1s 2s ,
Coulomb 1s2 22s J
(exchange interaction)
. 1928
Heisenberg,
.

73
,
,
,
,
. ,
.

, Fe 1000
.

.
,

. ,
, 1 .
Curie Kelvin,

.
He
. ,
,
Pauli.
,
, ,
, .

s1s2 .
Schrdinger Heis= -2 J12s1 s 2
( Heisenberg), J12 . J12>
().
, J12 = 0.
.
,
( ) .
Pauli
Coulomb).
, .
( )
Weiss ,
Langevin
,
.
,
.

, .

74
:
.
Weiss ,
.
.

( ),
, Pauli.
,
,
Hund .
, .
,
(
) .
.
Pauli

.
\ W.
O Stoner
,
,

, .
( ),

2 D(E F ) 1 ( Stoner)

. ( W)
Fermi D(EF).
Cu Zn Stoner.
. 6.5 Fermi
Fe, Ni Co,
. Fermi ,
3d 4s.


Fermi.
(rigid band model)
.

75

6.5
3d 4s,
3d 4s. , Ni 10
, 9,46 3d 0,54
4s. 4s Fermi.
, 4s
,

. , 3d
Fermi.
Fermi ,
.

3d
.
,

. Fermi
3d

.
Pauli
.


.

76

6.6
. 6.6 4s 3d.
4s,
3d. Ni ,
, 3d 5 ,
0,54 . , Ni MS =
0,54 N , Ni .

.
Cu Zn . Cu Fermi
3d. 3d 4s
,
. Zn
.
, Mn, Cr, .,
. ,
, .
Cr, Mn ,
, .
Slater Pauling

Slater Pauling.
1930 Slater Pauling
o
3d 4s
.
Cr Fe
,
Ni Cu.

Fe, Co Ni, Fe
Co, Co Ni Ni Cu. Pauling
. 6.7. .

77

6.7
.
(),

.

(
) ,
.

. ,
.

, Weiss Curie
Curie. (
) ,
.
,
.
,
,
. , ,
f,

. , Ni3Al ,
.
, .
, NdFe14B ,
,
.

78

density functional theory (DFT).
,
.
,
, .


.
, Pauli
Coulomb,
x, y z 3xN .
DTF ,

. ,

(

).

79

WEISS
,
Weiss,
.

Weiss
,
. , ( ),
,
.
Weiss
Weiss
. , , ,
.
. Francis Bitter 1931.
,
, Fe3O4.
Weiss,
. Weiss
. . 7.1
Bitter 1931.
16 .

7.1
, Weiss

.
. Bitter

80
Weiss .
,
.
,

.
Weiss
. ,
,
( Kerr).
. ,

.
1950. . 7.2
, Weiss
(silicon iron), , (a)
( Weiss), (b) ( Weiss)
(c).

7.2
Bitter,
Weiss .


Weiss .

Weiss 25 100 m. Weiss

(magnetic force microscope). ,
.
.
Weiss

(exchange interaction),
, ,
. ,

, Weiss.

81
,

. Weiss
.
:
1) (magnetostatic energy),
Weiss
2) (magnetocrystalline energy)
3) (magnetostrictive energy).

,
Weis,
, . 7.3().
,
.
d.
,
, ..
.

Weiss, . 7.3(). ,
,
.
Weiss,
,
, Bitter
Weiss..

Weiss,
. . 7.3().

7.3
, Weiss,
. 7.3() ,
.

82

,
.

(,

)
,
.7.4. ,
.
.

7.4.
Fe,
(bcc body centered cubic),
{100} ,
{111}. {110} , .
7.5.

7.5

83
, (fcc
face centered cubic) {100} ,
{111} .
Co,
(hcp hexagonal close packed) c, {0001}
.
.

: (exchange interaction),

H = -2 Jij si .s j
ij

si s j ri rj ,

J ij . ,
, .

, ,
,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
, .

.
,
,

.
,

.
, . 7.6,
, Coulomb,
. ,
, ,
.


. ,
, ,
.

84
. 7.4,
.

7.6
,
Weiss,
.
, .. Weiss . 7.3
{100} . ,
,
Weiss . 7.3()
.
Weiss . 7.3()
(domains of closure) ,
.
Weiss ,
, .

Weiss.

. , ,
Weiss
.

, .
(magnetostriction).
,
,
,
.
,
.
Weiss
.

. 7.7.

85
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
Weiss.

7.7

Weiss
, Weiss
, . 7.8.
Weiss
.
Weiss
,
Weiss. ,
Weiss Weiss

7.8
,
.
Weiss, . 7.9. Weiss

86

7.9
, ,
,
.
Weiss
(Domain walls Bloch walls)
Weiss
Bloch. 10 m

900, 1800 .
.

.
) ,
, .
,
,
.
) ,

7.10

. ,

87

Weiss,

. ,
.

7.11
,
.
. 7.10
.
900, . 7.11.
,
450 ,
.

7.12
, Nel,
. 7.12.
Nel
,
,. Nel
,
, ,
.


Weiss

88
.
. 7.13
,
Weiss .
( . 7.13)
. Weiss

7.13
. ,
Weiss,

Weiss.
Weiss.
,
.
.
,
.
. Weiss
,
Weiss, .
7.14.
. ,
.
.

. 7.15.

. 7.16.
, Weiss
() Weiss,
(),
. Weiss
.

89

7.14

7.15.

7.16
Weiss ,
.
,
.
,

90
. Barkhausen.
1919
Weiss. . 7.17
,
Barkhausen.

7.17.
, ,
,
Weiss,
,
.

..
,
.
,


. ,

Weiss, .
Weiss,
.
Weiss ,
. ,


,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.

91
. ,
,
, .

.

.
,
.