Chapter#1 Introduction

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION In our daily life we use different forms of soap. We cant imagine a single day without the use of soap. It is an essential part of cleanliness in our civilized society. Soap is an important surface-active agent and it is chemically the alkaline metal salt of long-chain fatty acids. Fatty acid + base soap + water The most common used fat or oils for production of soap through saponification reactions are animal tallow, coconut oil, palm oil, kernel oil and linseed oil. 1.1 WHAT IS MEDICATED SOAP? Medicated soap have the germicidal substance like, Triclosan, trichlocarbon etc. are incorporated into them, in order to enhance their antibacterial activity. These germicide substance are normally added in a specified amount and percentage of the substance used are always stated on the soap case or inside the lesflet which certain the information on how to use the soap for various purposes. 1.2 HOW DOES ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP WORKS? Antibacterial soaps contain a special ingredient to kill or control the growth of germs. When washing with an antibacterial soap, more than 99% of the germs that have been picked up on the hands are typically eliminated. In contrast, washing with plain soap initially removes fewer germs through friction, but the germs left on the hands can quickly regrow, increase in number and spread from person to person. 1.3 WHAT KINDS OF GERMS DO ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP KILL? Antibacterial soaps kill or inhibit bacteria that cause skin infections, food poisoning, intestinal illnesses and other commonly transmitted diseases, such as E. coli, Staphylococci, Salmonella, etc. Their effectiveness can depend on the antibacterial ingredient concentration, the product formulation and its contact time on the skin. It is also important to follow the product label directions.

Chapter#1 Introduction

1.4 HOW DO ANTIBACTERIAL SOAPS WORK? Antibacterial soaps are categorized as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and they are regulated in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). This requires that they demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. Scientists use standard approved clinical and laboratory tests to evaluate the effectiveness of antibacterial soaps. Antibacterial hand washes have been shown to reduce the numbers of germs on the skin to a greater extent than washing with plain soap. 1.5 DESIGN An antibacterial soap is designed to safely kill germs and cleanse the skin. The formulator must therefore consider the types of organisms the product should be effective against and how much time is required for the product to work. The formulator must also consider factors related to cleansing such as foam quality, speed of foaming, rinsability, and skin feels, to name a few. In addition, the product's aesthetic qualities (how it looks and smells) must also be evaluated. The chemist formulating such products must address all of these factors. The chemist must design the formula, (a recipe which identifies the ingredients and the quantities used), the manufacturing procedure (which instructs how to make the product), and the product specifications (which describe the quality of the finished soap.) 1.6 WHO CURRENTLY USES THEM

Consumers looking for additional protection before preparing and eating meals, after using the bathroom or diapering a child, after playing with a pet or when caring for the sick may want to use an antibacterial soap.

Because of the extra protection that antibacterial soaps provide, many restaurants and hospitals require their employees to wash with antibacterial soap.

Chapter#1 Introduction

1.7 MEDICAL RELEVANCE OF ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP Antibacterial soap is any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals kill bacteria and microbes, but are no more effective at deactivating viruses than any other kind of soap or detergent, and they also kill nonpathogenic bacteria. Ingredients: Most liquid hand and body soaps contain antibacterial chemicals. Triclosan is a common ingredient. Since there is a great variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not ensure that it is effective against unrelated types. These are generally only contained at preservative levels unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal. Triclosan, Triclocarban/Trichlorocarbamide and PCMX/Chloroxylenol are commonly used for antibacterial and deodorant effect in consumer products. Some soap contains tetra sodium EDTA which is a chelating agent that sequesters metals that the bacteria require in order to grow. Other microbes also require metals and so it is actually an anti-microbial agent that is widely used even as a preservative. It appears to be fairly harmless in the environment.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 HISTORY Antibacterial soaps were originally marketed as deodorant soaps to control body odor caused by the action of bacteria on perspiration. These products, sold in bar form, gained popularity in the 1950s under such well-recognized brand names as Dial and Lifebouy. While many of these bar soaps are still available today, liquid antibacterial soaps used for disinfecting hands are becoming increasingly more popular. Major brands include Lever's Caress, Dove's Liquid and Proctor and Gamble's Oil of Olay liquid. In addition to these products intended for consumer use, other antibacterial cleansers are available for use by health care professionals. Such specialty products include surgical scrubs, wound disinfectants, and wound cleansers. In the United States, all soaps that make antibacterial claims are classified as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs because they are sold to kill germs. This designation means they can be purchased without a prescription as long as they adhere to guidelines set forth by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These guidelines are established in a document known as a monograph which specifies which active ingredients can be used, the claims that can be made, and so forth. As of 1998, the FDA has not issued a final monograph on antibacterial soaps, but over the last 25 years they have published a series of Tentative Final Monographs (TFMs). The first proposed monograph, published in 1974, officially defined an antibacterial cleanser as a soap containing an active ingredient with invivo and invitro activity against skin organisms. It also suggested that antibacterial cleansers be grouped into the following seven categories: antimicrobial soaps, health-care personal hand washes, patient preoperative skin preparations, skin antiseptics, skin wound cleansers, skin wound protectants, and surgical scrub hand soaps. In 1978 the agency issued a TFM which began formal adoption of the definition and of the categories proposed in 1974. This tentative monograph allowed products to use terms like deodorancy and reduction of body odor.

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However, this version of the monograph was never finalized, and in 1991 the FDA issued another TFM with different rules. The 1991 TFM separated first aid antiseptics into a different category, which included skin antiseptics, wound cleansers, and wound protectants. Later monographs placed consumer and professional products into separate categories. Then, in a surprising move in 1994, the agency reversed the earlier tentative monographs that had recognized antibacterial cleansers specifically for consumers. The 1994 TFM does not directly allow antimicrobial soaps for home use. While it does not disallow these products, it does not set up separate rules for them. Therefore, consumer products must use the same active ingredients as professional health care products. More importantly, they are limited to the same types of claims that professional products can make. This is problematic because consumer products have different requirements than medical products. For example, deodorant soaps are intended to control body odor while professional surgical scrub products are not. On the other hand, professional products must be safe enough to use up to 50 times per day, whereas consumer products are typically not used more than two or three times per day. For these reasons and others, many soap manufacturers believe that consumer and professional products should be regulated separately. The FDA, however, tends to disagree. The regulatory status of antibacterial soaps is still tentative; the monograph has not been finalized and industry experts do not expect it to be ready until after the year 2000. Today, annual sales of antimicrobial products in the United States have reached $600 million. However, the many antibacterial deodorant bar soaps for controlling body odor have largely been replaced by antiperspirants/deodorants. The growth in the antibacterial soap market has come primarily from the increased sales of liquid hand cleansers.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAPS These are the following different types of soaps from different raw materials: 1. Triclosan Soap 2. Trichlocarbon Soap 3. Neem Soap 4. Lemon Soap 5. Aloe Vera Soap 3.1 TRICLOSAN SOAP 3.1.1 COMPOSITION

Triclosan Tea Tree Oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Allantoin Sodium chloride Glycerin

20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g

3.1.2 PREPARATION

The boiling process was used during the soap preparation. 20g of the oil mixture (tea tree oil) was place in the 500cm3 beaker and add 20g of triclosan, 10g of allantoin, 10g of glycerin and vitamin-E capsule in it. 5g of zinc oxide in 20g of water was added to the mixture in the beaker. The mixture was heated for an hour in a water bath, maintaining the temperature in the range of 80 - 900C with frequent stirring at a time intervals. Little distilled was water was added occasionally to prevent the content of the flask from becoming solid due to evaporation of water during heating.

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After the one hour of heating, 100cm3 of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added to the hot mixture and let to cool. The addition of the salt solution throws the soap out of solution (salting out). The soap float on the surface of the solution; it was filtered and place in the mould to dry. 3.1.3 USES Triclosan Medicated Soap cleans & controls excess sebum & bacteria which cause acne. Its contents like Triclosan & Tea tree oil are antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. Allantoin moisturizing and keratolytic effect increases the water content of the extra cellular matrix enhancing the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, increasing the smoothness of the skin. 3.2 TRICHLOCARBON SOAP 3.2.1 COMPOSITION

Trichlocarban Tea Tree Oil BP Vitamin- E IP Zinc Oxide IP Allantoin BP Sodium chloride Glycerin

20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g

3.2.2 PREPARATION The boiling process was used during the soap preparation. 20g of the oil mixture (tea tree oil) was place in the 500cm3 beaker and add 20g of trichlocarbon, 10g of allantoin, 10g of glycerin and vitamin-E capsule in it. 5g of zinc oxide in 20g of water was added to the mixture in the beaker. The mixture was heated for an hour in a water bath, maintaining the temperature in the range of 80 - 900C with frequent stirring at a time intervals. Little distilled was water was added occasionally to prevent the content of the flask from becoming solid due to evaporation of water during heating.

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After the one hour of heating, 100cm3 of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added to the hot mixture and let to cool. The addition of the salt solution throws the soap out of solution (salting out). The soap float on the surface of the solution; it was filtered and place in the mould to dry. 3.2.3 USES Trichlocarban Medicated Soap cleans & controls excess sebum & bacteria which cause acne. Its contents like Trichlocarban & Tea tree oil are antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. Glycerins moisturizing and keratolytic effect, increases the water content of the extra cellular matrix enhancing the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, increasing the smoothness of the skin. 3.3 ALOE VERA SOAP 3.3.1 COMPOSITION Triclosan Olive oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Aloe Vera extracts Sodium chloride Glycerin 20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g

3.3.2 PREPARATION The boiling process was used during the soap preparation. 20g of the oil mixture was place in the 500cm3 beaker and add 20g of triclosan, 10g of aloe vera extracts,10g of glycerin and vitamin-E capsule in it. 5g of zinc oxide in 20g of water was added to the mixture in the beaker. The mixture was heated for an hour in a water bath, maintaining the temperature in the range of 80 - 900C with frequent stirring at a time intervals. Little distilled was

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water was added occasionally to prevent the content of the flask from becoming solid due to evaporation of water during heating. After the one hour of heating, 100cm3 of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added to the hot mixture and let to cool. The addition of the salt solution throws the soap out of solution (salting out). The soap float on the surface of the solution; it was filtered and place in the mould to dry. 3.3.3 USES Aloe Vera Medicated Soap has natural moisturizing factor (NFM) ingredients which moisturize your skin up to deep layer of the skin. Its contents have natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing & vitamin properties which provide natural neutrinos & moisturizers required by your skin. 3.4 NEEM SOAP 3.4.1 COMPOSITION

Trichlocarbon Coconut Oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Neem extract Sodium chloride Glycerin

20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g

3.4.2 PREPARATION The boiling process was used during the soap preparation. 20g of the oil mixture was place in the 500cm3 beaker and add 20g of trichlocarbon, 10g of neem extract, 10g of glycerin and vitamin-E capsule in it. 5g of zinc oxide in 20g of water was added to the mixture in the beaker. The mixture was heated for an hour in a water bath, maintaining the temperature in the range of 80 - 900C with frequent stirring at a time intervals. Little distilled was

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water was added occasionally to prevent the content of the flask from becoming solid due to evaporation of water during heating. After the one hour of heating, 100cm3 of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added to the hot mixture and let to cool. The addition of the salt solution throws the soap out of solution (salting out). The soap float on the surface of the solution; it was filtered and place in the mould to dry. 3.4.3 USES Neem Medicated Soap is pure herbal skin remedy therapy. Neem Soap has a natural antiseptic & antibacterial property like Neem extract. Glycerins moisturizing and keratolytic effect, increases the water content of the extra cellular matrix enhancing the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, increasing the smoothness of the skin. 3.5 LEMON SOAP 3.5.1 COMPOSITION

Trichlocarbon caster Oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Lemon extract Sodium chloride Glycerin

20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g

3.5.2 PREPARATION The boiling process was used during the soap preparation. 20g of the oil mixture was place in the 500cm3 beaker and add 20g of trichlocarbon, 10g of lemon extract, 10g of glycerin and vitamin-E capsule in it. 5g of zinc oxide in 20g of water was added to the mixture in the beaker.

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The mixture was heated for an hour in a water bath, maintaining the temperature in the range of 80 - 900C with frequent stirring at a time intervals. Little distilled was water was added occasionally to prevent the content of the flask from becoming solid due to evaporation of water during heating. After the one hour of heating, 100cm3 of a saturated solution of sodium chloride was added to the hot mixture and let to cool. The addition of the salt solution throws the soap out of solution (salting out). The soap float on the surface of the solution; it was filtered and place in the mould to dry. 3.5.3 USES Lemon Medicated Soap has natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, moisturizing & vitamin properties which provide natural neutrinos & moisturizers required by your skin. Glycerins moisturizing and keratolytic effect, increases the water content of the extra cellular matrix enhancing the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, increasing the smoothness of the skin.

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Chapter#3

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 MEDICATED SOAP ANALYSIS 4.1 DETERMINATION OF SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Standard analyses are carried out on the soap. The following tests were carried out on the soap produced. i. pH ii. Moisture Content iii. Total Fatty Matter iv. Free Alkalinity/Acidity v. Foam Height vi. Alcohol insolubility vii. Microbial Effect 4.1.1 pH DETERMINATION The pH meter was calibrated using buffer solution of pH between 4.0 and 7.0, thereafter it was dipped directly into the sample while the reading was taken immediately. 4.1.2 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 10g of the sample was weighed and reweighed after open heating for about 30minutes. The difference in weight gives the moisture content which is expressed in percentage. 4.1.3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FATTY MATTER 5g of the sample was weighed into a beaker; 10ml of distilled water was added heated to dissolve, while 20ml of 2M H2SO4 was added to liberate fatty matter. It was cooked in a beaker and decanted leaving behind the fatty matter (extract) in the beaker. The extract was washed with distilled water till it is neutral to litmus paper. It

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Chapter#3

was then dissolved in 70ml hot neutral alcohol and titrated with 1M NaOH using phenolphthalein indicator. Total fatty matter (TFM) was then determined as FMV/W where F is the factor of the oil blended, M is the molarity of the base, V is the volume of the base used (titer value) and W is the weight of the sample. 4.1.4 DETERMINATION OF FREE ACID CONTENT 6g of the soap sample was dissolved in 70ml hot neutral alcohol and titrated against 2M H2SO4 using phenolphthalein indicator. The free alkali/acidity was calculated as 3.1.MV/W 4.1.5 FOAM HEIGHT 2g of the sample was dissolved in a one liter volumetric flask and made to mark with tap water, 50ml of the solution was introduce into a measuring cylinder such that it followed the walls of the column to avoid foaming. 200ml of the solution was taken in a conical flask and poured into a funnel, which was already clamped with the outlet closed. The measuring cylinder was then put directly beneath the funnel while the level (height) of the foam generated was read from the cylinder immediately the funnel outlet was opened. 4.1.6 ALCOHOL INSOLUBLE 5g of soap sample was dissolved in 50ml hot alcohol and quantitatively transferred unto already weighed filter paper; the residue was dried in oven at 1050C for 30minutes, cooled in a dessicator and weighed again. 4.1.7 ANTIFULGAL SENSITIVITY 0.1g/ml solution of the medicated soap produced was prepared together with the crude plant extract. Various dilutions (101, 102, 103, and 104) were also prepared for both the soap solution and the crude plant extract. The Saboraud Dextrose Agar (S.D.A) media was also prepared for 10 plates. About 20ml of the S.D.A was poured in each of the plates. The content in the plates were allowed to solidify after which, the fungi was placed in the plate (Pour plate method). Hole was made using 10mm diameter

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Chapter#3

cork borer inside which the soap solutions and plant extract prepared were poured. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured using millimeter ruler. The lager the diameter the more effective is the soap.

Types of Medicated Soap Chapter#4 Medicated Soap Analysis Chapter#5

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS 5.1 PERCENTAGE YIELD The yield is the amount of product obtained from a reaction. For many companies such as drug and food companies the purity of the product is even more important %age yield = actual mass obtained/calculated mass * 100 5.1.1 TRICLOSAN SOAP Weight of Reactants: Triclosan Tea Tree Oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Allantoin Sodium chloride Glycerin Total Weight 20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g 75g

Weight of Reactants = 75g Weight of Product = 65g

Percentage yield = Weight of Product / weight of Reactants * 100 %age Yield = 65/75*100 %age Yield = 86.67%

Types of Medicated Soap Chapter#4 Medicated Soap Analysis Chapter#5

5.1.2 TRICHLOCARBON SOAP Trichlocarban 20g

Tea Tree Oil BP Vitamin- E IP Zinc Oxide IP Allantoin BP Sodium chloride Glycerin Total Weight

20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g 75g

Weight of Reactants = 75g Weight of Product = 66g

Percentage yield = Weight of Product / weight of Reactants * 100 %age Yield = 66/75*100 %age Yield = 84.0%

5.1.3 ALOE VERA SOAP Triclosan 20g Olive oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Aloe Vera extracts Sodium chloride Glycerin Total Weight 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g 75g

Weight of Reactants = 75g

Types of Medicated Soap Chapter#4 Medicated Soap Analysis Chapter#5

Weight of Product = 67g

Percentage yield = Weight of Product / weight of Reactants * 100 %age Yield = 67/75*100 %age Yield = 89.0% 5.1.4 NEEM SOAP Trichlocarbon

20g 20g 1 capsule 5g 10g 10g 10g 75g

caster Oil Vitamin- E Zinc Oxide Lemon extract Sodium chloride Glycerin Total Weight

Weight of Product = 75g Weight of Product = 68g

Percentage yield = Weight of Product / weight of Reactants * 100 %age Yield = 68/75*100 %age Yield = 90.0%

5.1.5 LEMON SOAP Trichlocarbon

20g 20g 5g 10g 10g 10g

caster Oil Zinc Oxide Lemon extract Sodium chloride Glycerin

Types of Medicated Soap Chapter#4 Medicated Soap Analysis Chapter#5

Total Weight

75g

Weight of Reactants = 75g Weight of Product = 67g

Percentage yield = Weight of Product / weight of Reactants * 100 %age Yield = 67/75*100 %age Yield = 89.0%

Results & Calculations

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 ESTIMATED PRICE The Prices of chemicals use in the preparation of Medicated soaps are: 1g of Triclosan = 2.5 Rs 1g of trichlocarbon = 1.5 RS 1g of Zinc oxide = 0.3 Rs 1g of glycerin = 0.5 Rs 1g of Aloe Vera extract = 0.1 Rs 1g of caster oil = 0.1 Rs 1g of lemon extract = 1.0 Rs 1g of olive oil = 0.05 Rs 1g of tea tree oil =2.0 Rs 1g of neem extract = 1.0 Rs 1g of Sodium Chloride = 0.01 Rs Vitamin-E Capsule = 5 Rs/piece

6.1 ESTIMATED PRICE 1. Triclosan Soap = 110 Rs 2. Trichlocarbon Soap = 80 Rs 3. Neem Soap = 70 Rs 4. Aloe Vera Soap = 65 Rs 5. Lemon Soap = 55 Rs

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CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 REFRENCES Sharma, B.K. (2006). Industrial Chemistry, Fifteenth Edition. Pp. 1243 1245, 1249 Tewari, K.S, Vishnoi, N.K. and Methrotra, S.N. (1998), A Test Book of Organic Chemistry, Pp. 594 600 www.chemicalland21.com http://www.fightgermsnow.com http://www.wisegeek.com http://www.dailyglow.com www.cenresinpub.org

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 What is Medicated Soap?...............................................................................1 How does Antibacterial Soap work?..............................................................1 What kinds of germs do Antibacterial Soaps kill?.........................................1 How do antibacterial soaps work?.................................................................2 Design:...........................................................................................................2 Who currently uses them?..............................................................................2 Medical relevance of Antibacterial Soap:......................................................3

CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................4 2.0 HISTORY..........................................................................................................4 CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................6 3.0 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.3 3.3 3.3.1 TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAP:................................................................6 Triclosan Medicated Soap..............................................................................6 Composition:..............................................................................................6 Preparation:................................................................................................6 Uses:...........................................................................................................7 Trichlocarbon Medicated Soap:.....................................................................7 Composition:..............................................................................................7 Uses:...........................................................................................................8 Aloe Vera Medicated Soap............................................................................8 Composition:..............................................................................................8

3.2.2 Preparation:...................................................................................................7

3.3.2 Preparation:...................................................................................................8 3.3.3 Uses:...............................................................................................................9 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.2 Neem Medicated Soap...................................................................................9 Composition:..............................................................................................9 Preparation:................................................................................................9 Uses:.........................................................................................................10 Lemon Medicated Soap................................................................................10 Preparation:..............................................................................................10

3.5.1 Composition:..............................................................................................10

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3.5.3 4.0 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 5.0 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 6.0 6.1 7.0

Uses:...............................................................................................................................11 MEDICATED SOAP ANALYSIS...............................................................12 Determination of Some Physicochemical Characteristics...........................12 pH Determination.....................................................................................12 Determination of Moisture Content.........................................................12 Determination of Total Fatty Matter........................................................12 Determination of Free Acid Content........................................................13 Foam Height.............................................................................................13 Alcohol Insoluble.....................................................................................13 Antifulgal Sensitivity...............................................................................13 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS...........................................................14 Percentage Yield......................................................................................14 Triclosan Soap:.........................................................................................14 Trichlocarbon Soap:.................................................................................15 Aloe Vera Soap:.......................................................................................15 Neem Soap:..............................................................................................16 Lemon Soap:............................................................................................16 ESTIMATED PRICE...................................................................................18 Estimated Price:...........................................................................................18 REFERENCES.............................................................................................19

CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................12

CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................14

CHAPTER SIX.......................................................................................................18

CHAPTER SEVEN.................................................................................................19