MA TRN NGHCH O

1. Dng ma trn phn ph i s

* Cho Anxn c D=det(A) v Dij l nh thc con ca D b i hng i ct j
* Ma trn Anxn kh o det(A)0
A11

1 A21
-1
A =
det( A) M

An1

A1n
L A2 n
vi Aij=(-1)i+jDij
M
M

L Ann

A12 L
A22
M
An 2

1 2
V d: Cho ma trn A = 0 - 2
2 0
Gii
1 2 3 1
* Tnh det( A) = 0 - 2 m = 0
2 0 4 0

3
m . Tnh A-1
4
2

-2

m =

-4 -2

-2

-4 -2

= 4m + 4

* Nu m= -1 th det(A)=0 khng tn ti A-1

* Nu m -1 th det(A) 0 A-1 tn ti, nn ta tnh cc phn ph i s Aij
-2 m
0 m
0 -2
A11 =
= -8
A12 = = 2m
A13 =
=4
0 4
2 4
2 0
A21 = A31 =

2 3
0 4

= -8

-2 m

A22 =

= 2m + 6

1 3
2 4

A32 = -

= -2
3

0 m

A23 = -

= -m

A33 =

1 2
2 0
2

0 -2

=4
= -2

2m 4
-8
- 8 - 8 2m + 6
1
1

-1
A =
-8
-2 4 =
2m - 2
- m (m -1)

4m + 4
4m + 4
2m + 6 - m - 2
4
4
- 2
T

-2
m +1

m
-1
A =
2(m + 1)
1

m + 1

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

-2
m +1
-1
2(m + 1)
1
m +1

m+3
2(m + 1)
-m
4(m + 1)
-1

2(m + 1)

2. Dng php bin i s cp

Nu det(A)0 ta tnh A-1 bng cc rt gn ma trn [Anxn : In ] [ In : A-1] vi I l ma trn n v.
1 3 2 1
0 1 - 1 - 1
. Tnh A-1
V d Cho A =
0 0 1
3

0 0 0 1
Gii
* V A l ma trn tam gic trn nn det(A)=10 tn ti A-1
* Ta tm A-1 bng rt gn theo dng ma trn [A:I] sao cho A thnh I th I thnh A-1
1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 5
4 1 - 3 0 0

0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0

[A : I]=
h1 h1 - 3h 2
0 0 1
0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 5
1 0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0
4 1 - 3 0 0

0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 h 2 h 2 + h 3 0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0

0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0 h1 h1 - 5h3 0 0 1 3 0 0
1 0

0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 0 1 - 3 - 5 11
0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0
h3 h3 - 3 + h 4

1 0 2 0 1
1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1
1 - 2

h 2 h 2 - 2h 4
=[I : A-1]
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 3 0 0
1 0
1 - 3
h1 h1 + 11h 4

0 0 1 0 0
0 1
0
1
0 0 0 1 0 0
1 - 3 - 5 11
0 1
1 - 2
-1

A =
0 0
1 - 3

0
1
0 0
Ta c th rt gn ma trn bng cch nhn ma trn Cj nh sau:
Xt ma trn A=[aij]. rt gn ct j ca ma trn A thnh ct j ca ma trn n v ta dng ma trn Cj
l ma trn n v v ta thay ct j bng ct j ca A chia cho phn t tr l ajj 0 tr ajj, sau i du
cc phn t trn ct j khc v tr hng j, ct j: (C j ) kj = ct j

Cj =

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

...

...

...

...

...

....

a1 j
a ij
a2 j
a ij
a3 j

a ij
M
1
a jj
M
a n -1 j

a jj
a nj
a jj

...

...

...

...

...

...

akj
a jj

khi k j v (C j ) jj =

1
a jj

V d

1
0
Cho A =
0

1
1 - 1 - 1
. Tnh A-1
0 1
3

0 0 1
3

Gii
* Ct 1 ca A l ct 1 ca ma trn n v, nn khng cn rt gn.
1 - 3 0 0
0 1 0 0
ta c:
* Rt gn ct 2, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C2 =
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
C2
[A:I]
[ A1 : I1 ]
4 1 - 3 0 0
1 - 3 0 0 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5
0 1 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 - 5 0
0 1 1 0
ta c:
* Rt gn ct 3, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C3 =
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
C3
[ A1 : I1 ]
[ A2 : I2 ]

4 1 -3 0 0
1 0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0
1 0 - 5 0 1 0 5

0 1 1 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 1
1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0
1 0

0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 11
0 1 0 - 2
ta c:
* Rt gn ct 4, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C4 =
0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1
C4
[ A1 : I1 ]
[ A2 : I2 ]
1 0 0 11 1 0 0 4 1 - 3 - 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 3 - 5 11

0 1 0 - 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 - 2

0 0 1 - 3 0 0 1 3 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 - 3

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0
1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

3. Dng nh l Haminton-Cayley
a) a thc c trng ca ma trn Anxn=[aij] l: f ( x) = det( xI - A)
Tng qut: Tnh a thc c trng ca ma trn A l f(x) bng cng thc Bocher nh sau:
t Sp= tr(Ap) vi tr(Ap) = tng phn t trn ng cho chnh ca Ap
n

Tnh a1= -S1= -

kk

k =1

1
a2 = - (a1S1 + S 2 )
2
1
a3 = - (a2 S1 + a1S 2 + S3 )
3

1
an = - (an -1S1 + an - 2 S 2 + ... + a1S n -1 + S n )
n
a thc c trng ca A: f(x)= xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + + an-1x + an

Trng hp ring
x-a
b
a b
Nu A2x2=
th f(x) =
= x 2 - (a + d ) x + ad - bc

c
x-d
c d
2
f(x) = x -tr(A)x + det(A)
x - a1
b1
c1
a1 b1 c1

x - b2
c2
Nu A3x3= a2 b2 c2 th f ( x) = a2
a3 b3 c3
a3
b3
x - c3
a
f ( x) = x 3 - tr ( A) x 2 + 1
a2

b1
b2

a1

c1

a3

c3

b2
b3

c2
x - det( A)
c3

(3 nh thc cp 2 theo ng cho A)

2 - 1 0
V d Tnh a thc c trng ca A = 1 0 3
3 4 5
2 - 1 0
* Tnh Sp: A = 1 0 3 S1= tr(A)=2+0+5= 7
3 4 5
3
A = 11
25
- 5
3
A = 78
178
2

- 2 - 3
11 15 S2=tr(A2)=3+11+37= 51
17 37
- 15 - 21
49 108 S3 =tr(A3)=-5+49+236= 280
123 236

1
* Tnh h s ai: a1= -S1= -7 a2= - (a1S1 + S 2 ) = -1
2
3
a thc c trng ca A l: f(x)= x -7x2 x +28

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

1
a3= - (a 2 S1 + a1 S 2 + S 3 ) = 28
3

b) nh l Cayley-Hamilton
Nu f(x) l a thc c trng ca ma trn vung A th f(A)=0
Gi s cho A kh o (det(A)0) c a thc c trng f(x)= xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 ++ an-1x + an th
An + a1An-1 + a2An-2 ++ an-1A + an= O v an=(-1)ndet(A) 0, ta nhn 2 v cho A-1 c:
1 n -1
-1
n-2
n-3
An-1 + a1An-2 + a2An-3 ++ an-1I + anA-1 = O A = - ( A + a1 A + a2 A + ... + an -1I )
an
1
0
V d Tm ma trn nghch o ca A =
0

0
Gii

1
1 - 1 - 1
0 1
3

0 0 1
3

* det(A)=10 nn tn ti A-1
* Tnh a thc c trng ca A: f(x)=

x -1

-3

-2

-1

x -1

x -1

-3

x -1

f(x) = x -4x +6x -4x +1

* Tnh A-1 : A-1 = -( A3 - 4 A2 + 6 A - 4 I )
5 1
1 9 - 3 3
1 6 1
0 1 - 3 - 12
0 1 - 2 - 5 0
+ 4
- 6
A-1 = -
0 0 1
0 0 1
9
6 0

1
1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 - 3 - 5 11
0 1
1 - 2
A-1 =
0 0
1 - 3

0
1
0 0
4

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

= ( x - 1) 4

3 2 1
1

0
1 - 1 - 1
+ 4
0
0 1
3

0 0 1
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0

4. Dng ma trn khi

Gi s ma trn Enxn kh o (det(E)0) vi n4, ta tm ma trn nghch o E-1 nh sau:
A B
u tin ta chia E thnh ma trn khi E =
vi Amxm, Dkxk ; m+k=n v A kh o.
C D
K L
Tip theo, ta tm E-1 di dng E -1 =
trong K, N l ma trn vung c cp m, k
M N

K
E -1.E = I n
M

L A B I m
.
=
N C D O

KA + LC = I m
MA + NC = O
O

Ik
KB + LD = O
MB + ND = I k

(1)
( 2)
(3)
(4)

(I )

K = A-1
K = A-1
KA = I m

MA = O

M = O
M = O
(i) Nu C=O th h (I) cho:
-1

-1
-1
KB + LD = O
A B + LD = O L = - A BD
MB + ND = I k
ND = I
N = D -1
k

(ii) Nu B=O th h (I) cho: K = A -1 ; M = - D -1CA -1 ; L = O ; N = D -1

nhn A-1 v D-1 hai bn B
-1

-1

A-1 - A-1BD -1
A B
=

O D
D -1

A-1
O
A O
=

C D
-1
-1
D -1

- D CA
- nhn D-1 v A-1 hai bn C

p dng:
1
0
V d: Tnh ma trn nghch o ca ma trn tam gic trn E =
0

0
-1
* det(E)=1 tn ti E
1 3 2 1
0 1 - 1 - 1

* Ta chia thnh ma trn khi nh sau: E =

0 0 1
3

0 0 0 1
1 3
2 1
1 3
A=
B=
C = O v D =

0 1
- 1 - 1
0 1
1 - 3 -1 1 - 3
A-1 =
D = 0 1
0 1

-1
-1
-1
A
- A BD 0
E -1 =
=

D -1 0
O

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

- 5 11
v - A-1BD -1 =

1 - 2
- 3 - 5 11
1
1 - 2
0
1 - 3

0
0
1

1
1 - 1 - 1
0 1
3

0 0 1
3

1 0 0 0
4 2 0 0

V d:Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn tam gic di: E =

3 1 - 1 0

2 1 3 1
* det(E)= -2 nn tn ti E-1
1 0
3 1
- 1 0
1 0 0 0
A=
B=O
C=
v D =

4 2 0 0
4 2
2 1
3 1

* E=
3 1 - 1 0
0
1
- 1 0
1 0,5
A-1 =
D -1 =
v - D -1CA-1 =

2 1 3 1
- 2 0,5
3 1
- 3 - 2
0
0 0
1

-1
A
O - 2 0,5 0 0
-1
E =
=
-1
-1
D -1 1 0,5 - 1 0
- D CA

- 3 - 2 3 1

(iii) Trng hp tng qut B v C khc O th:

A B A - BD -1C
* Phn tch
=
O
C D
-1

I
A B
= -m1
* Dng kt qu:

C D
D C

B Im
-1
D D C

O
(tch 2 ma trn tam gic)
I k

-1

O A - BD -1C
.
I k
O

-1

1 1 1 - 3
0 1 0 0

V d: Tnh ma trn nghch o ca E =

1 1 2 - 3

2 2 4 5
* Phn tch E=E1E2 vi E1, E2 l 2 ma trn tam gic:
0,5 0,5
0,5 0,5
D -1C =
; A - BD -1C =

0
1
0
0

A - BD -1C
E1 =
O

1 - 3
2 - 1

0 1
0 0
-1
E1 =
0 0
2 - 3

4 5
0 0
0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0
E2-1 =
- 0,5 - 0,5 1
0

1
0
0
0

0,5 0,5

1
B 0
=
0
0
D

0
0

0 0
1

O
0
1 0
I
E2 = -21
=

D C I 2 0,5 0,5 1

0 0
0
0
0 0 2 - 1
1

0
1
0 0 0 1
* E -1 = E2-1E1-1 =
.
- 0,5 - 0,5 1 0 0 0

0
0 1 0 0
0

DATADA HNL Tp HCM

-17
11

0
5
22
-2
11

2 -1

0 0 1
=
3
- 1 0
22

1
0
11
0
3
11

0
3
22
1
11

-17
11

3
11

0
5
22
-2
11

0
0
0

1
-17
11

0
1
-2
11

0
0
1
11
3
11