Problems 6 Circuit Wiley

5/17/13
Problems
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Problems Section 6.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier
P 6.3-1 Determine the value of voltage measured by the voltmeter in Figure P 6.3-1.
FIGURE P 6.3-1 Answer:
P 6.3-2 Find
and
for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-2.
FIGURE P 6.3-2
P 6.3-3 Find
and
FIGURE P 6.3-3
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Problems
Answer: and
P 6.3-4 Find v and i for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-4.
FIGURE P 6.3-4
P 6.3-5 Find
and
FIGURE P 6.3-5 Answer: and
P 6.3-6 Determine the value of voltage measured by the voltmeter in Figure P 6.3-6.
FIGURE P 6.3-6 Answer: 7.5 V
P 6.3-7 Find
and
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FIGURE P 6.3-7
P 6.3-8 Determine the current
for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-8.
P 6.3-9 Determine the voltage
P 6.3-10
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-10 has one input, , and one output, . Show that the output is .
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proportional to the input. Design the circuit so that the gain is
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Problems
FIGURE P 6.3-10
P 6.3-11
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-11 has one input, is proportional to the input. Design the circuit so that , and one output, . . Show that the output
FIGURE P 6.3-11
P 6.3-12
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-12 is the voltage . The output is the voltage . The output is related to the input by the equation where m and b are constants. Determine the values of m and b.
FIGURE P 6.3-12
P 6.3-13
The output of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-13 is . Determine the value of (a) the resistance R , (b) the power supplied be each independent source, and (c) the power, supplied by the op amp.
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FIGURE P 6.3-13
P 6.3-14
Determine the node voltages at nodes a, b, c, and d of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-14.
FIGURE P 6.3-14
P 6.3-15
Determine the node voltages at nodes a, b, c, and d of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-15.
FIGURE P 6.3-15 Section 6.4 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers
P 6.4-1 Determine the node voltages for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-1.
FIGURE P 6.4-1
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Problems
Answer: , , , , and
P 6.4-2 Find
and
FIGURE P 6.4-2 Answer: and
P 6.4-3 If
3 when
and .
, find
for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-
P 6.4-4 The output of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-4 is
. The inputs are the output as a function of the inputs and the resistor resistances.
and
. Express
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FIGURE P 6.4-4
P 6.4-5 The outputs of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-5 are
and . The inputs are Express the outputs as functions of the inputs and the resistor resistances.
and
FIGURE P 6.4-5
FIGURE P 6.4-6 Answer: , , and
P 6.4-7 Find
and
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FIGURE P 6.4-7
P 6.4-8 Find
and
FIGURE P 6.4-8
FIGURE P 6.4-9 Answer: , and

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P 6.4-10
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-10 includes a simple strain gauge. The resistor R changes its value by R when it is twisted or bent. Derive a relation for the voltage gain / and show that it is proportional to the fractional change in R , namely, R / .
FIGURE P 6.4-10 A strain gauge circuit. Answer:
P 6.4-11
Find for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-11.
FIGURE P 6.4-11
P 6.4-12
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-12 has one output, when resistance values to cause . , and two inputs, and . Show that . Specify , the output is proportional to the difference of the inputs,
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FIGURE P 6.4-12
P 6.4-13
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-13 has one output, , and one input, proportional to the input. Specify resistance values to cause . . Show that the output is
FIGURE P 6.4-13
P 6.4-14
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-14 has one input, is proportional to the input. Design the circuit so that , and one output, . . Show that the output
FIGURE P 6.4-14
P 6.4-15
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-15 has one input, , and one output, . The circuit contains
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seven resistors having equal resistance, R . Express the gain of the circuit, resistance R .
, in terms of the
FIGURE P 6.4-15
P 6.4-16
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-16 has one input, , in terms of the resistances , , , , and , and one output, . Express the gain, . Design the circuit so that / .
FIGURE P 6.4-16
P 6.4-17
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-17 has one input, circuit, , in terms of the resistances , , . , and one output, . Express the gain of the , , , and . Design the circuit so that
FIGURE P 6.4-17
P 6.4-18
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-18 has one input, , and one output, . Express the gain of the circuit, , in terms of the resistances , , , and . (This circuit contains a pair of resistors having resistance and another pair having resistance .) Design the circuit so that .
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Problems
FIGURE P 6.4-18
P 6.4-19
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-19 has one input, one unspecified resistance, R . (a) Express the gain of the circuit, , and one output, . The circuit contains
, in terms of the resistance R .
(b) Determine the range of values of the gain that can be obtained by specifying a value for the resistance R . (c) Design the circuit so that .
FIGURE P 6.4-19
P 6.4-20
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-20 has one input, one unspecified resistance, R . (a) Express the gain of the circuit, / , and one output, . The circuit contains
, in terms of the resistance R .
(b) Determine the range of values of the gain that can be obtained by specifying a value for the
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Problems
resistance R . (c) Design the circuit so that .
FIGURE P 6.4-20
P 6.4-21
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-21 has three inputs: . The output is related to the inputs by , , and . The output of the circuit is
where a, b, and c are constants. Determine the values of a, b, and c.
FIGURE P 6.4-21
P 6.4-22
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-22 has two inputs: and . The output of the circuit is .
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The output is related to the inputs by
where a and b are constants. Determine the values of a and b.
FIGURE P 6.4-22
P 6.4-23
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-23 is the voltage source voltage node voltage The output is related to the input by the equation called the gain of the circuit. Determine the value of the gain k . . The output is the is where
FIGURE P 6.4-23
P 6.4-24
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-24 is the voltage source voltage node voltage The output is related to the input by the equation constants. Determine the values of m and b. . The output is the where m and b are
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FIGURE P 6.4-24
P 6.4-25
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-25 is the node voltage voltage . The output is related to the input by the equation gain of the circuit. Determine the value of the gain k . The output is the node where is called the
FIGURE P 6.4-25
P 6.4-26
The values of the node voltages , and in Figure P 6.4-26 are and , Determine the value of the resistances , and . , ,
FIGURE P 6.4-26
P 6.4-27
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-27 is the voltage source voltage, node voltage, . The output is related to the input by the equation called the gain of the circuit. Determine the value of the gain k . . The output is the is where
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FIGURE P 6.4-27 Section 6.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers
P 6.5-1 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-1 so that
where
FIGURE P 6.5-1
where
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FIGURE P 6.5-2
FIGURE P 6.5-3
P 6.5-6 The voltage divider shown in Figure P 6.5-6 has a gain of
Design an operational amplifier circuit to implement the
resistor.
FIGURE P 6.5-6 A circuit with a negative resistor.

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FIGURE P 6.5-7
P 6.5-8 Design an operational amplifier circuit with output

input voltages.
, where
and
are
P 6.5-9 Determine the voltage
FIGURE P 6.5-9 Hint: Use superposition. Answer:
P 6.5-10
For the op amp circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-10, find and list all the possible voltage gains that can be achieved by connecting the resistor terminals to either the input or the output voltage terminals.
FIGURE P 6.5-10 Resistances in k.
P 6.5-11
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The circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-11 is called a Howland current source. It has one input, , and one output, . Show that when the resistances are chosen so that , the output is related to the input by the equation
FIGURE P 6.5-11
P 6.5-12
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-12 is used to calculate the output resistance of the Howland current source. It has one input, , and one output, . The output resistance, , is given by
Express the output resistance of the Howland current source in terms of the resistances , and .
FIGURE P 6.5-12
P 6.5-13
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-13a is the voltage . The output is the voltage The voltage is used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. (a) Show that the output of this circuit is related to the input by the equation .
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where a and b are constants that depend on
, and
(b) Design the circuit so that its input and output have the relationship specified by the graph shown in Figure P 6.5-13b.
FIGURE P 6.5-13
P 6.5-14
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-14a is the voltage . The output is the voltage The voltage is used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. (a) Show that the output of this circuit is related to the input by the equation .
where a and b are constants that depend on
, and
(b) Design the circuit so that its input and output have the relationship specified by the graph shown in Figure P 6.5-14b.
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FIGURE P 6.5-14
*P 6.5-15
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-15 contains both an op amp and a potentiometer. This circuit is called an active potentiometer (Graeme, 1982) because the equivalent resistance, , takes both positive and negative values as the position of the potentiometer wiper varies. is the potentiometer resistance. The expressions a and (1a) indicate the resistances that appear between potentiometer terminals yw and xw, respectively. Express the equivalent resistance of the active potentiometer source in terms of R , , and a.
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FIGURE P 6.5-15
*P 6.5-16
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-16 contains both op amps and a potentiometer. This circuit has an adjustable gain, / , that takes both positive and negative values as the position of the potentiometer wiper varies (Albean, 1997). is the potentiometer resistance. The expression indicates the part of that appears between potentiometer terminals yw. (a) Express the gain in terms of the resistor resistances, (b) Set and a. to 10 V as
. Design the circuit so that the gain varies from
the position of the potentiometer wiper is varied through its full range.
FIGURE P 6.5-16
P 6.5-17
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-17 is the voltage source voltage node voltage The output is related to the input by the equation . The output is the is
called the gain of the circuit. (In Figure P 6.5-17, a and b are positive real constants, so the resistance aR and bR are a and b times as large as the resistances R ). Derive an equation that shows how to pick values of a and b that cause the circuit to have a given gain k . Use this equation to design the circuit to have a gain using .
FIGURE P 6.5-17
P 6.5-18
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-18 is the current source current . The output is the node voltage . The output is related to the input by the equation where m and b are constants. (In Figure P 6.5-18, c and d are positive real constants, so the resistance cR and dR are c and d times as large as the resistance R .) Derive an equation that shows how to pick values of c and m that cause the circuit to have given values of i and b. Use this equation to design the circuit
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Problems
to have
when
FIGURE P 6.5-18
P 6.5-19
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-19 is the voltage source voltage The output is the node voltage . The output is related to the input by the equation where m and b are constants, (a) Specify values of and that cause the output to be related to the input by the equation . (b) Determine the values of m and b when , and .
FIGURE P 6.5-19
P 6.5-20
The circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-20 uses a potentiometer to implement a variable resistor having a resistance R that varies over the range
The gain of this circuit is gain G to vary over the range
. Varying the resistance R over it's range causes the value of the
Determine the minimum and maximum values of the gains,
and
.
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FIGURE P 6.5-20
P 6.5-21
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-21a is the voltage, . The output is the voltage . The Voltage is used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. Determine values of and that cause the circuit input and output to have the relationship specified by the graph shown in Figure P 6.5-21b.
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Problems
Section 6.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations
P 6.6-1 Design a circuit to implement the equation
The circuit should have one output, corresponding to z, and three inputs, corresponding to w, x, and y.
P 6.6-2 Design a circuit to implement the equation
The output of the circuit should correspond to z. Section 6.7 Characteristics of Practical Operational Amplifiers
P 6.7-1 Consider the inverting amplifier shown in Figure P 6.7-1. The operational amplifier is a typical
OP-07E (Table 6.7-1). Use the offsets model of the operational amplifier to calculate the output offset voltage. (Recall that the input, , is set to zero when calculating the output offset voltage.)
FIGURE P 6.7-1 Answer: 0.45 mV
P 6.7-2 Consider the noninverting amplifier shown in Figure P 6.7-2. The operational amplifier is a
typical LF351 (Table 6.7-1). Use the offsets model of the operational amplifier to calculate the output offset voltage. (Recall that the input, , is set to zero when calculating the output offset voltage.)
FIGURE P 6.7-2
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P 6.7-3 Consider the inverting amplifier shown in Figure P 6.7-3. Use the finite gain model of the
operational amplifier (Figure 6.7-1c) to calculate the gain of the inverting amplifier. Show that
FIGURE P 6.7-3
P 6.7-4 Consider the inverting amplifier shown in Figure P 6.7-3. Suppose the operational amplifier is
ideal, , and . The gain of the inverting amplifier will be
Use the results of Problem P 6.7-3 to find the gain of the inverting amplifier in each of the following cases: (a) The operational amplifier is ideal, but 2 percent resistors are used and . (b) The operational amplifier is represented using the finite gain model with , and ; and . (c) The operational amplifier is represented using the finite gain model with , and ; and . and , ,
P 6.7-5 The circuit in Figure P 6.7-5 is called a difference amplifier and is used for instrumentation
circuits. The output of a measuring element is represented by the common mode signal and the differential signal ( + ). Using an ideal operational amplifier, show that
when
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FIGURE P 6.7-5 Section 6.10 How Can We Check ?
P 6.10-1
Analysis of the circuit in Figure P 6.10-1 shows that correct? and . Is this analysis
FIGURE P 6.10-1 Hint: Is KCL satisfied at the output node of the op amp?
P 6.10-2
Your lab partner measured the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.10-2 to be . Is this the correct output voltage for this circuit?
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FIGURE P 6.10-2 Hint: Ask your lab partner to check the polarity of the voltage that he or she measured.
P 6.10-3
Nodal analysis of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.10-3 indicates that correct? . Is this analysis
FIGURE P 6.10-3 Hint: Redraw the circuit to identify an inverting amplifier and a noninverting amplifier.
P 6.10-4
Computer analysis of the circuit in Figure P 6.10-4 indicates that the node voltages are , , , , , , and . Is this analysis correct? Justify your answer. Assume that the operational amplifier is ideal.
FIGURE P 6.10-4 Hint: Verify that the resistor currents indicated by these node voltages satisfy KCL at nodes b, c, d,
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Problems
and f.
P 6.10-5
Computer analysis of the noninverting summing amplifier shown in Figure P 6.10-5 indicates that the node voltages are , , , , and . (a) Is this analysis correct? (b) Does this analysis verify that the circuit is a noninverting summing amplifier? Justify your answers. Assume that the operational amplifier is ideal.
FIGURE P 6.10-5 Hint: 1st Hint: Verify that the resistor currents indicated by these node voltages satisfy KCL at nodes b and e. 2nd Hint: Compare to Figure 6.5-1e to see that and . Determine , , and from the resistance values. Verify that .
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Problems Section 6.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier

FIGURE P 6.3-1 Answer:

for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-2.

for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-3.

P 6.3-4 Find v and i for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-4.

for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-5.

FIGURE P 6.3-5 Answer: and

FIGURE P 6.3-6 Answer: 7.5 V

for the circuit of Figure P 6.3-7.

P 6.3-8 Determine the current

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-8.

FIGURE P 6.3-8 Answer:

P 6.3-9 Determine the voltage

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.3-9.

FIGURE P 6.3-9 Answer:

proportional to the input. Design the circuit so that the gain is

for the circuit of Figure P 6.4-2.

FIGURE P 6.4-2 Answer: and

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-

FIGURE P 6.4-3 Answer:

P 6.4-4 The output of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-4 is

P 6.4-5 The outputs of the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-5 are

FIGURE P 6.4-6 Answer: , , and

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-7.

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.4-8.

FIGURE P 6.4-9 Answer: , and

FIGURE P 6.4-10 A strain gauge circuit. Answer:

, in terms of the resistance R .

, in terms of the resistance R .

resistance R . (c) Design the circuit so that .

where a, b, and c are constants. Determine the values of a, b, and c.

The output is related to the inputs by

where a and b are constants. Determine the values of a and b.

FIGURE P 6.4-27 Section 6.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers

P 6.5-1 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-1 so that

P 6.5-2 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-2 so that

P 6.5-3 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-3 so that

P 6.5-4 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-3 so that

P 6.5-5 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-3 so that

P 6.5-6 The voltage divider shown in Figure P 6.5-6 has a gain of

Design an operational amplifier circuit to implement the

FIGURE P 6.5-6 A circuit with a negative resistor.

P 6.5-7 Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure P 6.5-7 so that

P 6.5-8 Design an operational amplifier circuit with output

P 6.5-9 Determine the voltage

for the circuit shown in Figure P 6.5-9.

FIGURE P 6.5-9 Hint: Use superposition. Answer:

FIGURE P 6.5-10 Resistances in k.

where a and b are constants that depend on

where a and b are constants that depend on

. Design the circuit so that the gain varies from

The gain of this circuit is gain G to vary over the range

Determine the minimum and maximum values of the gains,

FIGURE P 6.5-21 Answer:

Section 6.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations

P 6.6-1 Design a circuit to implement the equation

P 6.6-2 Design a circuit to implement the equation

FIGURE P 6.7-1 Answer: 0.45 mV

FIGURE P 6.7-5 Section 6.10 How Can We Check ?

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