Precalc EXP Sol

Solutions to the Explorations
Chapter 1 Functions and

Mathematical Models
3.
y
20
x
Exploration 1-1a
40
1. Answers will vary.

The variable (x in this case) is raised to a power.
3. Answers will vary. The stack height should increase by the

same amount for each additional cup.
4.
y
4. Answers will vary; no, the 10-cup stack would not be twice
as tall as a 5-cup stack.
2

4
6. Linear function
7. Answers will vary. Plug in 3 for x in your equation.
Algebraically, a power function has the variable as the base

and a constant as the exponent, whereas an exponential
function has a constant as the base and the variable (x in
this case) as an exponent. Graphically, the parent power
function passes through the point (0, 0) and increases to
the right (and increases to the left if the power is an
integer), whereas the parent exponential function passes
through the point (0, 1), increases without bound to the
left, and approaches 0 to the right.
9. Within: Interpolation
Outside: Extrapolation
Exploration 1-2a
5.
1.
y
8
The graph is a straight line.

2.
y gets smaller as x gets larger, and vice versa. It can be

written as y = 24xD1, involving the D1 power of x.
6. It is a fourth-degree polynomial. The largest value of x at
which the graph crosses the x-axis is 7.
4
x
400
4
4
(7, 0)
4
Both come from the Latin word for square, which in turn
comes from the Latin word for four, referring to the four
sides of a square.
Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

2003 Key Curriculum Press
Solutions to the Explorations / 231
5. The values for g(x) are 4, 6, 2, D4, 0, 2.
7.
y
y
g
4
f
x
4
It has a discontinuity and an asymptote at x = 3. It is

p (x)
expressed as q (x)
, where p(x) and q(x) are both functions.
2
6. The graph is stretched or squashed vertically but not shifted

vertically as a whole.
Exploration 1-2b
f
1. Let y be the weight in pounds. Let x be the distance, in miles,

from center.
x
y=
for 0 x 4000
20
2. y =
32 R 108
for x 4000
x2
3. The graphs look the same. They cross at the point

(4000, 200).
4. y =
32 R 108
x2(x 4000)
4
x
g
2
8. By a factor of 2. 2 =
1
1
2
Exploration 1-3b
For x G 4000, the calculator is dividing by 0, which gives no

answer.
1.
y
4
5. y1 = 0.05x/(0 x and x 4000)

The complete graph now matches the graph in Problem 4.
y1
6. x-values: Domain
y-values: Range
2.
Exploration 1-3a
y
y2
1. The values for g(x) are 5, 6, 4, 1, 3, 4.

2
y
g
y1
x
4
f
4
3. The graph is slid vertically without changing its shape or

proportions.
2
4.
y
2. The graph is slid vertically without changing its shape or

proportions.
y3
y1
5. Horizontal translation by 3 units (right)

x
4
2
6.
y
4
y4
4. Horizontal translation by 3 units (right)
x
y1
232 / Solutions to the Explorations

7. The graph is stretched or squashed vertically but not shifted

vertically as a whole.
2., 3.
8.
y
2
y1
x
4
y5
9. By a factor of 13
g(x)
f(g(x))
None
None
None
0
None
0.5
None
1.5
5.5
2.5
4.5
Exploration 1-3c
None
None
None
1. Vertical translation by D6; g(x) H f(x) D 6
4. The lines in which x H 2 and x H 3
2. Horizontal translation by C10; g(x) = f (x D 10)
5.
y
3. Vertical dilation by 3; g(x) = 3f (x)
fg
( )
4. Horizontal dilation by 2; g(x) = f 12 x
5. Reflection across the x-axis of that part of the graph that is

below the x-axis; g(x) = |f (x)|
g
x
4
6. Reflection across the y-axis; g(x) = f (Dx)

6. Domain: 4 x 8
Range: 4 y 6
Exploration 1-3d
7. f (x) = Dx + 7
1
g(x) = x D 1
2
1.
y
8.
y
x
5
y1
5
4
5
y2
2. Horizontal translation by D6
g(x) = f (x + 6)
Yes
3. Vertical translation by 3
g(x) = 3 + f (x)
9.
4. Vertical dilation by factor of 12

1
g(x) = f (x)
2
6. Horizontal dilation by factor of 2 and vertical translation

by 3

1
g(x) = 3 + f x
2
Exploration 1-4a
Range: 2 y 6
Range: 0 y 3

y3
y1
4
5. Horizontal dilation by factor of 2

1
g(x) = f x
2
1. f : Domain: 1 x 5
g: Domain: 2 x 8
x
8
y2
4
x
8
Yes
10. f (g(x)) = Dg (x) + 7

1
=D xD1 +7
2
1
=D x+8
2
1
f (g(x)) = D x + 8
2
Exploration 1-5a
Exploration 1-6a
1. Vertical dilation by 12
1. x H 2y D 5
x C 5 H 2y
1
y = x + 2.5
2
y
10
2.
x
10
y
10
5
5
x
10
2. Horizontal dilation by 2
5
y
10
3. There is no place where there are two different ys for the

same x.
x
10
1
4. f D1(x) = x + 2.5
2
5. f(3) H 2(3) D 5 H 1
1
f D1(1) = 1 + 2.5 = 3
2
f (x) = y f D1(y) = x
3. Vertical translation by D4
y
10
6.
y
10
x
10
5
5
x
10
5
4. Horizontal translation by C7
y
10
They are reflections in y H x.

7.
x
10
y
15
10
5
x
5
10
15
5. Horizontal dilation by D1 (because
1
= D1)
D1
y
10
8. There are two values of y for the same value of x.

9. f(0) H 1; f(1) H 2; f(2) H 4; f(3) H 8
10. f D1(1) = 0; f D1(2) = 1, f D1(4) = 2; f D1(8) = 3
x
10
y
15
10
6. Reflection across the y-axis
5
x
5
10
15


7. Vertical dilation by D1
Exploration 2-2a
y
10
1. ref = 180 D 152 = 28

v
x
10
152
28
8. Reflection across the x-axis

9. y-direction
2. ref = 250 D 180 = 70
10.
v
y
10
Graphs
coincide.
250
u
x
10
70
3. Because the angle must be counterclockwise so that its

measure will be positive
11.
y
10
4. Because it must go to the nearest side of the horizontal axis
Graphs
coincide.
5. ref = 360 D 310 = 50

v
x
10
u
50
310
Chapter 2 Periodic Functions and

Right Triangle Problems
6. ref =
v
Exploration 2-1a
ref =
u
1. Horizontal translation by 2
y = g(x) = f (x D 2)
2. Vertical dilation by factor of 3
y = g(x) = 3f (x)
3. Horizontal dilation by factor of 12
y = g(x) = f (2x)
4. Vertical translation by D5
y = g(x) = f (x) D 5
7. ref = 180 + (D150) = 30

v
5. Vertical translation by D5; horizontal translation by 2

y = g(x) = f (x D 2)
6. Vertical dilation by factor of 3; horizontal translation by 2
y = g(x) = 3f (x D 2)
u
30
150

8. Duplicating the triangle above itself makes an angle of 60 at

each vertex, so the large triangle is equiangular and therefore
equilateral. So all sides are of length 2, and the left (vertical)
leg of the original triangle is half of 2, or 1 (D1 because it is
below the horizontal axis). So the other (horizontal) leg is
22 D 12 = 3 (D3 because it is to the left of the vertical
axis).
4. Graph.
1
y
1
u
1
1
180
270
360
90
180
270
360
1
1
90
5. Graph.
2
1
3

1 30
y
1
u
1
1
1
1

Sinusoid
Exploration 2-3a
6. Graph.
y
1. = 37
2. u = 4.6 cm; v = 3.5 cm; r = 5.8 cm

3. sin 37 M 0.6034; cos 37 M 0.7931
90
4. sin 37 = 0.6018; cos 37 = 0.7986

Approximate answers are reasonably close.
180
270
360
1
7. Horizontal translation by D90
5. Graph, ref = 55
v
8. In the uv-diagram, appears as an angle in standard

position. In the y-diagram, it appears as the horizontal
coordinate.
125
55
9. To emphasize the difference between the two ways of

representing an angle and its functions. In the uv-diagram,
the vertical v is not a function of the horizontal u (both are
functions of the central angle ), while in the y-diagram,
the vertical y is a function of the horizontal .

6. sin ref = 0.8191; cos ref = 0.5735
7. sin 125 = 0.8191; cos 125 = D0.5735; 125 terminates in
Quadrant II to the left of the y-axis, where the x-coordinates
are negative.
sine C
sine C
sine D
sine D
8. Quadrant I
Quadrant II
Quadrant III
Quadrant IV
cosine C
cosine D
cosine D
cosine C
Exploration 2-3c
1. Yes, the graph agrees.
2. Amplitude = 1; Y2 = 5 sin
3. Yes
y
5
y2
y1
800
Exploration 2-3b
1. (0.50, 0.87)
4. x-dilation of 13 ; Y3 = sin 3
2. cos 60 = 0.5 = the u-coordinate; sin 60 = 0.8660 = the

v-coordinate
5. Y4 = 8 + sin
3. Graph.
6. -translation of C60; y-dilation of 4; y-translation

of D5; Y5 = D5 + 4 sin ( D 60)
u
1
1
1
7. 360 represents a return to the starting point in a rotation.
90
180
270
360
1

Exploration 2-4a
v
r
u
cos =
r
v
tan =
u
3.
r
v
r
sec =
u
u
cot =
v
1. sin =
csc =
2. Sketch.
sin
cos
tan
15
0.9659
0.2588
0.2679
30
0.8660
0.5
0.5773
45
0.7071
0.7071
60
0.5
0.8660
1.7320
75
0.2588
0.9659
3.7320
4. The answers should be close.

123
Exploration 2-5a
u
1. Measurements are correct.

2. tan A =
sin 123 = 0.8386

cos 123 = D0.5446
tan 123 = D1.5398
csc 123 = 1.1923

sec 123 = D1.8360
cot 123 = D0.6494
3. In Quadrant II, (u, v) is (negative, positive) and r is

always positive, so sin = vr = positive
positive = positive, but
positive
= negative.
tan = uv = negative
758
58
358
cos = D
58
7
tan =
3
4. sin = D
5. sin 300 = D
3
2
csc = D
7
58
sec = D
3
3
cot =
7
1
cos 300 =
2
sec 300 = 2
tan 300 = D3
cot 300 = D
3. A = tanD1
3
= 36.8698
4
4. Measure of A M 37 agrees with the calculated answer.

5. Hypotenuse H 5 cm
6. cos A =
4
5
7. cos A H 0.8. Answers agree.
58
csc 300 = D
3
= 0.75
4
8. Draw as directed by the text.
1066
23
3
28
x
9.
x
= cos 28
1066
10. x = 1066 ft cos 28 = 941.2221 ft
11. 1066 ft sin 28 = 500.4566 ft

(1066 ft)2 D (941.2221 ft)2 = 500.4566 ft
Exploration 2-4b
1.
Exploration 2-5b
15
10 cm
9.7 cm
2.6 cm
30
10 cm
8.7 cm
5.0 cm
2. 10 cm cos 68 = 3.7460 cm
45
10 cm
7.1 cm
7.1 cm
3. Measurement is correct.
60
10 cm
5.0 cm
8.7 cm
75
10 cm
2.6 cm
9.7 cm

5. tanD1
2.
sin
cos
tan
15
0.97
0.26
0.27
30
0.87
0.50
0.57
45
0.71
0.71
1.00
60
0.50
0.87
1.74
75
0.26
0.97
3.73

6
= 33.6900
9
6. 9 cm sec 33.6900 = 10.8166 cm

or 6 cm csc 33.6900 = 10.8166 cm
7. (6 cm)2 + (9 cm)2 = 117 cm = 10.8166 cm
Answers agree.
6. y H 78.3 C 16.6 cos 30( D 7). Actually, this should be

y H 78.3 C 16.6 cos 30(t D 7), where t is time in months.
Exploration 2-5c
1. Draw as directed by the text.
2. x M 580 m, y M 450 m
3. tan 27 =
50
y
y
, tan 38 =
307 + x
x
10
+ x
4. By rewriting the equations as cot 27 = 307 m
= 307y m + yx
y
20
7. The fit is only shown for the first year. The second year is the
same. The fit is good but not perfect.
and cot 38 = yx , you get

307 m
y = cot 27
D cot 38 = 449.7055 m M 450 m
307 m cot 38
x = cot
27 D cot 38 = 575.5968 m M 576 m
50
5. Answers are reasonably close.
6. The actual height is 1454 ft, or 443.2 m.

10
20

Chapter 3 Applications of
Trigonometric and Circular Functions
Exploration 3-1b
1.
Exploration 3-1a
Y1
1. Use Decembers temperatures for month 0.

y (F)
100
50
12
18
x (months)
24
Y1
180
10
.17
270
D1
20
.34
360
30
.5
450
40
.64
540
50
.77
630
D1
60
.87
720
70
.94
80
.98
90
y
1
12
1
2. -dilation of 360
= 30
; y = cos 30
y
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
1
12
1
1
12
3. In Problem 1, the -dilation is 360
= 30
. Here the
t-dilation (if t represents time in months) is
12 months
1
= 30
months/degree, so y = cos 30t
360
4. -translation of C7; y H 30 cos ( D 7)

y
12
1
5. y H 78.3 C cos 30( D 7)

180
D1
10
.98
270
20
.94
360
3. Horizontal dilation: 16
Period: 60
Amplitude: 5
Phase displacement: 10
Vertical displacement: D3
y = D3 + 5 cos 6( D 10)
30
.87
450
4. The graph should agree.
40
.77
540
D1
50
.64
630
60
.5
720
70
.34
80
.17
2.
X
Y1
90
Y1
5. y H D7.3301270189222
Exploration 3-2b
1.
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
50
3
100
150
1
3. sin 45 = 0.7071; cos 65 = .4226; the point (45, 0.71) is

on the first graph, and the point (65, 0.42) is on the second.
2. y = 55 + 45 cos 12( + 3)
4. sinD1 0.4 = 23.5781;
3. y = 55 + 45 sin 12( D 19.5)
cosD1 0.8 = 36.8698; these correspond to the points

(24, 0.4) on the first graph and (37, 0.8) on the second.
4. The graphs match.

5. y = 0.5 + 3.5 sin 0.9( D 500)
5. D1 y 1
6. y = D60 + 40 sin 7.5( D 36)
6. Answers will vary. Many examples are given in the text.
7.
y
Increasing, concave down
100
Exploration 3-2a
Period: 180
Amplitude: 3
Phase displacement: C70
Vertical displacement: C4
Point
of inflection
10
12

4
100
200
Exploration 3-3a
300
1.
y
1
Period: 12
Amplitude: 4
Phase displacement: D1
Vertical displacement: D2
90 180 270 360 450 540
2. tan =
sin
cos
50
3. Asymptotes are at = 90 + 180n, where cos = 0.

4. Intercepts are at = 0 + 180n, where sin = 0.

11. sec goes from concave up to concave down (and vice versa)
discontinuously rather than through points that are on the
graph.
5. tan 45 = 1
Graph for 3, 4, and 5.
y
Exploration 3-3b
90
180
270
360
450
540
Period: 36
Horizontal translation: C7
Vertical dilation: 12
Vertical translation: C3
2.
y
6.
y
1
1
90
180
270
360
450
10
540
Period: 30
Horizontal translation: D9
Vertical translation: D1
7. The graphs should match.

8.
y
4. y = D1 + 2 cot 6(x + 9)
1
90
180
270
360
450
540
Period: 90
Horizontal translation: D10
6.
y
9.
y
1
10
90
180
270
360
450
540
10. Points of inflection are at = 0 + 180n. tan has no points

of inflection because it is constantly decreasing, except
where it changes from low values back to high ones
discontinuously rather than through points that are on
the graph.
Period: 180
Horizontal translation: C25
8. 4 + 3 sec 2( D 25)

Exploration 3-4a
5.
y
1. See drawing in Problem 2.
2. Student drawings
x
2
1
3. 1 radian = 57.2957
4. 1 radian =
360 180
=
= 57.2957
2
5. 3 radians = 3
6.
y
1
180
= 171.8873
1
x
2
Exploration 3-4b
7. Period for sine and cosine H 360 H 2 radians; period for

tangent H 180 H radians.
1.4. Student drawings.
8. y = 3 + 2 cos
5. 1 radian = 57.2957
2
(x D 1)
10
6. 2 radians
7. 1 radian =
360 180
=
= 57.2957
2
Exploration 3-6a
1. x H D4.5, D0.5, 8.5, 12.5, 21.5, 25.5
180
8. 3 radians = 3
= 171.8873
2. y = 9 + 7cos
9. The proportion of arc length to radius is the same for

any-size circle.
3.
2
(x D 4)
13
16
Exploration 3-5a
1.
y
720
360
1
10
20
The graphs match.

4. Yes
2.
5. x H D4.492
y
1
720
360
1
6. x H D0.508, 8.508
7. x H 12.492
8. n H 2: x H D4.492 C 26 H 21.508
n H 1: x H 12.492 C 13 H 25.492
3.
y
9. n = 76: x = 1000.4915
720
360
1
Sinusoid is going up because the multiple of the period was

added onto 12.4915, where the sinusoid is going up.
4.
y
1
1


21
R D 500
+ 2n
cosD1
2
300
31.1889 days x 36.8110 days
Jan. 31 x Feb. 5
Exploration 3-6b
6. x = 13
1. y = 12.9764
2. 9 + 7 cos
2
(x D 4) = 5
13
2
7 cos
(x D 4) = D4
13
4
2
(x D 4) = D
cos
13
7

4
2
(x D 4) = arccos D
13
7

13
4
xD4=
arccos D
2
7

13
4
x=4+
arccos D
2
7

4
13
cosD1 D
+ 2n
x=4+
2
7

13
4
D1
x=4+
cos
D
+ 13n or
2
7

13
4
4D
cosD1 D
+ 13n
2
7
Exploration 3-7b
1. y = 2000 + 500 cos
(x + 30)
70
2.
y
x
200
400
x1
x2
D4.491
D13.508
8.508
D0.508
21.508
12.491
34.508
25.491
600
800
3. 795.6617 x 824.3382
y
x
200
800
1000
3.
D1
600
400
1000
4. x = D4.491, D0.508, 8.508, 12.491, 21.508, 25.491

See table in Problem 4 for n-values.
4. D2000 + 500 cos

500 cos
5. x = 1308.508, 1299.491
cos
6. x = 1000.491; n = 77
(x + 30) = D1600
70
(x + 30) = 400
70
(x D 30) = 0.8
70
(x + 30) = 0.6435 + 2n
70
x + 30 = 14.3382 + 140n
x = D15.6617 + 140n or D44.3382 + 140n
n = 6: x = 840 D 15.6617 or 840 D 44.3382
x = 795.6617 or 824.3382
Exploration 3-7a
1.
y (red cell count)
5. It would make a difference because the period would be

2 68, or 136, instead of 140.
1000

x (days)
10
20
30
40
Exploration 3-8a
50
1.3.
2. R = 500 + 300 cos
2
(x D 13)
21
3. Graph matches sketch from part a.

4. March 19 H day 78 (or 79 in a leap year)
R(78) = 747.8716
R(79) = 687.0469
The patient will feel good on her birthday if this is not a leap
year, so-so otherwise.
5. Graph is above 700 on March 19 on a non-leap year, below

otherwise.
u
1
1

4. 3 radians = 3
5. 240 = 240
4. cos2 0.6 + sin2 0.6 = 1
180
= 171.8873
=
radians
180
3
sin 0.6
1
7
6.
radians
10
u
cos 0.6
7.
y
5
5. Pythagorean property
6. cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
1
1
(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2
cos2 x
cos x
cos2 x sin2 x
1
+
=
cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x

sin x 2
1 2
=
1+
cos x
cos x
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
x
5
8. y = 5 D 2 cos
10
15
20
25
x or y = 5 + 2 cos (x D 4)
4
4
9. y(27) = 6.4142 m M 6.4 m

10. x = 14.9872 m M 15.0 m
11. 7 feet
(x D 1) = 7 x = 1 a.m.
5.8
Period = 2 5.8 = 11.6 hours
3 + 4 cos
(x D 1) = D1 x = 6.8 = 6:48 a.m.

5.8
1 foot deep
12. 3 + 4 cos
13. 4:00 p.m. is x = 16; y(16) = 1.9298 ft M 1.9 ft, which agrees
with the graph.
14. Because this happens at the end of the second complete
cycle, it is where 5.8

(x D 1) = 4 x = 24.2 hr = 12:12 a.m.
on January 2.
15. 5.465 hr x 8.1343 hr or approximately
5:28 a.m. x 8:08 a.m.
5.8
D3
(x D 1) = 0 x = 1 +
cosD1
5.8
4
= 5.4656 hr M 5:28 a.m.
7. cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
1
1
(cos2 x + sin2 x) = 2
sin2 x
sin x
cos2 x sin2 x
1
+
=
sin2 x sin2 x sin2 x

cos x 2
1 2
b
+1=
sin x
sin x
cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x
8. tan x =
sin x 1/cos x sec x

=
=
cos x 1/sin x csc x
9. csc x tan x =
1
sin x
1
=
= sec x
sin x cos x cos x

1
sin x
cos x
sin x cos x
1
=
cos x = 1
cos x
11. csc x tan x cos x =
16. 3 + 4 cos
Chapter 4 Trigonometric Function

Properties, Identities, and Parametric
Functions
Exploration 4-2a
sin x
cos x
cos x
cot x =
sin x
1
sec x =
cos x
1
csc x =
sin x
1. tan x =
Exploration 4-3a
1
tan x
1
sec x =
cos x
1
csc x =
sin x
1. cot x =
sin x sec x
=
cos x csc x
cos x csc x
cot x =
=
sin x sec x
2. tan x =
3. cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x
2. One function is the reciprocal of the other.

3. Quotient property

4. sec x D cos x sin x tan x

sec x D cos x
1
=
D cos x
cos x
Exploration 4-3c
1. sec x =
1
1
1
, csc x =
, cot x =
cos x
sin x
tan x
Make fractions to add for 1 term.

cos2 x
1
D
=
cos x cos x
2. tan x =
sin x
cos x
, cot x =
cos x
sin x
Get common denominator.

1 D cos2 x
=
cos x
4. tan x =
3. cos2 x + sin2 x = 1, tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x, cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x

sin x
cos x
1/csc x
=
1/sec x
sec x
=
csc x
Add to get 1 term.

sin2 x
=
cos x
When you see squares of functions, think Pythagorean.
sin x
= sin x
cos x
If you see something you want in the answer, guard it with
your life.
sin x tan x
Familiar property
5. cot x =
6.
Exploration 4-3b
1
1
1
, csc x =
, cot x =
cos x
sin x
tan x
sin x
cos x
tan x =
, cot x =
cos x
sin x
cos2 x + sin2 x = 1, tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x,
cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x
1. sec x =
2. (1 + cos A)(1 D cos A) = 1 D cos2 A = sin2 A

cos B sin B
+
sin B cos B
2
cos B
sin2 B
=
+
sin B cos B sin B cos B
cos2 B + sin2 B
=
sin B cos B
1
=
sin B cos B
= csc B sec B
3. cot B + tan B =
1
sin P )
csc P
2
2
= csc P (cos P + sin P )
= csc P
4. csc P cos2 P + sin P = csc P (cos2 p +
7.
1
1
csc x
=
=
tan x sec x/csc x sec x
sin2 A
sec A sin A 1/cos A
D
=
D
sin A cos A
sin A
cos A sin A
1
sin2 A
=
D
cos A sin A cos A sin A
1 D sin2 A
=
cos A sin A
cos2 A
=
cos A sin A
cos A
=
sin A
= cot A
1
1
+
1 D cos B 1 + cos B
1 + cos B
1 D cos B
=
+
(1 + cos B)(1 D cos B) (1 D cos B)(1 + cos B)
1 + cos B
1 D cos B
=
+
1 D cos2 B 1 D cos2 B
1 + cos B + 1 D cos B
=
1 D cos2 B
2
=
sin2 B
= 2 csc2 B
Exploration 4-4a
1. arccos 0.4 H 66.4218
v
1
5.
0.4
5
y2
y1
y2 appears to be 1 + y1. This is consistent with the property

sec2 x = tan2 x + 1.

2. arccos 0.4 H Y66.4218

v
9. arctan 5 = 78.6900 + n180

or 158.6900 + n360
10. arctan (D0.6) = D30.9637 or 149.6362
1
0.4
3. arccos 0.4 H J66.4218 C 360n

Original and new have the same reference angle.
4. arcsin 0.3 H 17.4576
v
0.3
1
1. 2 cos ( D 17) = 1 cos ( D 17) =

u
5. arcsin 0.3 H 162.5423

v
0.3
0.3
Exploration 4-4b
6. arcsin 0.3 H 17.4576 C n360

or 162.5423 C n360
1
2
D 17 = 60 + n360
= 53 + n360 or D77 + n360
= 53, 283, 413, 643
2. tan2 D 2 tan D 3
= (tan D 3)(tan + 1) = 0
tan = 3 or tan = D 1
= 71.5650 + n180 or
= D 45 + n180
= D288.4349, D225, D108.4349,
D45, 71.5650, 135, 251.5650, 315
3. D1 D 5 sin = 2 cos2 = 2 D 2 sin2
2 sin2 D 5 sin D 3 = 0
(2 sin + 1)(sin D 3) = 0
sin = D 12 (Note: sin < 3 for all )
= D30 + n360 or
= D150 + n360
= D150, D30, 210, 330, 570, 690
4.
7. sinD1 (D0.8) H D53.1301

arcsin (D0.8) H 180 D (D53.1301)
H 233.1301
y
5
90
0.6
0.8
0.6
270
180
450
630
720
5
0.8

8. tan D15 = 78.6900
arctan 5 = 78.69000 + 180
= 158.6900
Exploration 4-5a
1. Example
v
x (cm)
1
30
t (sec)
p

30
10.
2. Example
y (cm)
30
10
t (sec)
x
10
p
30
Period should be the same.
2
x
2
y
t = , sin
t=
P
30
P
20
2
2
cos2
t + sin2
t=1
P
P
2 2
x
y
+
=1
30
20
11. cos
3. Path is an ellipse.
4. If the period is P seconds, then
2
x = 30 cos
t
P
2
t
y = 20 sin
P
Exploration 4-5b
5.
t
30
P
8
21.2132
P
4
3P
8
D21.2132
P
2
D30
5P
8
D21.2132
3P
4
1. x H 5 C 4 cos t
y H 3 C 2 sin t
2. Equations are correct.
14.1421
3. x H 4 C 2 cos t, y H 5 C 0.4 sin t
20
4. Top:
x H 4 C 2 cos t, y H 5 C 0.4 sin t
14.1421
0
D14.1421
D20
7P
8
21.2132
30
D14.1421
0
6.
Bottom: (solid)
x H 4 C 3 cos t/(t L 0 and t K ),
y H 1 C 0.6 sin t/(t L 0 and t K )
Bottom: (dashed)
x H 4 C 3 cos t/(t L and t K 2),
y H 1 C 0.6 sin t/(t L and t K 2)
5. (solid)
x H 1 C 0.4 cos t/(t L 2 and t K 3
2 ),
y H 3 C 2 sin t/(t L 2 and t K 3
2 )
(dashed)
x H 1 C 0.4 cos t/(t L D 2 and t K 2 ),
y H 3 C 2 sin t/(t L D 2 and t K 2 )
y
2
Exploration 4-6a
x
40
1. x H sin 4 H D0.7568
2. arcsin x H sinD1 x C 2n or ( D sinD1 x) C 2n
y H arcsin 0.4 H 0.4115 C 2n or 2.7300 C 2n
y H D5.8716, D3.5531, 0.4115, 2.7300
y D5.9, D3.6, 0.4, 2.7
y
7. The graph is an ellipse.

8. Parameter
9. Parametric function
x
1

4. Range: D 2 y 2
3.
y
x
1
1
x
1
4.
y
5. tan 2 and tan D 2 are undefined. So the range of y H tanD1 x

cannot include these numbers.
( )
6. The graph would not be continuous.

7. x H tan 5; y H t
5.
y
8. Range: 0 < y <

y
x
1
6. They are inverses of each other. Their graphs are reflections

across the line y H x.
x
1
7.
y
9. Range: 0 y , and y 2
x
1
Exploration 4-6b
1. Range: D 2 y 2
y
10. It is the commonly accepted branch.
11. Range: D 2 y 2 , and y 0
2. Range: 0 y
x
1
x
1
12. Agrees
D1
D1
3. If the range of cos were the same as that of sin , then

cosD1 would not be a function.

13. 1. Must be a function

2. Must use entire domain
3. arctan 4 H 1.3258 C n
D5.0, D1.8, 1.3, 4.5, 7.6, 10.7
y
3. Should be continuous
4. Should be centrally located
10
5. If there is a choice, choose the positive branch.

Exploration 4-6c
1. arcsin 0.8 H 0.9272 C 2n or 2.2142 C 2n

D5.4, D4.1, 0.9, 2.2, 7.2, 8.5
y
x
5
10
5
4. The values are on the principal branches.
x
2
Chapter 5 Properties of
Combined Sinusoids
Exploration 5-2a
1. y1 is the solid graph, y2 the dashed graph.
5
2.
y
2. arccos (D0.3) H 1.8754 C 2n

D44, D1.9, 1.9, 4.4, 8.2, 10.7
360
10
3. A = 5
D = 53.1301
4. y4 = 5 cos ( D 53.1301)
The graph coincides.
y
5
5
360
x
2
5
5. A cos D = 3
A sin D = 4
A = A2 = A2(cos2 D + sin2 D)
= (A cos D)2 + (A sin D)2
= 32 + 42
=5
6. 3 = A cos D = 5 cos D cos D =
4 = A sin D = 5 sin D sin D =
D = cosD1 35 = sinD1 45 = 53.1301

7. y = D12 cos + 5 sin

12
= 122 + 52 cos D cosD1
13
= 13 cos ( D 22.6198)
3.
y
10
5
8. y = 157 cos (x D 61.3895)
90
5
9. y = 12 cos (x + 37.8749)
180
10
4. The vertical dilation at any is the value of 9 sin .
Exploration 5-2b
5. See answer to Problem 6.
1. cos (58 D 20) = cos 38 = 0.7880

cos 58 D cos 20 = 0.5299 D 0.9396 = D0.4097
2. cos (58 D 20) = cos 58 cos 20 + sin 58 sin 20
3. cos (A D B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
4. The conjecture should work.
5. cosine (first angle D second angle)
H cosine (first angle) cosine (second angle)
C sine (first angle) sine (second angle)
6. The argument of the cosine is a composite of two numbers.
7. y1 = 6 cos ( D 70)
= 6 (cos cos 70 + sin sin 70)
= 6 cos 70 cos + 6 sin 70 sin
y2 = (20.5212 cos ) + (5.6381 sin )
8. Yes
6.
y
10
5
90
5
180
10
7. The vertical translation at any is the value of 9 sin .

8. a. . . . a sinusoid with variable sinusoidal axis.
b. . . . a sinusoid with variable amplitude.
Exploration 5-4b
1. Added
2. y = 3 sin + 2 cos 13
90
6
4. Multiplied
5. y = 5 cos sin 15
Exploration 5-2c
1. Graph with (cos A, sin A) on the top label and (cos B, sin B) on
the lower label.
2. d 2 = (cos A D cos B)2 + (sin A D sin B)2
= cos2 A D 2 cos A cos B + cos2 B
+ sin2 A + 2 sin A cos A + sin2 A
= (cos2 A + sin2 A) + (cos2 B + sin2 B)
D 2 cos A cos B D 2 sin A sin B
= 1 + 1 D 2 cos A cos B D 2 sin A sin B
d 2 = 2 D 2 cos A cos B D 2 sin A sin B
3. d 2 = (cos (A D B) D 1)2 + (sin (A D B) D 0)2
= (cos2 (A D B) D 2 cos (A D B) + 1 + sin2 (A D B)
= (cos2 (A D B) + sin2 (A D B) D 2 cos (A D B) + 1
= 1 D 2 cos (A D B) + 1
d 2 = 2 D 2 cos (A D B)
4. 2 D 2 cos (A D B) = 2 D 2 cos A cos B D 2 sin A sin B
cos (A D B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
Exploration 5-4c
1. y = 4 cos 4 + 2 cos 28
2. y = 5 cos 3 sin 36
3. y = 2 sin
x + 3 cos 5x
4
4. y = 6 sin x sin 13x

Exploration 5-4d
1. y = 4 cos 4 + 2 sin 32
2. y = 5 cos 3 cos 21
3. y = 3 cos x sin 15x
4. y = 2 sin
11
x + 4 sin
x
6
6
Exploration 5-4a
1. y1 is the tall single arch, y2 the short wiggly graph.
2. See answer to Problem 3.
Exploration 5-5a
8. cos 2 + cos = 1
(2 cos2 D 1) + cos = 1
2 cos2 + cos D 2 = 0

1 + 17
1 D 17
cos +
=0
2 cos +
4
4
1 + 17
cos =
= D1.2807
4
1 D 17
= 0.7807
or cos =
4
1 D 17
D1 cos 1, so cos =
= 0.7807
4
1 D 17
= cosD1
+ 360n
4
= D38.6682, 38.6682, 321.3317,
398.6682, 681.3317, 758.6682
1.
y
2
90
2
90
2.
y
2
90
2
90
9.
y
3. cos 12 = cos (11 + )

= cos 11 cos D sin 11 sin
cos 10 = cos (11 D )
= cos 11 cos + sin 11 sin
cos 12 + cos 10
= cos 11 cos D sin 11 sin
+ cos 11 cos + sin 11 sin
= 2 cos 11 cos
360
720
2
10. The curve intersects the line at the points found in

Problem 8.
4. y = 2 cos 20 cos 2 = cos 22 + cos 18
5.
Exploration 5-7a
y
2
1. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
10
2. sin2 x =
1
(1 D cos 2x)
2
3. sin2 x = 1 D cos2 x
4. cos2 x = 1 D sin2 x
Exploration 5-6a
5. cos2 x =
1. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B D sin A sin B

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1
(1 + cos 2x)
2
6. cos 2x = 2 cos2 x D 1
2. sin 2 = sin ( + )
= sin cos + cos sin
= 2 sin cos
7. cos 2x = 1 D 2 sin2 x
3. cos 2 = cos ( + )
= cos cos D sin sin
= cos2 D sin2
9. tan 2x =
8. cos 2x = cos2 x D sin2 x
4. cos 2 = cos D sin D 1 + cos + sin

= 2 cos2 D 1
2
6.
y
10. sin
1
1
x=
(1 D cos x)
2
2
11. cos
1
1
x=
(1 + cos x)
2
2
12. tan
1
1 D cos x
x=
2
1 + cos x
5. cos 2 = cos2 D sin2 + 1 D cos2 D sin2

= 1 D 2 sin2
2 tan x
1 D tan2 x
1
sin x
1 D cos x
13. tan x =
=
2
1 + cos x
sin x
360
720
1
7. The graph is the parent sine graph with a horizontal

dilation of 12 .
14. sin 3x = sin (2x + x)

= sin 2x cos x + cos 2x sin x
= 2 sin x cos x cos x + (1 D 2 sin2 x) sin x
= 2 sin x(1 D sin2 x) + sin x D 2 sin3 x
= 2 sin x D 2 sin3 x + sin x D 2 sin3 x
= 3 sin x D 4 sin3 x

15. cos 4x = cos 2(2x)

= 2 cos2 2x D 1
5.
a
7
16. cos 6x = cos 2(3x)

= 2 cos2 3x D 1
1
1
17. sin x cos x = (2 sin x cos x) = sin 2x
2
2
1
(2 sin x cos y)
2
1
= sin (x + y) + sin (x D y)
2
5
4
18. sin x cos y =
1
(2 cos x cos y)
2
1
= cos (x + y) + cos (x D y)
2
2
1
19. cos x cos y =
A
30
90 120 150 180
6. Answers may vary. The actual answer is 24 cos .
1
1
20. cos x + cos y = 2 cos (x + y) cos (x D y)
2
2
7.
1
1
21. sin x + sin y = 2 sin (x + y) cos (x D y)
2
2

22. sin x + cos x = 2 cos x D

4
1
(2 sin 3x sin 7x)
2
1
= Dcos (3x + 7x) + cos (3x D 7x)
2
1
1
= D cos 10x + cos (D4x)
2
2
1
1
= cos 4x D cos 10x
2
2
23. sin 3x sin 7x =
60
1
1
24. sin 3x + sin 7x = 2 sin (3x + 7x) cos (3x D 7x)
2
2
= 2 sin 5x cos(D2x)
= 2 sin 5x cos 2x

25. 3 cos x D sin x = 2 cos x +

6

26. 4 cos x D 4 sin x = 4 cos x +

4
Chapter 6 Triangle Trigonometry
a (cm)
30
2.0531
60
3.6055
90
5.0000
120
6.0828
150
6.7664
Exploration 6-2a
1. (c, 0); (b cos A, b sin A)
2. a 2 = (b cos A D c)2 + (b sin A D 0)2
= b 2 cos2 A D 2bc cos A + c 2 + b 2 sin2 A
3. a 2 = b 2 cos2 A D 2bc cos A + c 2 + b 2 sin2 A
= b 2 + c 2 D 2bc cos A
4.
4.82 + 2.32 D 2 4.8 2.7 cos 115 = 6.4252 cm

6. The unknown side is opposite the given angle. The two given
sides include the given angle.
Exploration 6-2b
1. b 2 = a 2 + c 2 D 2ac cos B
Exploration 6-1a
a 2 + c2 D b 2
2ac
2. cos B =
3. a = 5.3 cm; b = 7.5 cm; c = 4.3 cm
3. Answers will vary slightly but should be approximately

A
4. B = cosD1
a (cm)
5.32 + 4.32 D 7.52

M 102
2(5.3)(4.3)
30
2.1
5. Answers should be close to 102.
60
3.6
6. Answers may vary.
90
5.0
120
6.1
150
6.8
4. 180: a H 4 C 3 H 7 cm
0: a H 4 D 3 H 1 cm
7. A = cosD1
7.52 + 4.32 D 5.32

M 44
2(7.5)(4.3)
8. C = cosD1
5.32 + 7.52 D 4.32

M 34
2(5.3)(7.5)
9. 102 + 44 + 34 = 180

10. Answers should be close to A = 44 and C = 34.

11. Answers may vary.
12. Answers may vary. By Heros formula,
5.3 + 7.5 + 4.3
s=
= 8.55.
2
AABC = s (s D 5.3)(s D 7.5)(s D 4.3)
M 11.1 cm2
Exploration 6-3a
1.

2
1
1
bc sin A
4. Area = bc sin A =
2
2
1 2 2
1 2 2
2
=
b c sin A =
b c (1 D cos2 A)
4
4
5. (1 D cos2 A) = (1 + cos A)(1 D cos A)

1 2 2
Area =
b c (1 + cos A)(1 D cos A)
4
1
1
bc (1 + cos A) bc (1 D cos A)
=
2
2
6. cos A =
7.
The two small upper triangles added by the rectangle are

equal in area to the two small triangles that make up the
original triangle.
2. The base XZ H 8.1 cm. The altitude h from Y to XZ is 4.4 cm.
1
1
AXYZ = bh = (8.1)(4.4) M 17.8 cm2
2
2
3. h = z sin X
4. AXYZ =
8.
1
1
1
bh = y (z sin X ) = yz sin X
2
2
2
5. X = 38; z = 7.0 cm;

1
AXYZ = (8.1)(7.0) sin 38 M 17.5 cm2.
2
This agrees to within round-off and measurement error.
6. Z = 59; x = 5.0 cm;
1
1
xy sin Z = (5.0)(8.1) sin 59 M 17.4 cm2
2
2
7. Y = 83;
1
1
xz sin Y = (5.0)(7.0) sin 83 M 17.4 cm2
2
2
8.
1
2
b2 + c2 D a2
2bc

1
1
b2 + c2 D a2
bc (1 + cos A) = bc 1 +
2
2
2bc
bc b 2 + c 2 D a 2 2bc b 2 + c 2 D a 2
+
=
+
=
2
4
4
4
b 2 + 2bc + c 2 D a 2 (b + c)2 D a 2
=
=
4
4
((b + c) + a)((b + c) D a)
=
4
b+c+a b+cDa
=
2
2
b + c D a b + c + a D 2a a + b + c
=
=
D a = (s D a)
2
2
2
a D b + c a + b + c D 2b a + b + c
=
=
D b = (s D b)
2
2
2
a + b D c a + b + c D 2c a + b + c
=
=
D c = (s D c)
2
2
2
b+c+a b+cDa aDb+c a+bDc
So
2
2
2
2
= s (s D a)(s D b)(s D c)
1
(50 + 60 + 80) = 95 cm
2
Area = 95(95 D 50)(95 D 60)(95 D 80)
= 1498.1238 cm2
9. s =
1
(10 + 12 + 26) = 24 cm
2
Area = 24(24 D 10)(24 D 12)(24 D 26) = D8064
Heros formula results in a negative number under the
square root, so there is no possible area.
10. s =
500700 sin 70 M 164,446 ft2
9. The area would actually be smaller by approximately

51,958 ft2. 12 500700 sin 140 M 112,448 ft2. Although
two vertices of the triangle are now much farther apart, the
base is still the same and the altitude is considerably shorter.
Exploration 6-4a
Exploration 6-3b
2.
1. 82 = 72 + 112 D 2711 cos A

72 + 112 D 82 106
=
= 0.6883
cos A =
2711
154
D1
2. A = cos
Area =
72 + 112 D 82
= 46.5033
2711
1
711 sin A = 27.9284
2
1
3. s = (7 + 11 + 8) = 13
2
Area = 13(13 D 7)(13 D 11)(13 D 8) = 27.9284
7.0
6.0
= 7.1541;
= 7.1563
sin 57
sin 78
3. Yes, to within measurement error

4. 45
5. x =
6.0 sin 45
M 5.1 cm
sin 57
6. Yes
7.
1
1
1
ab sin C; bc sin A; ac sin B
2
2
2
8.
1
1
1
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
2
2
2

9.

1
1
1
1
bc sin A = ac sin B = ab sin C
abc/2 2
2
2
1
1
1
bc sin A =
ac sin B =
ab sin C
abc
abc
abc
sin A sin B sin C
=
=
a
b
c
10. The statements are equivalent because if the parts of an

equation are the same and nonzero, then the reciprocals of
the parts of the equation are equal and nonzero.
Exploration 6-4b
1. A = cosD1
42 + 102 D 72
= 33.12294020
2410
10 sin A
= 51.31781254.
7
But this is not correctsee Problem 4.
2. C = sinD1
D1
3. C = cos
42 + 72 D 102
= 128.68218745
247
4. No. We should have used

180 D 51.31781254 H 128.68218745, the complement
of the answer in Problem 3. (51.31781254 is what angle C
would be if B were to the left of AC, with AB still horizontal.)
5. X = sinD1
7. 52 = y 2 + 82 D 2y8 cos 26
y 2 D 16y cos 26 + 64 D 25 = 0
y 2 + (D16 cos 26)y + 39 = 0
16 cos 26 (D16 cos 26)2 D 4139
y=
21
M 10.8 cm or 3.6 cm
8. 92 = y 2 + 82 D 2y8 cos 26
y 2 D 16y cos 26 + 64 D 81 = 0
y 2 + (D16 cos 26)y D 17 = 0
16 cos 26 (D16 cos 26)2 D 41(D17)
y=
21
M 15.5 cm or D1.1 cm (The negative answer represents the
triangle that would result if Z were to the left of X.)
9. 32 = y 2 + 82 D 2y8 cos 26
y2 D 16y cos 26 + 64 D 9 = 0
y2 + (D16 cos 26)y + 55 = 0
The discriminant (D16 cos 26)2 D 4155 M D13.2, so there
is no solution.
Exploration 6-5b
1.
Ball
40-yd radius
100 yd
11 sin 40
M 62.1 or 117.9
8
X
Hole
62.1
y = 8 in.
40
Y
x = 11 in.
X
117.9
2. Let x be the distance, in feet, the ball traveled.

402 = 1002 + x 2 D 2100xcos 15
x 2 D (200 cos 15)x + 8400 = 0
x = 127.0905 or 66.0945
Distances are about 127.09 ft and 66.09 ft.
3.
y = 8 in.
Ball
40-yd radius
40
Y
x = 11 in.
Z
100 yd
Exploration 6-5a
Hole

2. Answers should be close to 10.8 cm and 3.6 cm.
3. Having two or more possible meanings; there are two
possible answers.
4. Now there is only one answer, 15.5 cm.
(Student answers should be close to this.)
402 = 1002 + x2 D 2100x cos 30

Discriminant b 2 D 4ac = D3600
N no possible values of x.
5. Now there is no answer. Side x is too short.

6.
x
= sin 26, so x = 8 sin 26 M 3.5 cm.
8

3.
4.
40-yd radius
Ball
100 yd
Hole
7
x
4
+ 90 + = tanD1
40
= sin
100
2
sin =
5
= 23.578
4. D = tanD1
4
3
+ 90 + tanD1 M 150.7
7
5
7
3
D tanD1 M 29.3
4
5
5. See both graphs in Problem 1.

A
6. 4i + 7j
y
Exploration 6-6a
10
1.
y
10
4i
7j
x
5
10
x
5
7. The i -component is the sum of the i -components, and the

A
A
j -component is the sum of the j -components.
10

or
Exploration 6-6b
y
10
1. 0 = 360
North
North
250
7 mi
5
20 mi
90
x
5
325
10
270
180
2. |r | = 92 + 102 = 181 M 13.5

10
= tanD1
M 48.0
9

2. 360 D 325 + 90 = 125

360 D 250 + 90 = 200
First vector:
A
A
A
A
(20 cos 125)i + (20 sin 125)j M D11.5i + 16.4j
Second vector:
A
A
A
A
(7 cos 200)i + (7 sin 200)j M D6.6i D 2.4j
A
3. (20 cos 125 + 7 cos 200)i

A
A
A
+ (20 sin 125 + 7 sin 200)j M D18.0i + 14.0j
2. (See sketch in Problem 3.)

42 = x2 + 62 D 2x6 cos 28
x 2 D 12x cos 28 + 36 D 16 = 0
x 2 + (D12 cos 28)x + 20 = 0
12 cos 28 (D12 cos 28)2 D 4120
x=
M 2.5 mi
21
(the answer for this problem) or 8.1 mi (the answer for
Problem 4)
3. Sketch not to scale.
North
20 sin 125 + 7 sin 200

M 142.2 because (D18.0, 14.0)
20 cos 125 + 7 cos 200
is in the second quadrant.
= 360 D 142.2 + 90 = 307.8
4. tanD1
Carrier
? mi
28
4 mi
6 mi
5. (20 cos 125 + 7 cos 200)2 + (20 sin 125 + 7 sin 200)2
M 22.8 mi
22.8 mi at 307.8
Submarine
6.
When drawn to scale, the distance is 2.5 cm.
North
4. 8.1 mi (See Problem 2.)

North
Carrier
? mi
28
4 mi
6 mi
20 knots
Submarine
325
5.
7 knots
250
6.
sin
sin 28
=
8.1376
4
(8.1376) sin 28
D1
= sin
M 107.2 because the angle is
4
obtuse.
1
64 sin M 11.5 mi2
2
7. This answer is the same as in Problem 5, with different units

and the vector of length 7 units translated, which makes no
difference to the answer. So the answer is the same (just with
different units), 22.8 knots at 307.8.
7. 22 = x 2 + 62 D 2x6 cos 28
x2 D 12x cos 28 + 36 D 4 = 0
x 2 + (D12 cos 28)x + 32 = 0
The discriminant is (D12 cos 28)2 D 4132 M D15.7. So
there is no real solution.
Exploration 6-7a
Exploration 6-7b
1. Sketch not to scale.
360
= 45
8
1
Atriangle = 1010 sin 45 = 252
2
M 35.4 units2
Aoctagon = 8Atriangle = 8252
M 282.8 units2
1. =
North
Carrier
28
6 mi
Submarine

2. n
1
360
360
1010 sin
= 50n sin
2
n
n
3.
n
Area
129.9038
200
237.7641
259.8076
273.6410
282.8427
289.2544
10
293.8926
11
297.3524
12
300
4. Square: 200 sin 90 = 2001 = 200 units2

1
Dodecagon: 600 sin 30 = 600 = 300 units2
2
6. More and more digits from the left remain the same.
7. 314.1592, that is, 100. The n-gons are approaching a
circle with radius 10, whose area would be 102 = 100.
Chapter 7 Properties of
Elementary Functions
Exploration 7-2a
1. Linear
y = mx + b
3m + b = 25
8m + b = 13
5m = D12
m = D2.4
3(D2.4) + b = 25
b = 25 + 7.2
b = 32.2
y2 = D2.4x + 32.2
7. The y-axis appears to be a vertical asymptote, which indicates

a power function with a negative exponent.
y = ax b
a 3b = 20
a 8b = 2
a 8b 2
=
= 0.1
a 3b 20
b
8
= 0.1
3
b
8
log
= log 0.1
3
8
b log = log 0.1
3
log 0.1
b=
= D2.3475
log 83
a 3D2.3475 = 20
20
a = D2.3475 = 263.7030
3
N y = 263.7030x D2.3475
8. The answer checks.
9. Concave up
10. Quadratic
y = ax 2 + bx + c
9a + 3b + c = 26.6
64a + 8b + c = 38.6
196a + 14b + c = 13.4
9
3 1 D1 26.6
D0.6
8 1 38.6 = 9
64
196 14 1
13.4
5
N y = 0.6x 2 + 9x + 5
12. Concave down
Exploration 7-3a
1.
x

3. Neither
4. The graph is not a power function because the y-intercept is
not zero.
y = abx
ab3 = 4
ab8 = 9
ab8 9
=
ab3 4
5
b = 2.25
b = 2.251/5 = 1.1760
a (1.1760)3 = 4
4
a=
= 2.4589
(1.1760)3
y = 2.4589 (1.1760)x
1.8
16.2
145.8
1312.2
10
11809.8
12
106288.2
2.
y2 y(6) 145.8
=
=
=9
y1 y(4) 16.2
3.
y2 y(10) 11809.8
=
=
=9
y1 y(8)
1312.2
4.
106288.2 11809.8 1312.2 145.8 16.2

=
=
=
=9
=
11809.8
1312.2
145.8
16.2
1.8
5. Addmultiply

6. Concave up

4.
6.
x
7.
y
25
40
320
1080
2560
10
5000
10
12
8640
y(4) 320
=
=8
y(2) 40
y(8) 2560
=
=8
y(4) 320
y(12) 8640
=
=8
y(6) 1080
8. . . . multiplies y by 8.
9. If f is a power function, multiplying x by a constant
multiplies f(x) by a constant.
20
15
x
2
31
45
59
73
10
87
12
101
10
12
5. Yes, the five points lie on the graph.

6. First differences:
34.8 D 12.3 = 22.5
44.7 D 34.8 = 9.9
42.0 D 44.7 = D2.7
26.7 D 42.0 = D15.3
Second differences:
9.9 D 22.5 = D12.6
D2.7 D 9.9 = D12.6
D15.3 D (D2.7) = D12.6
f (x) = D0.7x 2 + 11x + 2
f (1) = D0.7 1 + 11 1 + 2 = 12.3
f (4) = D0.7 16 + 11 4 + 2 = 34.8
f (7) = D0.7 49 + 11 7 + 2 = 44.7
f (10) = D0.7 100 + 11 10 + 2 = 42.0
f (13) = D0.7 169 + 11 13 + 2 = 26.7
10.
x

11. y(6) = 59 = 31 + 28 = y(2) + 28
y(8) = 73 = 45 + 28 = y(4) + 28
y(10) = 87 = 59 + 28 = y(6) + 28
y(12) = 101 = 73 + 28 = y(8) + 28
12. . . . adds 28 to y.
13. The addadd property of linear functions states that if f
is a linear function, adding a constant to x adds a constant
to f(x).
14. Given y = a x n and x2 = cx1:
y2 = a x n2 = a (cx1)n = c n a x n1 = c n y1
= k y1, where k = c n.
Exploration 7-3b
1. The values are the same as in the table shown.
2. First differences:
12.0 D 12.2 = D0.2
13.4 D 12.0 = 1.4
16.4 D 13.4 = 3.0
21.0 D 16.4 = 4.6
Second differences:
1.4 D (D0.2) = 1.6
3.0 D 1.4 = 1.6
4.6 D 3.0 = 1.6
All the second differences are the same!
3. 12.2 = 4a + 2b + c
12.0 = 16a + 4b + c
13.4 = 36a + 6b + c
a = 0.2, b = D1.3, c = 14
q(x) = 0.2x 2 D 1.3x + 14
Exploration 7-3c
1. Function has addmultiply property of exponential
functions: f (x + 2) = 0.7 f (x) for all x.
f (x) = 6000 0.7x
f (13.7) = 6000 0.713.7 = 45.2891
2. Function has multiplymultiply property of power functions:
g(2x) = 8 g(x) for all x.
g(x) = 0.7x3
g(22.3) = 0.7 22.33 = 7762.6969
3. Function has addadd property of linear functions:
h(x + 2) = h(x) + 34.6 for all x.
h(x) = 17.3x + 52.9
h(100) = 17.3 100 + 52.9 = 1782.9
4. Function has constant-second-differences property of
quadratic functions.
q (x) = 0.4x2 D 0.7x + 9
q (D7.9) = 0.4 7.92 D 0.7 7.9 + 9 = 34.494
Exploration 7-4a
1.
x
0.1
y1 = log x
D1
x as Power of 10
10D1
100
10
101
100
102
1000
103
2. Sample equation: y = 1.9741 1.4568x
2. See table in Problem 1.
3. Multiplying the value of x by a constant adds a constant to

the corresponding value of y. In this case, multiplying x by 10
adds 1 to y.
50
40
30
20
10
4. Multiplying x by 5 adds 0.6989 to y.

x
y1 = log x
0.6989
25
1.3979
125
2.0969
625
2.7958
10
15
20
43
1 + ae D6
2ae Db = 41
41
ae Db =
2
43
1 + ae D10b
39ae D10b = 4
4
ae D10b =
39
3. 2 =
39 =
41
4
ln a D 10b = ln
2
39
Solving the system of equations for b gives
b = 0.5886
Plugging b into the first equation gives
a = 36.9312
43
So y =
1 + 36.9312 e D0.5886x
ln a D b = ln
5.
y
2
1
x
3
2
1
y
50
40
30
20
10
1
2
6. log 1776 = 3.2494

10log 1776 = 1776
10log x = x
x
5
10
15
20
43
= 1.1336
1 + 36.9312
There were approximately 1134 people.
4. y(0) =
7. 101.8 = 63.0957
log 101.8 = 1.8
log 10x = x
5. The graph seems to be leveling off at about 43,000.
8. logb x = y b y = x; b > 0, b 1, x > 0

Base H 10
6. From Greek logos, meaning word or calculation

9.
x
Exploration 7-7a
y
9
81
129
6561
59049
10
1.
y
2
x
2
Multiplying the value of x by a constant adds a constant to

the corresponding value of y. In this case, multiplying x by 9
adds 2 to y.
10. logb 9 = 2 62 = 9 b = 3
2.
y
11. The logarithm (to the base B) of x is the power (exponent) to

which B must be raised to give x.
2
x
Exploration 7-6a
3.
1.
y
50
40
30
20
10
x
3
x
5
10
15
20

4.
y
2
x
2
9. p(2 + 2) = p(4) = 7.5 = 2.6 2.8846 = p(2) 2.8846

p(4 + 2) = p(6) = 21.7 = 7.5 2.8933 = p(4) 2.8933
p(6 + 2) = p(8) = 62.8 = 21.7 2.8940 = p(6) 2.8940
p(8 + 2) = p(10) = 181.4 = 62.8 2.8885 = p(8) 2.8885
p(x) = a b x
p(2) = a b 2 = 2.6
ep(10) = a b 10 = 181.4
Taking logarithms,
ln a + 2 ln b = ln 2.6
eln a + 10 ln b = ln 181.4
5.
y
2
x
4
Letting A = ln a and B = ln b,
A + 2B = 0.9555
eA + 10B = 5.2007
Solving simultaneously, A = D0.1057 and B = 0.5306, so
a = e A = e D0.1057 = 0.8996 and b = eB = e 0.8996 = 1.7000
6.
Exponential function: p(x) = 0.8996 1.7000x
15
x
10
7. f (2 2) = f (4) = 12.8
= 0.8 16 = f (2) 16
f (4 2) = f (8) = 204.8
= 12.8 16 = f (4) 16;
f (x) = ax b
f (2) = a 2b = 0.8
ef (10) = a 10b = 500.0
Taking logarithms,
ln a + b ln 2 = ln 0.8
eln a + b ln 10 = ln 500.0
Letting L = ln a,
L + 0.6931b = D0.2231
eL + 2.3025b = 6.2146
Solving simultaneously, b = 4, L = D2.9957,
so a = e L = e D2.9957 = 0.05.
Power function: f (x) = 0.05x 4
x
f (x) = 0.05x 4
12.8
64.8
204.8
8. g(2 + 2) = g(4) = 0.6 = 0.5 + 0.1 = g(2) + 0.1

g(4 + 2) = g(6) = 0.7 = 0.6 + 0.1 = g(4) + 0.1
g(6 + 2) = g(8) = 0.8 = 0.7 + 0.1 = g(6) + 0.1
g(8 + 2) = g(10) = 0.9 = 0.8 + 0.1 = g(8) + 0.1;
g(x) = mx + b
2m + b = 0.5
e10m + b = 0.9
m = 0.05, b = 0.4
Linear function: g(x) = 0.05x + 0.4
p(x) = 0.8996 1.7000x
7.5143
21.7172
62.7655
10. The first differences are:

29.0 D 20.0 = 9.0
30.0 D 29.0 = 1.0
23.0 D 30.0 = D7.0
8.0 D 23.0 = D15.0
The second differences are:
1.0 D 9.0 = D8.0
D7.0 D 1.0 = D8.0
D15.0 D (D7.0) = D8.0
r(x) = ax 2 + bx + c
Because there are three unknown coefficients, we need three
equations, using three points, say, the first three:
4a + 2b + c = 20.0
16a + 4b + c = 29.0
36a + 6b + c = 30.0
Solving simultaneously,
a = D1, b = 10.5, c = 3;
Quadratic equation: r(x) = Dx 2 + 10.5x + 3
x
r(x)
23.0
10
8.0
11. A logarithmic function has the multiplyadd property. If we

multiply x by 42 = 2, we add 7 D 3 = 4 to y. So two more points
are
x
L(x)
11
16
15
y = a + b log x
y(2) = a + b log 2 = 3
ey(4) = a + b log 4 = 7
g(x) = 0.05x + 0.4
0.6
or
0.7
0.8
ea + 0.6020b = 7

a + 0.3010b = 3
Solving simultaneously, a = D1 and b = 13.2877

y = D1 + 13.2877 log x
y(3) = D1 + 13.2877 log 3 = 5.3398
Interpolation, because 2 < 3 < 4
12. Two points on the graph are (0, 5) and (3, 10). Because point
(3, 10) is the inflection point, then, by symmetry, another
point on the graph is (3 + (3 D 0), 10 + (10 D 5)) = (6, 15).
Using a graphing calculator to do logistic regression on these
three points (using L1 = {0, 3, 6} and L2 = {5,10,15}), you get
20
y=
1 + 3eD0.3662x
Exploration 8-2a
1. y
W = D2x + 46.4
y decreases as x increases.
2.
y
40
x
20
It seems to fit fairly well.
Chapter 8 Fitting Functions to Data
3.
y
W
Exploration 8-1a
40.4
1. y
W = 1.4x + 3.8
(y D yW)2
yDy
W
0.6
0.36
36.4
0.6
0.36
32.4
D3.4
11.56
28.4
D0.4
0.16
24.4
D1.4
1.96
4. 0.4 D 1.8 C 3.0 D 2.2 C 0.6 H 0
20.4
5.6
31.36
5.
16.4
2.6
6.76
12.4
D3.4
11.56
8.4
D0.4
0.16
4.4
D0.4
0.16
y
W
yDy
W
(y D yW)2
40
36
32
D3
28
24
D1
20
36
16
12
D3
y
W
yDy
W
(y D yW)2
6.6
0.4
0.16
10.8
D1.8
3.24
15.0
3.0
9.00
4. SSres H 64.40
19.2
D2.2
4.84
5.
23.4
0.6
0.36
SSres H 17.65
6.
y
W
yDy
W
(y D yW)2
6.7
0.3
0.09
10.9
D1.9
3.61
15.1
2.9
8.41
19.3
D2.3
5.29
23.5
0.5
0.25
SSres H 17.65
The new equation doesnt fit the data as well.
SSres H 66.00
7.
The modified equation doesnt fit the data as well.

y
W
yDy
W
yDy
W2
6.8
0.2
0.04
11.3
D2.3
5.29
15.8
2.2
4.84
20.3
D3.3
10.89
24.8
D0.8
0.25
6. (x, y) = (12, 22.4)

y
W (x ) = D2(12) + 46.4 = 22.4 = y
7.
y
40
SSres H 21.70
The two modified equations do not fit as well as the actual
regression equation.
x
20
No, its impossible to tell which is better just by looking.

7.
8.
y
W
yDy
W
(y D yW)2
y
W
(y D y
W )2
41.3
D0.3
0.09
6.6
37.1
D0.1
0.01
10.8
3.24
32.9
D3.9
15.21
18
15
28.7
D0.7
0.49
12
17
19.2
4.84
24.5
D1.5
2.25
15
24
23.4
0.36
20.3
5.7
32.49
16.1
2.9
8.41
11.9
D2.9
8.41
7.7
0.3
0.09
3.5
0.5
0.25
0.16
SSres H 17.6
8.
SSdev D SSres 194 D 17.6 176.4

=
=
= 0.9092
SSdev
194
194
SSdev D SSres
, shows up as r 2;
SSdev
SSdev D SSres
r is calculated by taking
, using the positive
SSdev
branch if the regression function is increasing and using the
negative branch if the regression function is decreasing.
9. The coefficient of determination,
SSres H 67.70
Its SSres is larger than that of the regression equation.

Exploration 8-2b
Exploration 8-2c
1
75
(7 + 9 + 18 + 17 + 24) =
= 15
5
5
See graph in Problem 2.
1
12
(2 + 3 + 7) =
= 4 hr
3
3
1
45
y = (20 + 17 + 8) =
= 15
3
3
1. y =
1. x =
2.
x (hr)
y (gal)
xDx
yDy
25
20
D2
20
17
D1
15
D7
x (hr)
y (gal)
(x D x )2
(y D y )2
(x D x )(y D y )
20
25
D10
17
D2
49
D21
10
2.
5
x
3
12 15
3.
x
yDy
(y D y )2
D8
64
D6
36
18
12
17
15
24
81
SSdev H 194
4. y
W(x) = 1.4x + 2.4
r 2 = 0.9092, r = 0.9535
5.
y
3.
(x D x )2 = 14 hr2
(y D y)2 = 78 gal2
(x D x )(y D y ) = D33 hr gal
[D33 hr gal]2
(14 hr2)(78 gal2)
= 0.9972
W = D2.3571x + 24.4285
4. y
r = D0.9986, r 2 = 0.9972
5. y = mx + b b = y D mx
For any point on the regression line,
y
W = mx + b = mx + y D mx = y + m(x D x ).
Substitute this into the expression for SSres:
SSres = (y D y
W )2 = [y D (y + m(x D x ))]2
SSres = [(y D y ) D m(x D x )]2
25
20
15
Square:
[(y D y ) D m(x D x )]2
= [(y D y )2 D 2m(x D x )(y D y ) + m 2(x D x )2]
10
5
x
3
12 15
6. See Problem 5.

Rewrite the expression:

[(y D y ) D m(x D x )]2
= (y D y )2 D 2m(x D x )(y D y ) + m 2(x D x )2
(x D x )(y D y ) = [xy D xy D xy + x y]
= xy D xy D xy + x y
= xy D xy D yx + nx y

1
1
x y D ny x + nx y
n
1
= xy D 2 xy + nx y
n

1
1
1
= xy D 2 xy + n x
y
n
n
n
1
1
= xy D 2 xy + xy
n
n
1
= xy D xy
n
= xy D
7. First note that x =
1
x x = nx = x.
n
Simplify the denominator:

nx 2 D
(x)2 = nx 2 D xx
= nx 2 D nx x
= nx 2 D 2nx x + nx x
= nx 2 D n2xx + nx 2
= n(x 2 D 2xx + x 2)
= n(x D x )2
nxy D xy nxy D xy
Nm=
=
n(x D x)2
nx 2 D x 2

1
n xy D xy
n
=
n(x D x)2
( )
Then using the result of Problem 6,

n(x D x )(y D y ) (x D x )(x D y )
=
.
m=
n(x D x )2
(x D x )2
8. Using the expression for m from Problem 7, the middle term
in the expression for SSres from Problem 5 becomes:
(x D x )(y D y) (x D x )(y D y)
2m(x D x )(y D y) = 2
(x D x )2
C(x D x )(y D y )D 2
=2
(x D x )2
Next, the third term in the expression for SSres from
Problem 5 becomes:
(x D x )(y D y ) d 2 (x D x )2
m 2(x D x )2 = c
(x D x )2
2
C(x D x )(y D y )D
=
(x D x )2
C(x D x )2D2
=
C(x D x )(y D y )D2
(x D x )2
N D2m(x D x )(y D y ) + m 2(x D x )2
C(x D x )(y D y )D2 C(x D x )(y D y )D2
= D2
+
(x D x )2
(x D x )2
2
C(x D x )(y D y )D
=D
(x D x )2
C(x D x )(y D y )D2
N SSres = (y D y )2 D
(x D x )2
9. Simplify the numerator of the expression for r 2.

C(x D x )(y D y)D2
SSdev D SSres = (y D y )2 D (y D y )2 +
(x D x )2
2
C(x D x )(y D y )D
=
(x D x )2
Then:
SSdev D SSres
r2 =
=
SSdev
C(x D x )(y D y)D2
(x D x )2
(y D y )2
C(x D x )(y D y)D2
(x D x )2(y D y )2
10. Recall from Problem 2 that:

(x D x )2 = 14 hr2
(y D y )2 = 78 gal2
(x D x )(y D y ) = D33 hr gal
(x D x )(y D y )
So r =
(x D x)2(y D y)2
D33 hr gal
D33
=
=
= D0.9986
14 hr278 gal2 1478
Note that r < 0, indicating that the regression equation is a
decreasing function.
Exploration 8-3a
W = 17,364.89x + 358,350.81
1. y
r = 0.999623 (very close to 1)
y
W(5) = 445,175.28, which is close to 451,310
2. 1985: x H 15
y
W(15) = 618,824.24 (not close to 497,560)
1997: x H 27
y
W(27) = 827,202.99 (not close to 717,750)
3. Yes
4. y2 = 17,356.82x + 314,672.82
r = 0.960182
Total violent crimes
6.
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
5. y 3 = D1038.8041x 2 + 28,552.4376x + 304,266.307

(R2 = 0.9190)
y 3(27) = 317,893.9, which is much different from 717,750.
Exploration 8-4a
1. Because both kinds of function can be decreasing and
concave up
2. Both approach the x-axis as an asymptote as x becomes large.
The explonential function has a y-intercept for the
temperature at x H 0. The power has a vertical asymptote at
x H 0, which is the wrong behavior.

3. Exponential: r = D0.9977
Power: r = D0.9576
N Exponential fits better because r is closer to D1.
4.
Residual
500
4.
y (C)
500
30
About the same.

x (min)
Exploration 8-5a
5.
x (min)
Residuals
D1.5864
D0.7467
D0.0883
0.4024
0.7244
0.7637
0.6955
0.3852
10
D0.1102
11
D0.8413
1. y 1 = 320.9749(1.00501)x
r = 0.9977, indicating a good fit.
2.
y (ppm)
200
10
x (months)
20
The function fits well.

3. There is a sinusoidal pattern.
Residual
6.
1
20
Residual
10
1
x
5
4. y 2 = 1.0906 sin (0.5321x + 1.4039) D 0.01625

Residual
7. There is something in the data that is not accounted for by

exponential function. If there is no pattern, the residuals are
accounted for by random measurement errors.
1
20
10
Exploration 8-4b
5. The graph goes through more points.

y (ppm)
1. Both are increasing and concave up.

2. Exponential: y 1 = 21.1772(1.009142)x
r = 0.9091
Power: 0.00000002117x 4.0340
200
y (gal/hr)
10
x (months)
20
6.
2000
Residual
1000
400
x (mi/hr)
500
1
x
10
3.
20
Residual
500
x
500
The randomness of this residual plot indicates that y3

accounts for all but random fluctuations.
Somewhat of a pattern.

Chapter 9 Probability, and

Functions of a Random Variable
Exploration 9-3a
5. 5C3 or

5
3
6. 10 9 8 7 =
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10!
=
654321
6!
10!
10!
=
4!(10 D 4)! 4!6!
1. n(A) H 12, n(B) H 10
7.
10C4
2. n(A or B) H 12 C 10 H 22
Add n(A) and n(B).
8.
10! 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7
=
=
= 210
4!6! 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1
4321
9.
10C4
3. The occurrence of one of them excludes the possibility that

the other will occur.
4. n(A and B) = 12 10 = 120
Multiply n(A) and n(B).
5. The way one occurs does not affect the way the other could
occur.
6. n(C) H 7
7. n(A and C) H 3
= 210; answer agrees.
10. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

11. (a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
12. (a + b)4 = (a + b)(a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3)
= a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
13. 4C0 =
8. n(A or C) H n(A) C n(C) D n(A and C)

H 12 C 10 D 3 H 19
4C1
9. n(X ) C n(Y ) D n(X and Y )
4C2
4C3
4C4
10. n(X ) n(Y )

Exploration 9-4a
4!
0!4!
4!
1!3!
4!
2!2!
4!
3!1!
4!
4!0!
=
=
=
=
=
4321
=1
14321
4321
=4
1321
4321
=6
2121
4321
=4
3211
4321
=1
43211

1. A rearrangement of their order
2. 7! H 5040
3. 5 5! 2 = 1200
4.
1200 5
=
M 23.8%
5040 21
5.
5 5! 4 2400 10
=
=
M 47.6%
5040
5040 21
6. 7P3 = 210
7. 1 6P2 = 30
8.
6!
Exploration 9-6a
1. P (E and H ) = P (E ) P (H ) = 0.8 0.7 = 0.56
2. P (E ) + P (H ) = 0.8 + 0.7 = 1.5 > 1
Because P (E or H ) 1, the preceding calculation shows
P (E or H ) P (E ) + P (H ).
3. P (E or H ) = P (E ) + P (H ) D P (E and H ) = 0.94
4. P (not E ) = 1 D 0.8 = 0.2
P (not H ) = 1 D 0.7 = 0.3
5. P (not E and not H ) = P (not E ) P (not H ) = 0.06
= 60
6. P (E and not H ) = P (E ) P (not H ) = 0.8 0.3 = 0.24
9. 1 6! = 720
7. P (H and not E ) = P (H ) P (not E ) = 0.7 0.2 = 0.14
3! 2!
10. 7 1 5! = 840
8. 0.56 + 0.24 + 0.14 + 0.06 = 1
9. P (H |E ) is the probability that H occurs after event E has

already occurred, that is, the probability that you got an A
in History if you got an A in English. If P (H |E ) = P (H ), then
H is independent of E. So your chance of getting an A in
history is not affected by whether you get an A in English.
Exploration 9-5a
1. Answers should mention the techniques for calculating the
number of combinations and permutations of a set.
2. The words contain exactly the same letters but in a
different order.
3. A combination of elements in a set is a subset of those
elements, without regard to the order in which the elements
are arranged.
4.
60
= 10
3!
10. P(E H ) H P(E or H ) is the probability that you got an A in

either English or History or both. P(E H ) H P(E and H ) is the
probability that you got As in both History and English.
P(E H ) H P(E ) C P(H ) D P(E H )
Exploration 9-7a

In the remaining questions, let p H the probability found in

Problem 1.
4.
x = Number Right
P(x)
2. Numerical answers will vary, but should be p10.
0.000729
3. Numerical answers will vary, but should be (1 D p)10.
0.010206
4. Numerical answers will vary, but should be

1
9
9
10C1p (1 D p) = 10p(1 D p)
0.059535
0.185220

0
10
+ 10C1p1(1 D p)9
10C0p (1 D p)
= (1 D p)10 + 10p(1 D p)9 = (9p + 1)(1 D p)9
0.324135
0.302526
0.117649

P (x) = 10Cxpx(1 D p)10Dx
5.
P(x)
7. Answers will vary, but should have a peak near 10p.

8. Numerical answers will vary but should be
7
P (10 D x).
0.2
x=4
x
5
Exploration 9-8a
1. (0.95) 4 + (0.05) 3 + (0.00) 2 = 3.95
2.
English
Spanish
Chemistry
History
3.
(0.90) 4 + (0.10) 3 + (0.00) 2 = 3.90

(0.80) 4 + (0.15) 3 + (0.05) 2 = 3.75
(0.70) 4 + (0.20) 3 + (0.10) 2 = 3.60
(0.55) 4 + (0.30) 3 + (0.15) 2 = 3.40
3.95 + 3.90 + 3.75 + 3.60 + 3.40

= 3.72
5
4.
x = Number of Heads
P(x)
0.07776
0.25920
0.34560
0.23040
0.07680
0.01024
6. (0.7 C 0.3)6
= 0.76 + 6 0.75 0.31 + 15 0.74 0.32
+ 20 0.73 0.33 + 15 0.72 0.34
+ 6 0.71 0.35 + 0.36
7. 0.76 H 0.000729
6 0.75 0.31 = 0.010206
15 0.74 0.32 = 0.059535
20 0.73 0.33 = 0.185220
15 0.72 0.34 = 0.324135
6 0.71 0.35 = 0.302526
0.36 = 0.117649
8. The values of the function are equal to the terms of the
expansion of a binomial power.
9. Assuming that breaking an arm and breaking a leg are
independent (possibly not a valid assumption),
P(arm and leg) H (0.06)(0.04) H 0.0024
P(arm, not leg) H (0.06)(0.96) H 0.0576
P(leg, not arm) H (0.94)(0.04) H 0.0376
P(not arm and not leg) H (0.94)(0.96) H 0.9024
10. (0.0024) $10,000 + (0.0576) $500
+ (0.0376) $800 + (0.9024) $0 = $82.88
11. $82.88 C $15 H $97.88
5.
Payoff (x)
P(x) Payoff (x)
0 D 10 H D10
D0.7776
0 D 10 H D10
D2.5012
0 D 10 H D10
D3.4560
20 D 10 H 10
2.3040
50 D 10 H 40
3.0710
100 D 10 H 90
0.9216
5
P (x) Payoff(x) = D0.5280
x=0
Exploration 9-9a
1. (0.7)4(0.3)2 = 0.021609
12. An actuary is a person who calculates premiums, reserves,

and dividends for insurance companies.
13. P (red 3 and green 5) = P (red 3) P (green 5) =
1
36
14. P(red 3 or green 5)

H P(red 3) C P(green 5) D P(red 3 and green 5)
1 1 1 11
= + D
=
6 6 36 36
15. The event red 3 and green 5 is included in both P(red 3)
and P(green 5), so
1 1
P (red 3) + P (green 5) = + counts
6 6
P(red 3 and green 5) twice.
16. They are equally likely.
17. An event
2.
6!
4! 2!
= 15
3. 6C4(0.7)4(0.3)2 = 0.324135
18. The sample space

Chapter 10 Three-Dimensional
Vectors
2.
z
Exploration 10-2a
1. Vectors have direction as well as magnitude.
2. A vector is a directed line segment that represents a vector
quantity, while a vector quantity is a quantity that has both a
magnitude and a direction.
3. Page 411. Place the tail of the second at the head of the first.
The vector sum goes from the tail of the first to the head of
the second.
4. A position vector starts at the origin and ends at a point.
y
3. |vA| = 52 + 72 + 102 = 174 = 13.1909

A
4. 3vA = (3 5)i + (3 7)j + (3 10)k

A
A
A
= 15i + 21j + 30k
5. One unit long
5. |3vA| = 152 + 212 + 302

= 32(52 + 72 + 102) = 352 + 72 + 102
= 3174 = 3|vA|
6. 32 + (D5)2 = 34
6.
5
7. |vA|, magnitude and absolute value, on page 411

8.
y
7 A
10 A
j +
k
174
174
A
A
A
7. vA + aA = (5 + 4)i + [7 + (D3)] j + (10 + 8)k
A
A
A
= 9i + 4j + 8k
A
8. b = (7 D 1)i + (3 D 5)j + (11 D 2)k

A
A
A
= 6i D 2j + 9k
(A
b
5
a
5
A
Exploration 10-4a
a = 9i + j
b = 6i + 8j
A
A
AB = D3i + 7j
pA = aA + 0.7 AB
A A
A
A
= 9i + j + 0.7 D3i + 7j
A A
A
A
= 9i + j D 2.1i + 4.9j
A
A
= 6.9i + 5.9j
1. 6 8 cos 0 = 6 8 1 = 48
( )
9. i + 5j + 2k + 0.3 6i D 2j + 9k
A
A
A
= [1 + 0.3(6)]i + [5 + 0.3(D2)] j + [2 + 0.3(9)]k
A
A
A
= 2.8i D 4.4j + 4.7k
0.7AB
5 A
i +
174
2. 6 8 cos 180 = 6 8 (D1) = D48
3. 6 8 cos 90 = 6 8 0 = 0
4. 6 8 cos 50 = 30.8538
5. 6 8 cos 110 = D16.4169
A
A
A
6. aA b = |aA||b |cos , where is the angle between aA and b
placed tail-to-tail
Exploration 10-3a
7. i i = j j = k k = 1 1 cos 0 = 1 1 1 = 1;
A A A A A A
i j = j k = i k = 1 1 cos 90 = 1 1 0 = 0
1.
z
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
8. aA b = 2i + 5j + 7k 9i + 3j + 4k
A A
A A
A A
= 29i i + 23i j + 24i k
A A
A A
A A
+ 59j i + 53j j + 54j k
A A
A A
A A
+ 79k i + 73k j + 74k k
= 18 1 + 6 0 + 8 0 + 45 0 + 15 1 + 20 0
+ 63 0 + 21 0 + 28 1
= 18 + 15 + 28 = 61
) (
9. Scalar product, inner product

A
10. A
c d = 4 2 D 6 5 + 9 (D3) = D49

c | = 42 + 62 + 92 = 133;
11. |A
|dA| = 22 + 52 + 32 = 38; Ac dA = |Ac ||dA| cos
A
c d
D49
= cos A A = cosD1
133 38
|c ||d |
= 133.5709
D1
Exploration 10-4c
A
1. aA + b
a+b
Exploration 10-4b
1. p = |aA| cos = 5 cos 33 = 4.1933

A
2. |b | = 92 + 32 + 42 = 106 = 10.2956
9 A
3 A
4 A
uA =
i +
j +
k
106
106
106
a
A
2. a D b
3. pA = puA = 4.1933uA
A
A
A
= 3.6656i + 1.2218 j + 1.6291k
ab
c = 18 + 15 + 28 = 61
4. b A
|bA| = 106
|Ac | = 22 + 52 + 72 = 78
61
= cosD1
= 47.8667
106 78
a
A
3. a
c | cos = 78 cos 47.8667

5. p = |A
= 5.9248
p A 5.9248 A
A
b = 0.5754b
6. pA = A b =
106
|b |
A
A
A
= 5.1792i + 1.7264j + 2.3018k
7.
8
b
v
6
140
x
p
A
8. p = |v | cos = 6 cos 140 = D4.5962

A
p is negative because pA and b point in opposite directions.
p A D4.5962 A
A
b = D0.4464b
9. pA = A b =
106
|b |
A
A
A
= D4.0178i D 1.3392 j D 1.7857k
10. Scalar projections are negative if the angle is obtuse. Lengths
of vectors are never negative.
r A
s = 3 4 D 5 8 D 2 7 = D42
11. A
|Ar | = 32 + 52 + 22 = 38,
|As | = 42 + 82 + 72 = 129
A A
r s
D42
= cosD1 A A = cosD1
= 126.8611
38129
|r ||s |
A
p = |r | cos = 38 cos 126.8611
= D3.6978
p
D3.6978 A
A
p = AA
s =
s = D0.3255sA
129
|s |
A
A
A
= D1.3023i D 2.6046 j + 2.2790k
A
A
4. |aA| = 89, |b | = 134
A
A
A A
5. aA + b = 5i + j + 13k
A
A
A A A
a D b = i + 15j D 5k
A
6. Distance = |aA + b | = 195

A
7. Vector is b D aA = Di D 15j + 5k .
A
8. aA b = D14
9. Scalar product, inner product

10. Obtuse. The dot product is negative.
A
11. By definition, aA b = |aA||b | cos

D14
N cos =
, so = 97.3654
89134
12. pA
b
r s
D42 A
s =
s = D0.3255sA
12. pA = A 2 A
129
|s |

13. p = |aA| cos = 89 cos 97.36 = D1.2094

p is negative because pA points in the opposite direction from
aA in this case.
b
1
A
A
A
(2i D 7j + 9k )
14. uA = A =
|b | 134
2 A
7 A
9 A
=
i D
j +
k
134
134
134
A
A
A
= 0.1727i D 0.6047 j D 0.7774k
8. A variable point in the plane means an arbitrary point

p(x, y, z) whose coordinates are not fixed except that they
must satisfy the equation of the plane.
15. pA = puA
A
A
A
= D1.2094 0.172i D 0.604 j + 0.777k
(
A
= D0.2089i D 0.7313 j D 0.9402k

16.
z
0.6( b a )
v
b
y
x
A
Vector from aA to b is
A
A
A
A
b D aA = Di D 15j + 5k
A
A
A
A
A
A
0.6 of this is 0.6 Di D 15j + 5k = D0.6i D 9j + 3k
A
A
A
A A
N v = a + D0.6i D 9j + 3k
A
A
A
A
A
A
= 3i + 8j + 4k + D0.6i D 9j + 3k
A
A A
= 2.4i D j + 7k
) (
(
(
)
)
4. Student demonstration
A
A
5. aA R b is a vector perpendicular to both aA and b , with
direction given by the right-hand rule and with magnitude
|aA R bA| = |aA||bA| sin , where is the angle between aA and bA,
placed tail-to-tail.
A
A A
A A
7. |i R j | = |i || j | sin 90 = 1 1 1 = 1, and when the fingers of

A
A
your right hand curl from i to j , your thumb points in the
A
A A
A A
direction of k ; similarly for j R k and k R i .
1.
n
A
3. aA R b aA = 51 3 + 38 5 D 49 7 = 0;
A
A
A A
a R b b = 51 11 + 38 2 D 49 13 = 0; aA R b
A
A
is perpendicular to both a and b .
6. |i R i | = |i ||i | sin 0 = 1 1 0 = 0, and similarly for j and k .
Exploration 10-5a
z
1. |aA| = 32 + 52 + 72 = 83;
|bA| = 112 + 22 + 132 = 294;
A
|aA||b | = 83 294 = 24,402
A A
|a R b | = 512 + 382 + 492 = 6446 |aA||bA|
aA b
3 11 + 5 2 + 7 13
2. = cosD1 A A = cosD1
83 294
|a ||b |
134
D1
= cos
= 30.9282;
24,402
A A
|a ||b | sin = 83 294 sin 30.9282
A
= 80.2869 = 6446 = |aA R b |
Exploration 10-6a
Normal vector
8. If you curl the fingers of your right hand from j to i , your

thumb points in the opposite direction than if you curl from
A
A
i to j .
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
9. aA R b = 3i + 5j + 7k R 11i + 2j + 13k
A
A
A
A
A
A
= 3i R 11i + 3i R 2j + 3i R 13k
A
A
A
A
A
A
+ 5j R 11i + 5j R 2j + 5j R 13k
A
A
A
A
A
A
+ 7k R 11i + 7k R 2j + 7k R 13k
A A
A A
A A
= 33 i R i + 6 i R j + 39 i R k
A A
A A
A A
+ 55 j R i + 10 j R j + 65 j R k
P0
P
) ( ) ( )
( A A) ( A A ) ( A A )
+ 77(k R i ) + 14(k R j ) + 91(k R k )
A
A
= 33.0 + 6k + 39(Dj )
A
A
+ 55(Dk ) + 10.0 + 65i
A
A
+ 77j + 14(Di ) + 91.0
y
x
2. nA P0P = |nA||P0P | cos , where = 90.
So = 0. Therefore, nA P0P = 0.
A
(A
) (
3. P0P = P D P 0 = xi + yj + zk D 8i + 9j + 4k
A
A
A
= (x D 8)i + (y D 9)j + (z D 4)k
4. 3i + 7j + 10k C (x D 8)i + (y D 9)j + (z D 4)k D = 0

3(x D 8) + 7(y D 9) + 10(z D 4) = 0
3x + 7y + 10z = 127
Plane
) (
5. 3x C 7y C 10z H D
3(8) + 7(9) + 10(4) = D
24 + 63 + 40 = D
D = 127
N 3x + 7y + 10z = 127
6. 3(5) + 7(2) + 10z = 127 z = 9.8
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
10. aA R b = 65i D 14i + 77j D 39j + 6k D 55k
A
A
A
= 51i + 38j D 49k
11. The terms on the inner diagonal (top left to bottom right)
vanish, leaving only the outer terms.
12. The result is a vector.
k
i j
7 A 3
7
A 3 5
A5
13. 3 5
7 =i
Dj
+k
2 13
11 13
11 2
11 2 13
A
| |
| |
= i (5 13 D 7 2) D j (3 13 D 7 11) + k (3 2 D 5 11)
A
A
A
= 51i + 38j D 49k
7. 3x + 7(0) + 10(0) = 127 x = 42.3333

x-intercept is (42.3333, 0, 0)

Exploration 10-7a
j
k
i
A
A
A
14. 4 D5 8 = i (35 D 48) D j (D28 D 24) + k (24 + 15)
3 6 D7
A
A
A
= D13i + 52j + 39k
1. i
vA = |Ai ||vA| cos = |vA| cos

A A
i v
1 4 + 0 5 + 0 12
D1
D1
= cos
Exploration 10-6b
= cosD1
2. AB AC = 1 (D3) D 9 (D13) + 3 (D2) = 114
= cosD1
j
k
i

4. AB R AC = D1
D9
3
D3 D13 D2
(
(
| |
|vA|
5
185
= cosD1
0 4 + 1 5 + 0 12
185
= 68.4318
k v
0 4 + 0 5 + 1 12
= cosD1
185
|vA|
12
= cosD1
= 28.0840
185
2. cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1

4
5
12
3. cos =
; cos =
; cos =
;
185
185
185

2
2
2
4
5
12
185
+
+
=
=1
185
185
185
185
| |
vA
= cosD1
D9
3 A D1
3
D9
A D1
Dj
+k
D13 D2
D3 D2
D3 D13
A
A
= i [D9 (D2) D 3 (D13)] D j [D1 (D2) D 3 (D3)]
A
+ k [D1 (D13) D (D9) (D3)]
A
A
A
= i (18 + 39) D j (2 + 9) + k (13 D 27)
A
A
A
= 57i D 11j D 14k
A
=i
3. AB AC = |AB ||AC | cos , so

AB AC
= cosD1
|AB ||AC |
114
D1
= cos
12 + 92 + 32 32 + 132 + 22
114
= cosD1
= 27.6466
91 182
A
= cos
similarly,
A
1. AB = B D A = (4 D 5)i + (D2 D 7)j + (6 D 3)k = Di D 9j + 3k ;

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
AC = C D A = (2 D 5)i + (D6 D 7)j + (1 D 3)k = D3i D 13j D 2k
|vA|
42 + 52 + 122
4
= cosD1
= 72.8972;
185
5. |AB R AC | = 572 + 112 + 142 = 3566 = 59.7159

|AB
||AC | sin = 91182 sin 27.6466 = 59.7159
= 57(D1) D 11(D9) D 14 3 = 0;
) AB
= 57(D3) D 11(D13) D 14(D2) = 0

) AC
6. AB R AC

AB R AC
vA
vA
4 A
5 A
12 A
4. uA = A =
=
i +
j +
k
185
|v | 185 185 185
A
A
A
A
A
A
= cos i + cos j + cos k = c1i + c2 j + c3k
2
2 2
9
8
12
81
64 144 289
+
+
=
=1
5.
+ D
+
=
17
17
17
289 289 289 289
9
9
= cosD1
= 58.0342,
cos =
17
17
D8
8
cos =
= cosD1
= 118.0724,
17
17
12
12
cos =
= cosD1
= 45.0991,
17
17
A

A
A
7. nA = AB R AC = 57i D 11j D 14k
57x D 11y D 14z = D;
D = 57(5) D 11(7) D 14(3) = 166;
57x D 11y D 14z = 166
6. c3 = 1 D c21 D c22
8. 57(2) D 11(D6) D 14(1) = 166
9. y = z = 0 57x D 11 0 D 14 0
166
57x = 166 x =
= 2.9122
57
10. Let the base b = |AB | and h H altitude. Then

h
= sin h = |AC | sin ,

|AC
|
1
1
so A = bh = | AB | | AC | sin
2
2
1 1
= | AB R AC | = 3566 = 29.8579
2
2
= 1 D (0.3)2 D (D0.4)2 =
3
2
= cosD1 c3 = 30 and 150
Exploration 10-8a
2 2 2
3
6
2
9 36 4
49
+
+
+
+
=
=
=1
7
7
7
49 49 49
49
1. |uA| =
2. c1 =
3
6
2
; c2 = ; c3 =
7
7
7
3.
z
Line
P0 (4, 9, 11)
du
d units from P0
P(x, y, z)
P0
Position vector r
y
x

A
r is the resultant of P 0, the position vector to P0, followed by
4. A
d repetitions of the unit vector in the direction of the line.

3A 6 A 2 A
A
A
A
r = 4i + 9j + 11k + d i + j + k
5. A
7
7
7

3 A
6 A
2 A
= 4 + d i + 9 + d j + 11 + d k
7
7
7

3
6
2
A
A
A
6. A
r (21) = 4 + 21 i + 9 + 21 j + 11 + 21 k
7
7
7
A
A
A
= 13i + 27j + 17k ; the point (13, 27,17)
3
322
7. x = 4 + d = 50 d =
units; it is in the direction
7
3
A
u from P0.

322
3 322 A
6 322 A
2 322 A
8. A
r
= 4+
i + 9+
j + 11 +
k
3
7
3
7
3
7
3

125
A
A 125 A
k ; the point 50, 101,
= 50i + 101j +
3
3
2
77
9. z = 11 + d = 0 d = D ;
7
2

3 D77 A
6 D77 A
2 D77 A
A 77
r D
= 4+
i + 9+
j + 11 +
k
2
7
2
7
2
7
2
A
A
A
= D12.5i D 24j + 0k ; the point (D12.5, D24, 0)
Exploration 10-8c
A
1. A
r (2) = P 0 + 2vA
A
A
A
= (4 + 2 2)i + (9 + 2 5)j + (11 D 2 3)k
A
A
A
= 8i + 19j + 5k
A
A
r (D1.7) = P 0 D 1.7vA
A
A
A
= (4 D 1.7 2)i + (9 D 1.7 5)j + (11 + 1.7 3)k
A
A
A
= 0.6i + 0.5j + 16.1k
3. Direction numbers are direction cosines multiplied by the

length of the direction vector.
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
4. A
r = P 0 + tvA = 4i + 9j + 11k + t 2i + 5j D 3k
A
8.
A
3. AB = B D A = (6 D 5)i + (3 D 10)j + (6 D 1)k = i D 7j + 5k ;

A
A
AC = C D A
A
A
A
= (12 D 5)i + (1 D 10)j + (4 D 1)k
A
A
A
= 7i D 9j + 3k
A
| |
i
j k
A
A
A
4. n = AB R AC = 1 D7 5 = 24i + 32j + 40k
7 D9 3
Divide by the LCD, 8, to get the easier-to-work-with
A
A
A
3i + 4j + 5k , which is still a normal because it points in the
same direction.
A
xD4
2
yD9
y = 9 + 5t t =
5
z D 11
z = 11 D 3t t =
D3
x D 4 y D 9 z D 11
t=
=
=
2
5
D3

3A 6 A 2 A
A
A
A
= 7i + 11j + 3k + d i + j + k
7
7
7

3 A
6 A
2 A
= 7 + d i + 11 + d j + 3 + d k
7
7
7
A
) (
6. x = 4 + 2 2 = 8
y = 9 + 5 2 = 19
z = 11 D 3 2 = 5
A
A
A
A
r = 8i + 19j + 6k , the same result as in Problem 1.
r = P 0 + duA
2. A
5. The equation in Problem 4 is easier to work with because

it has only integer coefficients. But for this equation, the
distance along the line equals the parameter d.
= (4 + 2t)i + (9 + 5t)j + (11 D 3t)k
2 2 2
3
6
2
9 36 4
49
+
+
+
+
=
=
=1
7
7
7
49 49 49
49
2. |P0P | = |A
r (2) D P 0| = |2vA| = 222 + 52 + 32 = 238
7. x = 4 + 2t t =
Exploration 10-8b
1. |uA| =
5. 3x C 4y C 5z H D;
D H 3(5) C 4(10) C 5(1) H 60;
3x C 4y C 5z H 60

3
6
2
6. 3 7 + d + 4 11 + d + 5 3 + d = 60
7
7
7
43
140
80 + d = 60 d = D
7
43

D140
3 D140 A
6 D140 A
7. A
r D
= 7+
i + 11 +
j
43
7
43
7
43

2 D1405 A
+ 3+
k
7
43
241A 353 A 89 A
=
i +
j + k;
43
43
43

241 353 89
= (5.6046, 8.2093, 2.0697)
,
,
43 43 43
7 D 4 z D 11
3
=
z = D3 + 11 = 6.5
2
D3
2
9. Parametric equations allow you to work more easily with

individual coordinates.
10. For symmetric equations, you need only one coordinate to
find both others (unless the line is parallel to a coordinate
axis.)
Exploration 10-9a
1. x H 1 and y = 2 6(1) + 5(2) D 4z = D12
16 D 4z = D12 z = 7; (1, 2, 7)
A A A
A
A
A
A
2. nA = 6i + 5j D 4k ; P = i + 2j + 7k ;
A
nA P = 6 1 + 5 2 D 4 7 = D12
A
3. Because nA P is negative, so is cos , where is the angle

A
between nA and P , so is obtuse and is therefore 2 in the
A
drawing, so n is nA2 rather than nA1. A positive normal vector
A
A
A
is nA1 = D6i D 5j + 4k .
4. D(6x C 5y D 4z) H D(D12)
6x D 5y + 4z = 12; D becomes positive.

A
A
A
8. nA = 7i + 3j + 10k because D = 30 > 0;
7(1) + 3(1) + 10z = 30 10 + 10z = 30 z = 2;
A A A
A
P = (1, 1, 2), or P = i + j + 2k ;
A
A
PP1 = P1 D P
A
A
A
= (D9 D 1)i + (D2 D 1)j + (17 D 2)k
5.
z
P1
PP1
nA PP1
|nA|
71
7 (D10) + 3 (D3) + 10 15
=
=
= 5.6484
158
72 + 32 + 102
A
= D10i D 3j + 15k ; d =
P
n1

1
P
y
1. = sin d = | PP1| sin

| PP1|
2
n2
2. d = | PP1| sin =
A
6. PP1 = P1 D P
A
A
A
= (10 D 1)i + (20 D 2)j + (30 D 7)k
A
A
A
= 9i + 18j + 23k
A
PP1 n = 9 (D6) + 18 (D5) + 23 4 = D52
A
A
A
A
8. nA = 3i + 6j + 2k because D = 36 > 0.
Let x H y H 0. Then 3(0) C 6(0) C 2z H 36 z = 18, so
P H (0, 0, 18) is a point on the plane.
A
A
A
A
A
PP 0 = P0 D P = (1 D 0)i + (2 D 0)j + (3 D 18)k
A
A
A
= i + 2j D 15k . nA PP 0 = 3 1 + 6 2 + 2 (D15)
= 3 1 + 6 2 + 2 (D15) = D15.
A
P1 lies on the same side of the plane as the origin.
Exploration 10-9b
1. x H 1 and y = 2 6(1) + 5(2) + 4z = 28
16 + 4z = 28 z = 3; (1, 2, 3)
A
A
A
A
3. nA = 6i + 5j + 4k because D = 28 > 0.
4. n PP1 = |n ||PP 1| cos = cos
= cos
D1
nA PP1
|nA||
PP1|
6 10 + 5 20 + 4 11
62 + 52 + 42 102 + 202 + 112

204
= 21.1071
77 621
d=
A
5. They are alternate interior angles (because d is parallel to nA).

d
6. = cos d = | PP1| cos

| PP1|
= 621 cos 21.1071 = 23.2479
) (
1 A
1
A
A
62 + 22 + 92
6i D 2j + 9k =
11
11
1
11
121 = = 1. vA is a unit vector.
=
11
11
7. |vA| =
D1
1
A
A
A
12i D 27j D 14k
11
1
1
(D3)2 + 1082 + 222 = 12,157
=
11
11
= 10.0235
2. PP1 = P1 D P
A
A
A
= (11 D 1)i + (22 D 2)j + (14 D 3)k
A
A
A
= 10i + 20j + 11k
= cosD1
6A 2A 9 A
i D j + k
11
11
11
5. PP1 = P 1 D P
A
A
A
= (D3 D 5)i + (D2 D 3)j + [5 D (D1)]k
A
A
A
= D8i D 1j + 6k

6A 2A 9 A
A
A A
i D j + k R D8i D j + 6k
6. vA R PP1 =
11
11
11
1 A
A
A
A
A A
=
6i D 2j + 9k R D8i D j + 6k
11
A
A
A
i
j
k
1
1
A
A
A
=
6 D2 9 =
D3i D 108j D 22k
11
11
D8 D1 6
D3A 108 A
A
j D 2k ;
= i D
11
11
|vA R
PP1| =
4. P = (5, 3, D1); vA =
|vA|| PP1| sin |vA R PP1|

=
|vA|
|vA|
3. So it wont be confused with d for distance. (In

applications, t is often used because the line describes the
motion of a particle and t represents time.)
7. The angle is obtuse; P1 lies on the same side of the plane as

the origin.
Exploration 10-9c
nA PP1 nA PP1
7. d = | PP1| cos = | PP1| A =

|n || PP1| |nA|
204
=
= 23.2479
77

|vA R
PP1| A
= |v R PP | = 5.9446), from Problem 6.
|vA|
Exploration 10-9d
1. The tail is at point (0, 20, 0); the head is at point (6, 15, 4).
A
A
A
vA1 = (6 D 0)i + (15 D 20)j + (4 D 0)k
A
A
A
= 6i D 5j + 4k
2. |vA1| = 62 + 52 + 42 = 77 = 8.7749 ft
A
A
A
A
3. vA2 = 12i + 0j + 0k = 12i
4. vA1 vA2 = 6 12 D 5 0 + 4 0 = 72
vA1 vA2
72
6
= cosD1 A A = cosD1
= cosD1
= 46.8615
77.12
77
|v 1||v 2|
j k
i
A
A
A
A
A
6 D5 4 = 0i + 48j + 60k = 48j + 60k
5. v 1 R v 2 =
D12
0 0
A
6. A =
1 A
1
|v 1 R vA2| = 482 + 602 = 38.4187 ft2
2
2
12
8
9
; c2 = cos = ; c3 = cos = ;
17
17
17
2 2 2
12
8
9
+
+
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =
17
17
17
144 64
81 289
=
+
+
=
=1
289 289 289 289
5. c1 = cos =
6. = cosD1 c1 = 45.0991;
= cosD1 c2 = 61.9275;
= cosD1 c3 = 58.0342
7. h = 52 + 42 = 41 = 6.4031 ft
8
d = 23 d = 34, so the point is (29, 23, 21), from
17
Problem 3.
7. y = 7 +
8. No. The trapezoidal sides slant at a different angle
(slope H 4/6) from the triangular ends (slope H 4/5), so the
slant heights will be different.
A
vA1 6i D 5j + 4k
6 A
5 A
4 A
=
i D
j +
k
9. A =
77
77
77
77
|v 1|

6d A
5d A 4d A
r =
i + 20 D
j +
k
10. A
77
77
77
8. The point (29, 23, 21) is on the line, but the equation for the
A
line does not have a constant y-coordinate ( j -component).
9.
z
600
r (3)| = 202 D
+ 32 = 18.4559 ft
11. |A
77
12. Student project
13. Yes
P0P1
14. Yes
15. Yes
x
Exploration 10-9e
For ease in visualization, an additional point on the line is

shown, distances of points above the xy-plane are shown,
and the part of the line that is below the xy-plane is dotted.
Student sketches need not be so detailed.
1.
z
P0P1 = P1 D P0
A
A
A
= (20 D 5)i + (23 D 7)j + (13 D 3)k
A
A
A
= 15i + 16j + 10k
For ease in visualization, the point P0 from Problem 2 is

shown, another point on the line is shown, the height of each
point above the xy-plane is shown, and the part of the line
below the xy-plane is dotted. Student sketch need not be so
detailed.
2. (5, 7, 3)
12
8
9
r (34) = 5 +
34 Ai + 7 + 34 jA + 3 + 34 kA
3. A
17
17
17
A
A
A
= 29i + 23j + 21k ; (29, 23, 21)
4.
P0P1 uA
P0P1 uA
10. = cosD1 A = cosD1
|P0P1||u |
|P0P1|
1
A
A
A
A
A
A
15i + 16j + 10k
12i + 8j + 9k
17
D1
= cos
|15iA + 16jA + 10kA|
1
15 12 + 16 8 + 10 9
17
= cosD1
152 + 162 + 102
398
17
= cosD1
= 13.7640
581
12A 8 A 9 A
i +
j + k
17
17
17
11. = sin d = |P0P1| sin

|P0P1|
= 581 sin 13.7640 = 5.7349
12. P0P1 R uA = 15i + 16j + 10k R
1
A
A
A
12i + 8j + 9k
17
i
j
k
1
1
A
A
A
15 16 10 =
64i D 15j D 72k
17
17
12
8
9
64 A 15 A 72 A
i D
j D k
=
17
17
17
=

1
A
A
A
64i D 15j D 72k
17
1
642 + 152 + 722
=
17
1
9505 = 5.7349
=
17
13. |P0P1 R uA| =
nA P0P1
22. = cosD1 A
|n ||P0P1|
25 + 46 + 39
= cosD1
22 + 42 + 32 52 + 62 + 92
61
= cosD1
= 18.0889
29 142
A
A
14. |aA R b | = |aA||b | sin ; d = | P0P1| sin
| P0P1||u | sin = | P0P1 R uA| = | PP R uA|

=
0 1
1
|uA|
23. = cos d = | P0P1| cos

| P0P1|
= 142 cos 18.0889 = 11.3274
15. 2(4) C 4(1) C 3(8) H 36
24.
|Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 D D| = 2(9) + 4(7) + 3(17) D 36
16. 2(9) + 4(7) + 3(17) = 97 36

A
A2 + B2 + C2
17. 2i + 4 j + 7k
18.
The portion of the plane below the xy-plane is drawn lighter.
22 + 42 + 32
61
= 11.3274
=
29
25. Opposite side; d is positive.

12
8
9
26. 2 5 + d + 4 7 + d + 3 3 + d = 36
17
17
17
187
83
47 + d = 36 d = D
17
83

187
27. A
r D
83

12 D187 A
8 D187 A
9 D187 A
= 5+
i + 7+
j + 3+
k
17
83
17
83
17
83
283A 493 A 150 A
=
i +
j +
k
83
83
83

A 283 493 150
A
A
= (3.4096)i + (5.9397)j + (1.8072)k ;
,
,
83 83 83

283
493
150
2988
Check: 2
= 36
+4
+3
=
83
83
83
83
19. Positive; D = 36 > 0
Chapter 11 Matrix
Transformations and Fractal Figures
20.
z
P1
Exploration 11-2a
P0
2. This matrix is called a 3 R 4 matrix.

y
3 2
11 19 29
8
1 3 7 2
3. 4 5 c
d = 24 37 48 13
4 5 4 1
1 8
33 43 39 10
4. The number of columns in the first matrix is different from
the number of rows in the second matrix.
For ease in visualization, the heights of all points above the

xy-plane are shown, the projection of the given plane onto
the xy-plane is shown, and the portion of the given plane that
is below the xy-plane is lighter. Student sketches need not be
so detailed.
21. P0P1 = P 1 D P 0 = (9 D 4)i + (7 D 1) j + (17 D 8)k

A
A
A
= 5i + 6j + 9k
5. c
3 7 5 6
22 74
dc
d=c
d
4 2 1 8
22 40
6. c
5 6 3 7
39 47
dc
d=c
d
1 8 4 2
35 23
7. The dimensions of the matrices may not allow commuting

the matrices. Commuting the matrices generally results in
different linear combinations of elements that become the
elements of the product matrix.
9 4 4 1 0 0
9 4 4
8. 5 2 1 0 1 0 = 5 2 1
4 3 6 0 0 1
4 3 6

1 0 0 9 4 4
9 4 4
9. 0 1 0 5 2 1 = 5 2 1
0 0 1 4 3 6
4 3 6
4.
10. Multiplying it by any 3 3 matrix, A, gives A as the answer.

9 4 4
1.8 D2.4 D0.8
1 0 0
7.6
2.2 = 0 1 0
11. 5 2 1 D5.2
4 3 6
1.4 D2.2 D0.4
0 0 1
1.8 D2.4 D0.8 9 4 4
1 0 0
7.6
2.2 5 2 1 = 0 1 0
12. D5.2
1.4 D2.2 D0.4 4 3 6
0 0 1
3.
5
7
D1
7
D1
5
D3
+ (D4)
D8 D6
9 D6
9 D8
= 2[5(D6) D 7(D8)] D 3[D1(D6) D 7(9)] + (D4)[D1(D8) D 5(9)]
= 2(26) D 3(D57) D 4(D37) = 371
| |
1. Each column represents the coordinates of a vertex of the

triangle: (1, 1), (4, 2), and (1, 3).
2. [A][M] = c
2 0 1 4 1
2 8 2
dc
d=c
d
0 2 1 2 3
2 4 6
3. The number of columns of [M] is different from the number

of rows of [A].
4.
D8 D6
3 D6
3 D8
D (D3)
+ (D4)
=7
1 D5
D2 D5
D2
1
= 7[D8(D5) D (D6)(1)] + 3[3(D5) D (D6)(D2)] D 4[3(1) D (D8)(D2)]
= 7(46) + 3(D27) D 4(D13) = 293
| | | | | |
Exploration 11-3a
1
2
5
2
5
1
+(2)
D(D16)
+(D13)
7 9
= 7(8) D 9(D6) = 110
D6 8
7 D3 D4
3 D8 D6
D2
1 D5
3
4
2
4
2
3
6. The result should equal adj[M].
Exploration 11-2b
3 8
+
4 7
2 6
D
4 7
2 6
+
3 8
D(D11)
D(D10)
D(D2)
| |
2. 2
8
D
7
6
+
7
6
D
8
+(D9)
= D(23)
+(34)
2 3 4
1 2
5 2
5 1
5. 5 1 2 = 2
D3
+4
8 7
6 7
6 8
6 8 7
= 2(D9) D 3(23) + 4(34) = 49
1.8 D2.4 D0.8

7.6
2.2
14. [A]D1 = D5.2
1.4 D2.2 D0.4
1
2
5
D
2
5
+
1
D9
11
2
= D23 D10
16
34
2 D13
13. The product of the two is the identity.
1.
| || || |
| | | | | |
| || || |
+
y
5
x
4. Entering the matrix as [A], det([A]) = 293.
Exploration 11-2c
1. Switch the rows with the columns; that is, the rows of [M]T
are the same as the columns of [M], and vice versa.
D2 D5 D6
3 8
8 c
2. 3 D1
d = 3(7) D 8(4) = D11
4 7
4 D2
7
3.
|
|
5. Dilation by 2
6. The image is the result of the transformation; [M] is what you
have before the transformation.
7. [B] = c
cos 90 cos 180

0 D1
d=c
d
sin 90 sin 180
1
0
1 D8
= 7 D 16 = D9
D2
7
[B][M] = c
D3 D8
= D21 D (D32) = 11
4
7
Rotation counterclockwise about the origin
|
|
0 D1 1 4 1
D1 D2 D3
dc
d=c
d
1
0 1 2 3
1
4
1
y
5
x
5

8. [C ] = c
cos 40 cos 130

0.8 D0.6
dMc
d;
sin 40 sin 130
0.6
0.8
[C ][M ] M c
3. [A]2[D] = [A][E]
1.3525
=c
10.4427
1.4 3.5
Mc
10.4 9.2
0.1 1.8 D1.2

d
1.4 4.1
2.9
9. The pre-image was rotated 40.
3.4570 1.0270 D1.0774

d
9.2277 5.0188
6.2338
1.0 D1.1
d
5.0
6.2
y
y
5
5
x
x
5
5
5
2 0 cos 240 cos 330

dc
d
0 2 sin 240 sin 330
2 cos 240 2 cos 330
D1
=c
dMc
2 sin 240 2 sin 330
D1.7
10. [D ] = c
[D ][M] M c
1.7
d;
D1
0.7 D0.5
4.2
d
D2.7 D8.9 D4.7
4. [A]3[D] = [A][E]
D3.645 D1.458 D1.458 D3.645
=c
d
8.748
8.748
4.374
4.374
D3.6 D1.5 D1.5 D3.6
Mc
d
8.7
8.7
4.4
4.4
y
y
5
5
x
5
x
5
5
5
Exploration 11-3b
5. The images are spiraling in toward the origin.

6. Student programs will vary. See the Programs for Graphing
Calculators section of the Instructors Resource Book,
Volume 1, for the program to Section 11-3, Problem 15.
1. [A] = c
0.9 cos 30 0.9 cos 120

d
0.9 sin 30 0.9 sin 120
0.7794
D0.45
=c
d
0.45
0.7794
2. [A][D] = c
0.7794
0.45
7.1030
=c
9.2971
7.1 8.5
Mc
9.3 7.0
7. Yes, the images agree.
D0.45
12 12
dc
0.7794 5
2
8.4530 3.7765
6.9588 4.2588
3.8 2.4
d
4.3 6.6
6 6
d
2 5
2.4265
d
6.5971
8. Images are converging toward the origin.

[E] M c
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

d
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
y
y
5
x
5
5
x
5
5
5
5
5

9. [A] = c
0.95
0
cos 20 cos 110
dc
d
0
0.95 sin 20 sin 110
0.9396 D0.3420
0.95
0
=c
dc
d
0.9396
0
0.95 0.3420
0.8927 D0.3249
=c
d
0.3249
0.8927
D0.3249 6 8 10
dc
0.8927 1 2
1
6.4918 8.6021
4.3847 4.1418
8.6 5.2
d
4.1 8.0
[A][D] = c
0.8927
0.3249
5.0313
=c
2.8422
5.0 6.5
Mc
2.8 4.4
3. The first two rows of [A][D] in Problem 2 are the same as the
image matrix of Problem 1!
8
d
6
5.1921
d
7.9556
4.3706 6.3334 2.0501

d
6.0236 6.4925 8.7890
6.3 2.1
d
6.5 8.8
[A]3[D] = c
1.9444 3.5443 D1.0255

d
6.7974 7.8537
8.5121
3.5 D1.0
d
7.9
8.5
1.8296
4.8837
1.8 1.9
Mc
4.9 6.8
[A]4[D] M c
0.0 D0.5 0.6 D3.7

d
5.0
6.7 8.2
7.3
[A]5[D] M c
D1.6 D2.6 D2.1 D5.6

d
4.4
5.8
7.5
5.3
3 D3
They add 5 to each element of the first row of the image, and
they add 4 to each element of the second row of the image.
[A]2[D] = c
3.5680
4.1720
3.6 4.4
Mc
4.2 6.0
D3
3
0 0 1 1
1
1
1
13 + 51
13 + 51
1 (D3) + 5 1 1 (D3) + 5 1
= 1 3 + 4 1 1 (D3) + 4 1 1 (D3) + 4 1
13 + 41
11
11
11
11
8 8 2 2
= 7 1 1 7
1 1 1 1
1 0 5 3
4. [A][D] = 0 1 4 3 D3 D3
5. The 0 0 1 in the bottom row of [A] ensures that the third

row of the image will be the same as the third row of the
pre-image so that the transformation can be repeated
many times.
6. The upper left corner of [A] is the 2 R 2 identity matrix. To
add a reduction to 70% and a 30 counterclockwise rotation,
replace the 2 R 2 identity matrix with
0.7 cos 30 0.7 cos 120
c
d.
0.7 sin 30 0.7 sin 120
0.7 cos 30 0.7 cos 120 5
[A] = 0.7 sin 30 0.7 sin 120 4
0
0
1
7.
y
15
5
10
x
5
5
5
5
x
5
10
15
20
25

8. Fixed point attractor is approximately (2, 12).
Exploration 11-4a
9. Fixed point attractor M (2.0496, 11.9796).
8 8 2 2
1. c
d
7 1 1 7
10.
y
15
15
10
10
5
5
x
x
5
1
2. [A][D] = 0
0
8
= 7
1
0
1
0
8
1
1
10
5 3
3
4 3 D3
1 1
1
2 2
1 7
1 1
15
D3 D3
D3
3
1
1
20
25
5
10
15
20
25
The images converge to the same fixed point as in Problem 8.


Exploration 11-4b
7. The actual fixed point is (1.2075, 4.7277), which is the

same as the fixed point in Problem 4, even though the
starting pre-images are different.
0.8 cos 30 0.8 cos 120 4

1. [A] = 0.8 sin 30 0.8 sin 120 2
0
0
1
0.6928
D0.4
4
= 0.4
0.6928 2
0
0
1
8. The transformation matrix determines the fixed-point

attractor. Applying the transformation matrix [A] in
Problems 4 and 6 iteratively to either pre-image matrix gave
the same fixed-point attractor. Applying the [A] from
Problem 1 iteratively to the dart [D] from Problems 15
gave a different fixed-point attractor from applying a
different [A] from Problem 4 iteratively to the same dart [D].
2.
y
15
10
5
x
5
10
15
20
25
3. The images appear to be attracted to the point (2, 9). The

actual fixed point is (1.6854, 8.7056), found numerically
by raising [A] to a high power, multiplying by [D], and reading
the coordinates from the last column.
0.8 cos 60 D 1
D0.8 sin 60
0.8 sin 60
0.8 cos 60 D 1
= 0.64 cos2 60 D 1.6 cos 60 + 1 + 0.64 sin2 60
= 1.64 D 1.6 cos 60
0.8 cos 60 D 1
D0.8 sin 60 D1 D4
X
c d=c
d c d
Y
0.8 sin 60
0.8 cos 60 D 1
D2
1
0.8 cos 60 D 1
0.8 sin 60
D4
=
c
dc d
1.64 D 1.6 cos 60 D0.8 sin 60
0.8 cos 60 D 1 D2
1
D3.2 cos 60 + 4 D 1.6 sin 60
=
d
c
1.64 D 1.6 cos 60 3.2 sin 60 D 1.6 cos 60 + 2
0.8 cos 60 0.8 cos 150 4

4. [A] = 0.8 sin 60 0.8 sin 150 2
0
0
1
0.4
D0.6928 4
= 0.6928
0.4
2
0
0
1
y
15
10
D3.2 cos 60 + 4 D 1.6 sin 60 2.4 D 0.83

=
= 1.2075
1.64 D 1.6 cos 60
0.84
3.2 sin 60 D 1.6 cos 60 + 2 1.63 + 1.2
Y=
=
= 4.7277
1.64 D 1.6 cos 60
0.84
The fixed point (X, Y ) = (1.2075, 4.7277).
X=
5
x
5
10
15
20
25
0.4
10. [A] = 0.6928
0
5. The images in Problem 4 appear to be attracted to the point

(1, 5)the actual fixed point is (1.2075, 4.7277)which is
different from the fixed point in Problem 3, even though the
pre-images were the same.
6.
y
15
10
5
x
5
0.8 cos 60 0.8 cos 150 4

9. [A] = 0.8 sin 60 0.8 sin 150 2
0
0
1
0.8 cos 60 D0.8 sin 60 4
= 0.8 sin 60 0.8 cos 60 2
0
0
1
0.8 cos 60 D0.8 sin 60 4 X
X
0.8 sin 60 0.8 cos 60 2 Y = Y
0
0
1 1
1
0.8X cos 60 D 0.8Y sin 60 + 4 = X
0.8X sin 60 + 0.8Y cos 60 + 2 = Y
(0.8 cos 60 D 1)X D (0.8 sin 60)Y = D4
(0.8 sin 60)X + (0.8 cos 60 D 1)Y = D2
0.8 cos 60 D 1
D0.8 sin 60 X
D4
c
dc d = c d
0.8 sin 60
0.8 cos 60 D 1 Y
D2
10
15
20
25

D0.6928
0.4
0
4
2
1
6 8 10 8
[D] = 1 2
1 6
1 1
1 1
5.7071 5.8143 7.3071 3.0430
[A][D] = 6.5569 8.3425 9.3282 9.9425
1
1
1
1
1.7401 0.5458 0.4601 D1.6711
[A]([A][D]) = 8.5768 9.3653 10.7938 8.0853
1
1
1
1
D0.32
D0.5542 4.2143
[A]2 = 0.5542
D0.32
5.5712
0
0
1
1.7401 0.5458
[A]2[D] = 8.5768 9.3653
1
1
[A]([A][D]) = [A]2[D]
0.4601 D1.6711
10.7938 8.0853
1
1
6. Images appear to be attracted to the point (D3, 10).
D0.0000 D0.0000 1.2076

11. [A]50 = 0.0000 D0.0000 4.7277
0
0
1
The numbers in the rotation and dilation part of the matrix
are approaching 0; the numbers in the translation part of the
matrix are approaching the coordinates of the fixed-point
attractor (1.2075, 4.7277). Raise the transformation
matrix to a higher power.
Exploration 11-4c
1. Dilation by a factor of 0.7
Rotation by 30 counterclockwise
Translation by 5 units horizontally
Translation by 4 units vertically.
0.95 cos 20 0.95 cos 110 3

8. [A] = 0.95 sin 20 0.95 sin 110 2
0
0
1
0.95 cos 20 D0.95 sin 20 3
= 0.95 sin 20 0.95 cos 20 2
0
0
1
0.95 cos 20 D0.95 sin 20 3 X
X
0.95 sin 20 0.95 cos 20 2 Y = Y
0
0
1 1
1
0.95X cos 20 D 0.95Y sin 20 + 3 = X
0.95X sin 20 + 0.95Y cos 20 + 2 = Y
(0.95 cos 20 D 1)X D (0.95 sin 20)Y = D3
(0.95 sin 20)X + (0.95 cos 20 D 1)Y = D2
0.95 cos 20 D 1
D0.95 sin 20 X
D3
c
dc d = c d
0.95 sin 20
0.95 cos 20 D 1 Y
D2
0.95 cos 20 D 1
D0.95 sin 20
c
d
0.95 sin 20
0.95 cos 20 D 1
= 0.9025 cos2 20 D 1.9 cos 20 + 1 + 0.9025 sin2 20
= 1.9025 D 1.9 cos 20
0.95 cos 20 0.95 cos 110 3

2. [A] = 0.95 sin 20 0.95 sin 110 2
0
0
1
0.8927 D0.3249 3
= 0.3249 0.8927 2
0
0
1
6 8 10 8
3. [D] = 1 2 1 6
1 1 1 1
8.0313 9.4918 11.6021 8.1921
4. [A][D] = 4.8422 6.3847 6.1418 9.9556
1
1
1
1
8.0 9.5 11.6 8.2
M 4.8 6.4 6.1 10.0
1
1
1
1
y
20
x
15
D0.0055 0.0020 D2.8372

7. [A]100 = D0.0020 D0.0055 10.2088
0
0
1
The fixed point is
(X, Y ) M (D2.8372, 10.2088).
15
X
0.95 cos 20 D 1
D0.95 sin 20 D1 D3
c d=c
d c d
Y
D2
0.95 sin 20
0.95 cos 20 D 1
1
0.95 cos 20 D 1
0.95 sin 20
D3
=
c
dc d
1.9025 D 1.9 cos 20 D0.95 sin 20
0.95 cos 20 D 1 D2
1
D2.85 cos 20 + 3 D 1.9 sin 20
d
c
1.9025 D 1.9 cos 20 2.85 sin 20 D 1.9 cos 20 + 2
D2.85 cos 20 + 3 D 1.9 sin 20
X=
= D2.8010
1.9025 D 1.9 cos 20
2.85 sin 20 D 1.9 cos 20 + 2
= 10.1580
Y=
1.9025 D 1.9 cos 20
The fixed point
(X, Y ) H (D2.8010, 10.1580).
=
9. They add 3 to each element of the first row of the image and
add 2 to each element of the second row of the image. The
0 0 1 in the bottom row of [A] ensures that the third row of
the image will be the same as the third row of the pre-image
so that the transformation can be repeated many times.
10. So that [E] can represent the current transformed image,
which is always changing, while [D] remains constant as the
original pre-image, in case it is wanted again after the
program is run
5.
y
20
Exploration 11-4d
1. Each element in [V1] H [V0][T] is given by [V0] multiplied by a
column of [T]. But this turns out to be exactly the formula for
calculating the number of viewers for that columns network
next month.
x
15
15

2. [V1] H [V0][T] H [34.07 22.08 41.85]

The A element of [V0][T] is 34.07 H 0.85 35 C 0.13 20 C
0.04 43, which is 85% of As January viewers plus 13% of
Bs January viewers plus 4% of Cs January viewers. But note
that 85% is the percentage of As January viewers that stayed
with A; 13% is the percentage of Bs January viewers that
switched to A; and 4% is the percentage of Cs January
viewers that switched to A.
4.
y
15
3. [V2] H [V1][T] H [33.5039 23.582 40.9141].

represents the number of viewers at the beginning of March
for the same reason that [V1] H [V0][T] represents the number
of viewers at the beginning of February. And
[V2] H [V1][T] H ([V0][T] H [V0]([T][T]) H [V0][T]2.
4. [V12] H [V0][T]12 = [33.3413 27.5120 37.1465]
After one year, A will have about 33.3 million viewers,
B will have about 27.5 million viewers, and C will have about
37.1 million viewers.
5. [V100] = [V0][T]100 = [33.8078 27.8165 36.3755]
After a large number of months, A will have about
33.8 million viewers, B will have about 27.8 million viewers,
and C will have about 36.4 million viewers.
6. Answers will vary. Andrei A. Markov, 18561922, was a
Russian mathematician. Markov chains are used to represent
many physical and statistical processes.
2 2 D2 D2
1. [E] = 0 10 10 0
1 1
1
1
0
2
1
0
3
1
0 0 0
[D] = 0 0.3 0
0 0 1
1.6 2.0 D1.2 D1.6
3. [A][E] M 2.9 10.9 11.1 3.1
1
1
1
1
0.4 2.7
[B][E] M 1.5 3.4
1
1
0.4 D1.7
[C][E] M 3.4 5.5
1
1
0 0 0
[D][E] = 0 3 3
1 1 1
1.4 2.1
5. [A]([A][E]) M 5.3 11.6
1
1
D0.5 D1.1
11.9 5.5
1
1
7. Associative property
0.7989 0.0418 0
2. [A] = D0.0418 0.7989 3
0
0
1
0.2364
0.1846
0
D0.2158
0.2083
0
2
1.4 2.1 D0.5 D1.1

6. [A][A][E] = [A]2[E] M 5.3 11.6 11.9 5.5
1
1
1
1
Exploration 11-5a
0.1846
[B] = D0.2364
0
0.2083
[C] = 0.2158
0
x
5
2.0 D0.4
4.3 2.5
1
1
D2.6 D0.4
4.7
2.6
1
1
0
0
1

1.0
8. [B][A][E] M 2.2
1
0.4
[A][B][E] M 4.2
1
3.0
3.5
1
2.3
5.6
1
2.4 0.4
4.3 2.9
1
1
1.8 D0.2
6.4 5.0
1
1
9. Commutative property
1.4 2.1 D0.5 D1.1
10. [A][A][E] M 5.3 11.6 11.9 5.5
1
1
1
1
0.4 2.3 1.8 D0.2
[A][B][E] M 4.2 5.6 6.4 5.0
1
1
1
1
0.5 D1.2 D1.9 D0.2
[A][C][E] M 5.7 7.5
6.8
5.1
1
1
1
1
0 0.1 0.1 0
[A][D][E] M 3 5.4 5.4 3
1 1
1 1
1.0 3.0 2.4 0.4
[B][A][E] M 2.2 3.5 4.3 2.9
1
1
1
1
0.4 1.3 1.4 0.5
[B][B][E] M 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.5
1
1
1
1
0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5
[B][C][E] M 2.5 3.4 3.5 2.6
1
1
1
1
0 0.7 0.7
[B][D][E] M 2 2.6 2.6
1 1
1
D0.3 D1.9
[C][A][E] M 4.0
5.7
1
1
Exploration 11-5b
0
2
1
D2.6 D1.0
5.1
3.3
1
1
1. [A][E]: (1.8071, 6.9107)

[C][Ans]: (D1.1147, 4.8301)
[B][Ans]: (0.9359, 3.1556)
[A][Ans]: (0.8798, 5.4818)
[D][Ans]: (0, 1.6445)
[C][Ans]: (D0.3548, 3.3427)
[C][Ans]: (D0.7953, 3.6200)
[B][Ans]: (0.7088, 2.8566)
[A][Ans]: (0.6859, 5.2524)
[D][Ans]: (0, 1.5757)
D0.3 D0.2 D0.5 D0.6

[C][B][E] M 3.4
4.3
4.3
3.4
1
1
1
1
D0.7 D1.6 D1.5 D0.6
[C][C][E] M 3.8
3.8
3.4
3.4
1
1
1
1
0 D0.6
[C][D][E] M 3 3.6
1
1
0
0
[D][A][E] M 0.9 3.3
1
1
0
0
[D][B][E] M 0.5 1.0
1
1
D0.6
3.6
1
0
3.3
1
0
1.3
1
0
3
1
0
0.9
1
0
0.7
1
2.
y
10
0
0
0
0
[D][C][E] M 1.0 1.7 1.4 0.8
1
1
1
1
0 0
0 0
[D][D][E] = 0 0.9 0.9 0
1 1
1 1
x
5
11.
The pattern is only vaguely hinted at and not yet clear.
y
15
3. Student activity
4. One run produced this graph:
y
5. The pattern is starting to become clear. The points are

definitely attracted to some regions rather than to others.
y
x
5
2
12. 3rd iteration: 43 H 64 images

4th iteration: 44 H 256 images
10th iteration: 410 H 1,048,576 images
The graph looks like the figure.

7. Student activity
8. The strange attractor does not depend on the pre-image.
9. Doing even a few iterations of rectangle transformations
involves plotting thousands or millions of image rectangles.

1
8. r = , N = 3
2
log N log 3
= 1.5849
D=
=
log 1r log 2

y
9.
n
x
The leaf has spread open.
Total Area
300
225
168.75
10
16.8940
9.6216 10D11
11. Strange attractor
100
12. Answers will vary. The possible shapes of strange attractors

are unlimited. If the design formed by the pre-image and its
first iterations is fairly clear and simple, the resulting strange
attractor will be very distinctivebut often quite surprising.
As n grows infinite, the area A H 300 0.75n approaches zero.
Exploration 11-6a
Exploration 11-6b
1. Reducing by 13 takes point (12, 6) to point (4, 2), so you must
translate the upper point 8 units horizontally and 4 units
vertically;
1. 125 cubes
1
3
0 8
[A] = 0 13 4
0 0 1
2. 125 H 53 cubes
3. 3 is the dimension.
3
1
4. N =
r
3
1
1
5. log N = log
= 3 log
r
r
log N
3=
log 1r
1
6. r = , N = 25
5
log N log 25 2 log 5
D=
=
=
=2
log 1r
log 5
log 5
7.
2. Reducing by 13 takes point (12, D6) to point (4, D2), so you

must translate the upper point 8 units horizontally and
D4 units vertically;
1
3
0 8
[B] = 0 13 D4
0 0 1
3.
1
3
1
3
cos 60 13 cos 150 0 12

sin 60 13 sin 150 0 6
0
0
1 1
4 cos 60 + 2 cos 150
2 D 3
0.2679
= 4 sin 60 + 2 sin 150 = 23 + 1 = 4.4641
1
1
1
Upper left end of the rotated and dilated segment is at the

point (2 D 3, 23 + 1) = (0.2679, 4.4641).
[C] =
1
3 cos 60
1
3 sin 60
1
6
3
6
D3
6
1
6
1
3 cos 150
1
3 sin 150
12 D (2 D 3)
2 D (23 + 1)
1
0
10 + 3
1 D 23
1
0.1666 D0.2886
= 0.2886 0.1666
0
0

11.7320
D2.4641
1
1
3 cos (D60)
4. 13 sin (D60)
0
1
3 cos 30
1
3 sin 30
0 12
0 D6
1 1
4 cos 60 D 2 cos 30
2 D 3
0.2679
= D4 sin 60 D 2 sin 30 = D23 D 1 = D4.4641
1
1
1
Lower left end of the rotated and dilated segment is at the
point (2 D 3, D23 D 1) = (0.2679, D4.4641).
[D] =
1
3 cos (D60)
1
3 sin (D60)
1
3 cos 30
1
3 sin 30
12 D (2 D 3)
D2 D (D23 D 1)
1
0
10 + 3
=
D1 + 23
0 0
1
0.1666 0.2886 11.7320
= D0.2886 0.1666 2.4641
0
0
1
1
6
3
6
3
6
1
6
1
3
0
5. [E1] = [A][E] = 0 13
0 0
1
0
3
[E2] = [B][E] = 0 13
0 0
1
6
0 8 12 12 + 23
[A][E3] = 0 13 4 2
0
0 0 1 1
1
12 12 + 23 3
12
= 423
4
= 4.6666
1
1
1
13.1547
4
0 8 12 + 23 12
[A][E4] = 0 13 4
0
D2
0 0 1
1
1
8 12
4 6
1 1
8 12
D4 6
1
1
3
6
1
6
1
3
1
3
12
12 12
D6 = 6
2
1
1
1
12
12 12
D6 = D2 D6
1
1
1
10 + 3 12 12
1 D 23 6 D6
1
1
1
[E3] = [C][E] = 6
0
0
12 12 + 23
12 15.4641
=2
0
0
=2
1
1
1
1
3
1
10 + 3 12 12
6
6
3
[E4] = [D][E] = D 6 16 D1 + 23 6 D6
0
0
1
1
1
12 + 23 12
15.4641 12
0
D2
=
0
D2 =
1
1
1
1
3
1
0 8 12 12
3
[A][E2] = 0 13 4 D2 D6
1
0 0 1 1
12 12
12
12
= 313 2 = 3.3333 2
1
1
1
1
6.
12 + 23 3
=
4
1
12
13.1547
12
313 =
4
3.3333
1
1
1
1
0 8 12
3
[B][E1] = 0 13 D4 6
0 0 1
1
12 12
12
= D2 D323 = D2
1
1
1
1
0
3
[B][E2] = 0 13
0 0
12
= D423
1
12
2
1
12
D3.3333
1
8 12 12
D4 D2 D6
1
1
1
12
12
12
D6 = D4.6666 D6
1
1
1
1
3
0 8 12 12 + 23
[B][E3] = 0 13 D4 2
0
1
0 0 1
1
12 12 + 23 3
12
13.1547
= D313
D4 = D3.3333
D4
1
1
1
1
y
1
3
0 8 12 + 23 12
[B][E4] = 0 13 D4
0
0
0 0 1
1
1
5
12 + 23 3
= D4
1
x
5
10
15
[C][E1] =
1
6
63
3
6
1
6
12
13.1547
12
D423 =
D4
D4.6666
1
1
1
10 + 3 12
1 D 23 6
1
1
12
2
1
12 12 + 23 3
12 13.1547
4
=2
=
0
1.3333
3
1
1
1
1
1
0 8 12 12
3
2
7. [A][E1] = 0 13 4 6
0 0 1 1
1
12 12
12
12
= 6 423 = 6 4.6666
1
1
1
1

1
6
D 63
1
6
[C][E2] = 6
0
10 + 3 12 12
1 D 23 D2 D6
1
1
1
[D][E4] = D
43
3
12 + 23
=
0
1
1
14.3094 15.4641
= 0.6666
0
1
1
12 +
1
6
3
6
1
6
10 + 3 12 12 + 23
[C][E3] = 6
1 D 23 2
0
1
0
0
1
1
12 + 23 3 12 + 43 3
4
=
2
3
1
1
13.1547 14.3094
= 1.3333
2
1
1
10 + 3 12 + 23 12
1
[C][E4] = 6
1 D 23
0
D2
6
0
0
1
1
1
12 + 43 3 12 + 43 3
2
=
2
3
1
1
14.3094 14.3094
=
2
0.6666
1
1
10 + 3 12 + 23 12
D1 + 23
0
D2
1
1
1
6
1
6
12 +
12 + 2 3 3
4
= D2
D3
1
1
14.3094 13.1547
D2
D1.3333
=
1
1
8.
y
x
5
D 63
1
6
43
3
2
3
1
6
10
15
3
1
10 + 3 12 12
6
6
[D][E1] = D 63 16 D1 + 23 6
2
1
1
0 0
1
12 + 23 12 + 43 3
=
0
D 23
1
1
15.4641 14.3094
=
0
D6.6666
1
1
[D][E2] =
1
6
3
D 6
3
6
1
6
12 + 23 3
= D 43
1
1
6
10 + 3 12 12
D1 + 23 D2 D6
1
1
1
()
()
()
()
10. 2nd iteration: 12 43 2 = 2113 = 21.3333 units

3rd iteration: 12 43 3 = 2849 = 28.4444 units
4th iteration: 12 43 4 = 3725
27 = 37.9259 units
100th iteration: 12 43 100 = 3.7415 1013 units
As n grows infinite, the length L = 12 43 n also grows
infinite. The final length would be infinite.
()
11. N H 1000
y
5
12
13.1547 12
D2 = D1.3333 D2
1
1
1
x
6
12
10 + 3 12 12 + 23
D1 + 23 2
0
0 0
1
1
1
12 + 43 3 12 + 43 3
= D 23
D2
1
1
14.3094 14.3094
D2
= D0.6666
1
1
[D][E3] = D
9. It can be divided into four segments, each of which is

similar to the original. This subdividing can be continued
indefinitely, always producing segments that are similar to
the original.
6
1
6
Exploration 11-6c
1. The distance is 150 miles.
2. The river appears to be about 3.16 ruler lengths, or about
158 miles.
3. The distance appears to be about 164 miles, or 8.2 ruler
lengths.

Note that in this case the river (and any smaller pieces of it)
are not exactly similar; they are what is called statistically
self-similar, which can be precisely defined, but which
basically means that the pieces resemble the whole and
resemble each other but are not necessarily identical to each
other and not necessarily exactly similar to the whole.
4.
N
1
r
3.16
1
3
20
8.2
1
7.5
10
17.2
1
15
15
35.0
1
30
30
90.5
1
75
75
Ruler
150
50
10.
7.5
Exploration 11-7a
0 0
1. [D] = 0 10
1 1
5.
log
1
r
log N
0.48
0.50
0.88
0.91
1.18
1.24
1.48
1.54
1.88
1.96
1 150 mi 150 mi 12 in. 5280 ft

=
=
= 9,504,000
r
1 in.
1 in.
1 ft
1 mi
log N H 1.0443 log 9,504,000 C 0.0014 H 7.2888
N H 107.2888 H 19,448,102.3952 pieces
H 19,448,102.3952 in. H 306.9460 mi
0.6 cos 30 0.6 cos 120 0

2. [A] = 0.6 sin 30 0.6 sin 120 5
0
0
1
0.33 D0.3 0
= 0.3
0.33 5
0
0
1
=
6.
log N
0.5196
D0.3
0.3
0.5196
0
0
0
5
1
0.6 0 0
[B] = 0 0.6 0
0
0 1
0.6 cos (D30) 0.6 cos 60 0

[C] = 0.6 sin (D30) 0.6 sin 60 4
0
0
1
1.5
0.33 D0.3 0
= D0.3 0.33 4
0
0
1
0.5196
D0.3
= D0.3
0.5196
0
0
0.5
0
4
1
3.
0.5
1.5
log ( 1r )
2
7. log N = 1.0443 log 1r + 0.0014,

correlation coefficient H 0.9999
10
8. log N H 1.0443 log 15 C 0.0014 H 1.2296

N H 101.2296 H 16.9694. This is reasonably close to
the 17.2 in the table.
log N
. The dimension is M 1.0443, a
log 1r
fractional dimension slightly larger than 1. Hausdorffs
definition says that if an object is cut into N identical pieces,
each similar to the original object, and the ratio of the length
of each piece to the length of the original object is r, and the
subdivisions can be carried on infinitely, then the dimension,
log N
.
D, of the object is D =
log 1r
9. log N = m log 1r m =
x
3

D0.0000 D0.0000 D4.6762

4. [A]100 = 0.0000 D0.0000 7.4880
0
0
1
0.6 0 0 0
[B][A][D] = 0 0.6 0 5
0
0 1 1
0
D1.8
= 3 3 + 1.83 M
1
1
The fixed point is (D4.6762, 7.4880).

y
D3
5 + 33
1
0 D1.8
3 6.1
1
1
0.6 0 0 0 0
0 0
[B][B][D] = 0 0.6 0 0 6 = 0 3.6
0
0 1 1 1
1 1
10
0.6 0 0 0
3
[B][C][D] = 0 0.6 0 4 4 + 33
0
0 1 1
1
0
1.8
0 1.8
= 2.4 2.4 + 1.83 M 2.4 5.5
1
1
1
1
0.33
0.3
0 0
D3
[C][A][D] = D0.3 0.33 4 5 5 + 33
0
1 1
1
0
1.5
1.5
1.5 1.5
= 4 + 1.53 7.6 + 1.53 M 6.6 10.2
1
1
1
1
x
3
0.33
0.3
[C][B][D] = D0.3 0.33
0
0
0
1.8
= 4 4 + 1.83
1
1
0.33 D0.3 0 0 0
0.33 5 0 10
5. [A][D] = 0.3
0
0
1 1 1
0
D3
= 5 5 + 33
1
1
0 1.8
M 4 7.1
1 1
0.33
0.3
0 0
3
[C][C][D] = D0.3 0.33 4 4 4 + 33
0
0
1 1
1
1.2
1.2 4.3
1.2 + 1.83
= 4 + 1.23 5.8 + 1.23 M 6.1 7.9
1
1
1
1
0.6 0 0 0 0
0 0
[B][D] = 0 0.6 0 0 10 = 0 6
0
0 1 1 1
1 1
0.33
0.3
0 0 0
[C][D] = D0.3 0.33 4 0 10
0
0
1 1 1
0
3
= 4 4 + 33
1
1
0 0 0
4 0 6
1 1 1
6.
y
so
0.33 D0.3 0 0
D3
[A][A][D] = 0.3
0.33 5 5 5 + 33
0
0
1 1
1
D1.5
D1.5 D 1.83
D1.5 D4.6
9.4
= 5 + 1.53 6.8 + 1.53 M 7.6
1
1
1
1
0.33 D0.3
[A][B][D] = 0.3
0.33
0
0
0
D1.8
= 5 5 + 1.83
1
1
10
0 0 0
5 0 6
1 1 1
0 D1.8
M 5 8.1
1
1
3
D0.3 0 0
[A][C][D] = 0.3
0.33 5 4 4 + 33
0
1 1
1
0
D1.2
D1.2 D1.2
D1.2
= 5 + 1.23 8.6 + 1.23 M 7.1 10.7
1
1
1
1
0.33

x
3
7. Graphs will vary but should resemble the figure in

Problem 8, except with straight lines instead of dots.
8. The graph should look like the figure.
9. Answers will vary. A random point is chosen and plotted.

One of the transformation matrices is randomly chosen, and
its transformation is performed on the chosen point. Then
one of the matrices is randomly chosen again and its
transformation performed on the resulting point. The
procedure is iterated as many times as desired. (The
probability of choosing each transformation matrix is
specified in advance).
3.
y
3
x
5
10. Strange attractor

11. The fixed point is the tip of a branch of the tree.
12. 0th iteration: 30 10 0.60 H 10 units
1st iteration: 31 10 0.61 H 18 units
2nd iteration: 32 10 0.62 H 32.4 units
3rd iteration: 33 10 0.63 H 58.32 units
100th iteration: 3100 10 0.6100 H 3.3670 1026 units
If the iterations were done forever, the length would
become infinite.
Horizontal dilation by 5, vertical dilation by 3

4.
y
x
2
13.
n
1
5
=
r
3
r = 0.6n
N = 3n
0.6
1.6
0.36
2.7
0.216
4.629
0.1296
7.7160
81
0.07776
12.8600
243
Horizontal translation by 2, vertical translation by D1

5.
y
27
1
14. log N = 2.1506 log 1r , with intercept 0 and perfect

correlation (of course).
15. If an object is cut into N identical pieces, each similar to
the original, and the ratio of the length of each piece to the
length of the original object is r, and the subdivisions can be
carried on infinitely, then the dimension, D, of the object is
log N
D=
.
log 1r
log N log 3n n log 3 log 3
D=
=
=
=
= 2.1506
log 1r log 53 n n log 53 log 53
6. x 2 = sec2 t, y 2 = tan2 t
x 2 D y 2 = sec2 t D tan2 t = 1
7.
y
()
16. Fractal
Chapter 12 Analytic Geometry of

Conic Sections and Quadric Surfaces
Exploration 12-2a
Reflection across the line x H y

8.
y
1.
y
1
x
1
x
10
10
5
2. x 2 = cos2 t, y 2 = sin2 t
x 2 + y 2 = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1

Exploration 12-2b
Exploration 12-3a
1. Ellipse, center at the point (7, D4), x-radius a H 2,

y-radius b H 5
1.
y
2.
y
10
5
x
x
15
10
5
10
15
2.
5
10
3. x = 7 + 2 cos t, y = D4 + 5 sin t
x

5. 25(x D 7)2 + 4(y + 4)2 = 100
25x 2 D 350x + 1225 + 4y 2 + 32y + 64 = 100
25x 2 + 4y 2 D 350x + 32y + 1189 = 0
7. Hyperbola opening vertically, center at the point (D6, 1),
transverse radius a H 3, conjugate radius b H 4, slope of
asymptotes m = 34 = 0.75
3.
y
8.
y
10
x
5
x
15
10
5
10
15
5
10
4. The hyperbola in Problem 2 has a single surface (or sheet),

and that in Problem 3 has two disconnected surfaces.
5.
y
9. x = D6 + 4 tan t, y = 1 + 3 sec t
The graphs match.
10. x = 1 + 6 sec t, y = 2 + 4 tan t

The graphs match.

xD1 2
yD2 2
D
=1
11.
6
4a
2
2
4x D 9y D 8x + 36y D 176 = 0
6.
y

x

Exploration 12-3b
6.
2 2
5
y
+
=1
6
4.8
y = 4.82 c 1 D
1. r = x = 0.8 ft
h = y = D3(0.8) + 6 = 3.6 ft
V = r 2h = x 2y = 0.823.6
= 2.304 = 7.2382 ft3
2
5
114.82
= 7.04
d=
6
36
d2 = (5 D 3.6) + (7.04 D 0)2

= 1.42 + 7.04 = 9 = 3
d3 = [5 D (D3.6)]2 + (7.04 D 0)2
= 8.62 + 7.04 = 81 = 9
2. V = r 2h = x 2y = 123 = 3 = 9.4247 ft3

Resulting volume is 0.696 = 2.1865 ft3 larger.
3. V = r 2h = x 2y = x 2(D3x + 6) = 6x 2 D 3x 3
7. d2 = 3 = 0.65 = 0.6d1
4.
8. d2 = e d1
9. d2 + d3 = 2a
10

5
Exploration 12-4b
x
1
1. d1 = d2 = 5
5. r = 43 , h = 2
Using the maximum feature on your grapher, maximum
4
3
volume is V = 32
9 = 11.1701 ft at x = 3 ft.
2.
x
d1
d2
Equal?
Yes
Yes
D4
12
12
Yes
Yes
6. The cylinder is neither tall and skinny nor short and fat.
Its in-between.
y
6
3. d1 = d2
(8 D x)2 = (x D 6)2 + y2
y 2 = (8 D x)2 D (x D 6)2
y2 = 28 D 4x
4. Only one squared term
5. Graph agrees.
x
2
6. e = 1
7. d1 = 2
d2 = 4 = 22 = 2d1
8.
y
Exploration 12-4a
Q
1. d1 = 5, d2 = 3, d3 = 9
2. d2 = 3 = 0.65 = 0.6d1
d1
d1
d2
3. d2 + d3 = 3 + 9 = 12
P
d2
4.
x
d1
d2
D3
13
7.8
10
2.4
D6
16
9.6
d3
d2 = 0.6d1
d2 + d3 = 12
4.2
7.8
12
12
9.6
2.4
12
2.4
9.6
12
x
10
10
Focus
5. d2 = (0 D 3.6)2 + (4.8 D 0)2 = 36 = 6
7
d3 = [0 D (D3.6)]2 + (4.8 D 0)2 = 36 = 6
Directrix
d1 = 5.5
d2 = 11 = 25.5 = 2d1
9. e = 2

Exploration 12-4c
1. 9(4)2 + 25y 2 = 225 25y 2 = 81 y 2 =
8. c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + 62 = 40
c = 40 = 6.3245
See the graph in Problem 7.
81
25
9. False
9
= 1.8
5
The points (4, J1.8) are on the graph.
y=
Exploration 12-4e
2. The path of the pencil follows the ellipse.

3. The hypotenuse = 42 + 32 = 5. This is the same as the
distance from the center to the vertex (the semi-major axis).
So 3 = 52 D 42.
4. 702 D 302 = 2010 = 63.2455

1.

xD02
yD02
x2
y2
+
=1
+
=1
6
10
36 100
25x2 + 9y 2 = 900 25x 2 + 9y 2 D 900 = 0
2. c = a 2 D b 2 = 102 D 62 = 8; e =
e = ad d =
70
c 4
= ;
a 5
a 25
=
= 12.5
e 2
3.
y
x
30
30
10
70
Directrices
x
10
10
Foci
Exploration 12-4d
1. The graph agrees.
2 2
x
y
2.
D
=1
4
3
x-radius H 4, y-radius H 3
3. m =
10
3
x-radius
=
4
y-radius
4.
y
4. Transverse radius a H x-radius

Conjugate radius b H y-radius
10
5. The distance is 5, equal to the focal radius.
d2
6.
c =a +b
d1
7.
x
10
y
7
10
d3
Transverse
axis
10
x
10
10
Conjugate
axis
7

The points are approximately (5, J5.5). The positive y-value is

shown.
d1 M 5.6, d2 M 14.4, and d3 = 7.0.
d1 + d2 = 5.6 + 14.4 = 20 = 2a, supporting the two-focus
property.
d1 5.6
=
M 0.8 = e, so d1 = ed3, supporting the focus-directrix
d3 7.0
property.
Exploration 12-5a
5. 1
6. Because p = 0 D (D3) = 3, the directrix, y = D3 D p, is y = D6.
1. x 2 + 4y 2 D 4x D 16y D 16 = 0
4y 2 D 16y + (x 2 D 4x D 16) = 0
D(D16) (D16)2 D 4(4)(x 2 D 4x D 16)
y=
2(4)
4 Dx 2 + 4x + 32
=
2
The equation gives the same graph.
y
10
x
10
10
2. x 2 + xy + 4y 2 D 4x D 16y D 16 = 0
4y 2 + (x D 16)y + (x 2 D 4x D 16) = 0
D(x D 16) (x D 16)2 D 4(4)(x 2 D 4x D 16)
y=
2(4)
Dx + 16 D15x 2 + 32x + 512
=
8
y
Directrix
5
10
x
5
7. Let (x, y) be any point on the parabola, let d1 be the distance

from (x, y) to the focus, and let d2 be the distance from (x, y)
to the directrix. Then d1 = d2
(x D 0)2 + (y D 0)2 = |y D (D6)|
x 2 + y 2 = (y + 6)2 = y2 + 12y + 36
1 2
y=
x D3
12
1
11
8. y = 12
(5)2 D 3 = D 11
12 = D0.916. The point 5, D 12 matches the
graph, within the accuracy of the drawing.
9.
y
10
5
3. x 2 D xy + 4y 2 D 4x D 16y D 16 = 0
4y 2 + (Dx D 16)y + (x 2 D 4x D 16) = 0
D(Dx D 16) (Dx D 16)2 D 4(4)(x 2 D 4x D 16)
y=
2(4)
x + 16 D15x 2 + 96x + 512
=
8
y
5
x
r
10
5
10
i
5
4. The slope of the axis is changed from negative to positive.

10
By measurement,
mr (reflected) H mi (incident) M 50.
5. Problem 1: (0)2 D 4(1)(4) H D16 G 0;

Problem 2: (1)2 D 4(1)(4) H D15 G 0;
Problem 3: (D1)2 D 4(1)(4) H D15 G 0
6. B 2 D 4(1)(4) = 0 B 2 = 16 B = 4

7. x 2 + 4xy + 4y 2 D 4x D 16y D 16 = 0
4y 2 + (4x D 16)y + (x 2 D 4x D 16) = 0
D(4x D 16) (4x D 16)2 D 4(4)(x 2 D 4x D 16)
y=
2(4)
Dx + 4 2Dx + 8
=
2
Exploration 12-6a
1. d1 = (12 D 0)2 + (5 D 0)2 = 13 mi
d2 = (12 D 6)2 + (5 D 0)2 = 61 M 7.8 mi
It is closer to Warehouse 2 by 13 D 61 M 5.2 mi.
2. C1 = (13 mi)($10/mi) = $130.00
C2 = (61 mi)($20/mi) = $156.20
The more remote warehouse is cheaper by
$156.20 D $130.00 H $26.20.
y
5
3. Any point (x, y) works that is more than 4 miles from the
point (8, 0); that is; (x D 8)2 C (y D 0)2 G 16 (see Problem 6).
x
5
4. No question
5. 20d2 10d1 2d2 d1
2(x D 6)2 + (y D 0)2 (x D 0)2 + (y D 0)2
4[(x D 6)2 + y 2] x 2 + y 2
4(x2 D 12x + 36 + y 2) x 2 + y 2
4x 2 D 48x + 144 + 4y 2 x 2 + y 2
3x 2 + 3y 2 D 48x + 144 0
5
6. 3(x 2 D 16x + 64) + 3y 2 D144 + 364

3(x D 8)2 + 3y 2 48
(x D 8)2 + (y D 0)2 16 = 42
The region is inside (and on the boundary of) a circle with
center at the point (8, 0) and radius 4.
8. A parabola
9. x 2 + 5xy + 4y 2 D 4x D 16y D 16 = 0
4y 2 + (5x D 16)y + (x 2 D 4x D 16) = 0
D(5x D 16) (5x D 16)2 D 4(4)(x 2 D 4x D 16)
y=
2(4)
D5x + 16 9x 2 D 96x + 512
=
8
y
5
y
x
10
Warehouse 1
20
Warehouse 2
x
5
Exploration 12-7a
5
1. y =
10. A hyperbola; (5)2 D 4(1)(4) H 9 I 0
11. If the discriminant is negative, the graph is an ellipse
(or a circle if A H C). If the discriminant is 0, the graph is
a parabola. If the discriminant is positive, the graph is
a hyperbola.
12. (7)2 D 4(3)(4) H 1; hyperbola
(D2)2 D 4(5)(6) H D116; ellipse
(50)2 D 4(10)(3) H 2380; hyperbola
(2)2 D 4(1)(1) H 0; parabola
(3)2 D 4(1)(1) H 5; hyperbola
24
= 4.8 units
5
24
8
D0
12
= tanD1
= 67.3801
8D6
5
24
D0
12
3 = tanD1 5
= tanD1
= 18.9246
6 D (D8)
35
2. 2 = tanD1
3. 1 = 180 D 2 D 3 = 93.6952
4. Supplement = 180 D 1 = 86.3047
1
2
Supplement H 43.1523
13. B H 0
Ellipse or circle: A and C have the same sign D4AC < 0
Hyperbola: A and C have opposite signs D4AC > 0
Parabola: either A H 0 or C H 0 D4AC = 0

5. Constructing two angles of 43, you get:
2. As shown here,
rise D4.5 units
m=
=
= D0.45
run
10 units
y
10
y
(6, 24
5)
43
Run = 10
Rise = 4.5
43
Tan
gen
t
x
15
(8, 0)
(8, 0)
15
10
line
x
10
5
6.
180 D 1
180 D 1
+ 1 +
= 180
2
2
7. It appears to be tangent. (In fact, you can show that it is

tangent by using a method introduced in the next Exploration.)
8.
4. No question
y
10
60
x
15
15
60
By direct measurement, each angle is approximately 60.

9. The lines from the foci to any point on the ellipse form equal
angles with the tangent to the ellipse at that point. More
physically, any line from one of the foci is reflected by the
ellipse to the other focus.
2 2
2
2
3
y
y
3
16
+
=1
=1D
=
5
3
3
5
25
3y = 45 (we use the positive value)
y=
12
5
= 2.4 units. The point is 3,
5. Let l1 be the line from point (D4, 0), l2 be the line from
point (4, 0), and lT be the tangent line; let 1 be the
positive acute angle between the x-axis and l1, 2 be the
positive obtuse angle between the x-axis and l2, and T
be the positive angle from the x-axis to lT ; and let 1 be
the acute angle between l1 and lT and 2 be the acute
angle between l2 and lT . Then 1 = 180 D (T D 1) and
2 = T D 2 (examine the sketch carefully to see why).
12
D0
12
tan 1 = m1 = 5
=
3 D (D4) 35
12
D0
12
tan 2 = m2 = 5
=D
3D4
5
9
tan T = mT = D0.45 = D
20
So
tan 1 = tan [180 D (T D 1)]
= Dtan (T D 1) = tan (1 D T)
12
9
tan 1 D tan T
D D 20
15
=
= 35
=
9
1 + tan T tan 1 1 + D 20
12
16
35
tan T D tan 2
tan 2 = tan T D 2 =
1 + tan T tan 2
9
D 20
D D 12
15
5
=
=
9
1 + D 20
D 12
16
5
( )
( )
So 1 = 2 = tanD1 15
16 = 43.1523.
12
5
).
6. The rule for reflection off a curve is the same as for reflection
off the tangent to the curve at that point: angle of reflection
H angle of incidence. Thus, the line from either focus to any
point on the ellipse is reflected to the other focus.
7. y D
( )
( )( )
Exploration 12-7b
1.
12
= D0.45(x D 3) y = D0.45x + 3.75
5
9
15
= D x + , or 9x + 20y = 75
20
4
3. y D
12
12
= m (x D 3) y = mx D 3m +
5
5

8. 9x 2 + 25y 2 = 225

12 2
9x 2 + 25 mx D 3m +
= 225
5

144
24
72
9x 2 + 25 m 2x 2 D 6m 2x + mx + 9m 2 D m +
5
5
25
= 225
9x 2 + 25m 2x 2 D 150m 2x + 120mx
+ 225m 2 D 360m D 80 = 0
25m 2 + 9 x2 + D150m 2 + 120m x
+ (225m 2 D 360m D 81) = 0
9. Try factoring using synthetic division. Recall that if ax C b

is a factor of Ax2 C Bx C C, then b must be a factor of C.
Factor C H 225m2 D 360m D 81 H 9(25m2 D 40m D 9)
H 9(5m D 9)(5m C 1). So if ax C b is a factor, then b must be
J1, J3, J(5m D 9), J(5m C 9), or some product of those.
Synthetic division (shown next for the case that does work)
reveals that J1 and C3 do not work but that D3 does;
i.e., x D 3 is a factor. (Recall that in synthetic division, to
test x D 3, we use C3.)
3
25m2 C 9
25m2 C 9
D150m2 C 120m
75m2 C 27
D75m2 C 120m C 27
225m2 D 360m D 81
D225m2 C 360m C 81
0
The factorization is
(x D 3)[(25m2 + 9)x + (D75m2 + 120m + 27)],
giving the solutions x H 3, or
75m2 D 120m D 27
25m2 D 40m D 9
x=
= 3
.
25m2 + 9
25m2 + 9
The other solution should also yield x H 3.
25m2 D 40m D 9
3
= 3 25m2 D 40m D 9 = 25m 2 + 9
25m2 + 9
19
40m = D18 m = D
20
6. x2 + y 2 + 2x D 2y D 18 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 D 2y + 1 = 18 + 1 + 1 = 20
(x + 1)2 + (y D 1)2 = 20 2
Center (D1, 1)
radius = 20 = 4.4721
) (
Exploration 12-7d
1. The graphs cross at about the point (11, J5.8).
2. Major axis from x H D3 to x H 15,
minor axis from y H D7 to y H 7;

D3 + 15 D7 + 7
center
,
= (6, 0),
2
2
7 D (D7)
15 D (D3)
a=
= 9, b =
= 7;
2
2

2
2
xD6
yD0
+
= 1;
9
7
2
2
49(x D 6) + 81y = 3969 49x 2 + 81y 2 D 588x + 2205 = 0
Opening horizontally, center at point (0, 0),
a H 5, m H slope of asymptotes = 35 ,
b
= m b = ma = 3;
a

xD02
yD0 2
D
= 1;
5
3
9x2 D 25y 2 = 225 9x2 D 25y 2 D 225 = 0

xD62
yD0 2
7
3.
+
= 1 y = Dx 2 + 12x + 45
9
7
9

xD02
yD02
3
D
= 1 y = x2 D 25
5
3
5
y
10
(11, 5.8456...)
Exploration 12-7c
x
1. Yes
10
10
2. Drawings will vary depending on the point chosen, but the

answer should still be yes.
3. d1 = 2d2
(x D 7)2 + (y D 5)2 = 2(x D 1)2 + (y D 2)2
x 2 D 14x + 49 + y 2 D 10y + 25
= 4(x 2 D 2x + 1 + y 2 D 4y + 4)
= 4x 2 D 8x + 4 + 4y 2 D 16y + 16
3x 2 + 3y 2 + 6x D 6y D 54 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 2x D 2y D 18 = 0
4. The x2- and y2-terms have the same coefficient.
5. x2 C y2 C 2x D 2y D 18 H 0
y 2 D 2y + (x2 + 2x D 18) = 0
D(D2) (D2)2 D 4(1)(x2 + 2x D 18)
y=
2(1)
= 1 Dx2 D 2x + 19
y
5
x
5
10
(11, 5.8456...)
7
3
4. y = Dx 2 + 12x + 45 and y = x 2 D 25
9
5
7
3
Dx 2 + 12x + 45 = x 2 D 25
9
5
35Dx 2 + 12x + 45 = 27x 2 D 25
1,225(Dx2 + 12x + 45) = 729(x2 D 25)
D1,225 + 14,700x + 55,125 = 729x2 D 18,225
1,954x 2 D 14,700x D 73,350 = 0
D(D14,700) (D14,700)2 D 4(1,954)(D73,350)
x=
2(1,954)
3,675 906,091
=
= 10.9509 or D3.4278
977
Substituting D3.4278 into the original equation gives two
imaginary values for y:
3
y = (D3.4278)2 D 25 = 2.1840i
5
Substituting 10.9509 into the original equation gives
3
y = 10.95092 D 25 = 5.8456
5

Chapter 13 Polar Coordinates,

Complex Numbers, and Moving
Objects
Exploration 13-2b
1.
Exploration 13-2a
1.
90
120
60
150
30
0
360
180
2.
210
330
240
300
270
2. You go around to the correct angle and then plot the point
back in the opposite direction.
3. The values agree when rounded to one decimal place.
4. Figures agree.
5. Limaon of Pascal
6. r H 3 C 7 sin H 0
sin = D37
= D25.3769 + 360n or 205.3769 + 360n
7. = 205.3769
= 334.6230
8. The rays are tangent to the graph at the pole.
3. For n H 4, the rose has 8 leaves; for n H 5, the rose has

5 leaves. If n is even, the rose has 2n leaves. If n is odd, the
number of leaves equals n; in this case, each leaf is traced
twice as makes one complete revolution.
4.
90
120
60
150
30
0
360
180
210
330
240
300
270
5. r H 10 cos
r 2 H 10r cos
x 2 C y 2 H 10x
x 2 C 10x C 25 C y 2 H 25
(x D 5)2 C y 2 H 52
Circle centered at point (5, 0), with radius 5, and including
the pole.
6. r H a cos n has n leaves if n is odd, so
r H a cos 1 has one leaf.

Exploration 13-3a
Exploration 13-4a
1. Graph paused at M 65 (see Problem 5).

90
P1
1. Answers will vary. You can do operations on complex

numbers when they are written in polar form.
2. r cis = r (cos + i sin )
65
Imaginaries
0
180
b
270
z = a + bi
a = r cos
r
2. Graph paused at M 105 (see Problem 6).
b = r sin
90
Reals
a
r is
P2
positive.
105
180
3.
Imaginaries
r is negative.
P3
270
= 200
Reals
At this angle, P2 lies only on the limaon, not on the rose.

r=5
3.
90
0
5
180
Argument = = 200
Modulus H r H 5
4. 5 cis 200 H 5 cos 200 C 5i sin 200 H D4.6984 D 1.7101i
270
The two points in the first quadrant and the two points in
the third quadrant are true intersections. The two points
in the second quadrant and the two points in the fourth
quadrant are false intersections. At the false intersections,
the r-values on the rose are negative.
4.
5. (5 cis 200)(7 cis 40) H 5 7 cis (200 C 40) H 35 cis 240

6.
7 cis 40 7
= cis 40 D 200
5 cis 200 5
H 1.4 cis (D160) H 1.4 cis (360 D 160)
H 1.4 cis 200
7. (5 cis 200)3 H 53 cis (3 200)

H 125 cis 600 H 125 cis (600 D 360)
H 125 cis 240
y
4
210
5.
1
8. (64 cis 120)1/3 = 641/3 cis c (120 + 360n)d
3
H 4 cis (40 C 120n)
H 4 cis 40, 4 cis 160, and 4 cis 280
(34.3, 4.65)
(64.8, 3.85)
Exploration 13-4b
210
1. z1 H 4 C 2i, z2 H 1 C 3i
2. i = D1, so i 2 = D1 2 = D1
6. The polar graph shows that for P2, M 105 and r has a
positive value. So this point must be only on the limaon, as
the Cartesian graph shows.
y
(105, 2.48)
210

3. z3 H z1z2 H (4 C 2i)(1 C 3i)

H 4 1 C 4 3i C 2i 1 C 2i 3i
H 4 C 12i C 2i C 6i 2
H 4 C 14i C 6(D1) H 4 C 14i D 6 H D2 C 14i
Imaginaries
z3
2. z1z2 H (3 cis 57)(5 cis 41)

H (3 5)(cis 57 cis 41)
H 15(cos 57 C i sin 57)(cos 41 C i sin 41)
H 15(cos 57 cos 41 C i cos 57 sin 41
C i sin 57 cos 41 C i 2 sin 57 sin 41)
H 15[(cos 57 cos 41 D sin 57 sin 41)
C i(cos 57 sin 41 C sin 57 cos 41)]
H 15[cos (57 C 41) C i sin (57 C 41)]
H 15 cis (57 C 41)
3. Multiply the moduli and add the arguments:
(r1 cis 1)(r2 cis 2) = r1r2 cis (1 + 2)
4. cis 0 H cos 0 C i sin 0 H 1 C 0i H 1
A real number; complex conjugates
Exploration 13-5a
A
A
A
A
1. vA = 100 cos 60 i + 100 sin 60 j = 50 i + 503 j
2. x H 50t
z2
3. y = 50t3 D 16t2
z1
4.
y
1
Reals
50
4. 1 M 26; 2 M 71; 3 = arg z1z2 M 98;

3 M 1 + 2
2
= 26.5650;
4
3
2 = arg z2 = tan D1 = 71.5650;
1
14
14
3 = arg z1z2 = arctan
= 180 + tan D1
D2
D2
= 98.1301 = 1 + 2, so arg z1z2 = arg z1 + arg z2
5. 1 = arg z1 = tan D1
6. r1 = |z1| = 42 + 22 = 25;
r2 = |z2| = 12 + 32 = 10;
r3 = |z1z2| = (D2)2 + 142 = 102
= 25 10 = r1r2, so |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
Exploration 13-4c
1. z1z2 H (3 cis 57)(5 cis 41)
H (3 cos 57 C 3i sin 57)(5 cos 41 C 5i sin 41)
H 15 cos 57 cos 41 C 15i cos 57 sin 41
C 15i sin 57 cos 41 C 15i 2 sin 57 sin 41
H 6.1656 C 5.3597i C 9.4942i D 8.532
H D2.0875 C 14.8540i
14.8540
= (D2.0875)2 + 14.85402 cis arctan
D2.0875

14.8540
= 225 cis 180 + tan D1
D2.0875
H 15 cis 98
x
50
5. Graphically, y M 0 when t M 5.4 sec and x M 270 ft.

(Algebraically, y = 50t3 D 16t 2 = 2t(253 D 8t) = 0
253
t = 0 or t =
= 5.4126 sec,
8
253 1253
and x = 50t D 50
=
= 270.6329 ft.)
8
4
6. Solve y = 3 + 503t D 16t2 = 0 for t.
D503 (503)2 D 4(D16)(3) 253 1923
t=
=
2(D16)
16
253 + 1923
= 5.4470 sec
t=
16
7. x = 50
253 + 1923
= 272.3540 ft
16
8. Solve y = 100t sin D 16t2 = D3 for t:

D16t2 + 100t sin D 3 = 0
D100 sin (100 sin )2 D 4(D16)(3)
t=
2(D16)
25 sin + (625 sin2 + 12
=
8
25 sin + (625 sin2 + 12
x = 100 cos
8
25 sin + (625 sin2 + 12
= 25 cos
2
t (sec)
60
5.4470
272.3540
50
4.8266
310.2494
40
4.0635
311.2870
x (ft)
30
3.1838
275.7329
20
2.2220
208.8005

The time in the air decreases, but the distance first increases
and then decreases. In fact, tracing the x function shows a
maximum distance of 315.4857 ft at H 44.7275.
5. x(0.6) H 10 cot 0.6 H 14.6169

y(0.6) H 10 sin2 0.6 H 3.1882
(14.6169, 3.1882) appears to be point P.
6.
Exploration 13-5b
5
1. A H (3, 3 tan t)
B H (5, 5 tan t)
|B| = 25 + 25tan2 t = 5|sec t|
The arc through B intersects the horizontal axis at two
points, but define C as the intersection of the arc with the
positive horizontal axis, so C = (5|sec t |, 0).
x = 5|sec t|
y H 3 tan t
10
10
7. For < t < 2 , the variable line extends in the opposite

direction (r < 0).
Exploration 13-5d
2.
y
3
x
3
3. x(0.85) = 5|sec 0.85| = 7.5759

y(0.85) H 3 tan 0.85 H 3.4149
(7.5759, 3.4149) appears to be the point P.
2 2
x
y
4.
D
= sec2 t D tan2 t = 1
5
3
2 2
2
7
y
7
66
5.
= 2.9393
D
= 1 y = 3
D1=
5
3
5
5
The points (7, 2.9393) appear to be on the figure.
2 2
2
2
y
2
3D21
D
= 1 y = 3
D1=
,
5
3
5
5
each of which is imaginary. There is no point on the figure
that has x H 2.
2 2
x
y
6.
D
= 1 is the equation of a hyperbola with center at
5
3
point (0, 0), horizontal semitransverse axis 5, and vertical
semiconjugate axis 3.
1. a. The point is on the upper right branch. In fact, the point is

on the upper right branch for 0 < t < 2 . As long as t > 0,
the ray eventually intersects the line y H 2, so the point
lies above that line, so the curve asymptotically
approaches y H 2 from above in the first quadrant as t 0
from above (approaches 0 but is greater than 0). For t H 0,
there is no corresponding point (its at infinity).
b. The point is (0, 7).
c. The point is on the upper left branch. As in part a, the
curve asymptotically approaches y H 2 from above in the
second quadrant as t from below. Again as in part a,
for t the point is at infinitythere is no
corresponding point.
2.
y
10
5
A
x
10
t=4
10
7
7. For the parametric equation, x 5; but for the Cartesian

equation, x D5 or x 5.
3. x H 2 cot t C 7 cos t
4. y H 2 C 7 sin t
Exploration 13-5c
5.
y
1. The triangle is inscribed in a circle, with one side along a

diameter of the circle. Therefore, the triangle is a right
triangle, with the right angle at A.
2. Let a be the length of the segment from the origin to point A.
|a | = 10 sin t
To see this, note that the topmost vertex of the triangle in
Problem 1 has measure t, that |a | is the side opposite this
angle, and that the hypotenuse has length 10; or just notice
that the polar equation of the circle is r = 10 sin .
3.
4.
10
= tan t x = 10 cot t
x
y
= sin t
a
y = |a |sin t = 10 sin2 t

5
x
10
10
6. Draw a line at t H 4 radians M 229. A line at this angle

intersects the lower lobe of the conchoid at about the point
(D2.8, D3.3) and intersects the line y H 2 at about the point
(2, 1.7). By measuring, these points seem to be 7 units apart.
3136
413
D 64 =
36
3
= 4.8074. The points (4.8074, 8) appear to be on
the curve.
7. (x 2 + 82)(8 D 2)2 = 49 82 x =
yD2
(y D 2)2
sin2 t =
;
7
49

2
+7
x = 2 cot t + 7 cos t = cos t
sin t

2

2
2
2
x2 = cos2 t
+ 7 = (1 D sin2 t )
+7
sin t
sin t

2

(y D 2)2 14
49 D (y D 2)2 7y 2
= c1 D
+7 = c
d
d
49
yD2
49
yD2

y 2
y 2
2
2
= [49 D (y D 2) ]
= 49
Dy
yD2
yD2

2
y
x 2 + y 2 = 49
yD2
(x 2 + y 2)(y D 2)2 = 49y 2
8. y = 2 + 7 sin t sin t =
Exploration 13-5e
A
A
1. vA1 = 6 cos t i + 6 sin t j
A
A
2. vA2 = 3 cos i + 3 sin j
3. A H t because of the alternate interior angles property of

parallel lines.
5. A
r = vA1 + vA2
A
A
A
A
= 4 cos t i + 4 sin t j + 2 cos 2t i D 2 sin 2t j
A
A
= (4 cos t + 2 cos 2t) i + (4 sin t D 2 sin 2t) j
6. x H 4 cos t C 2 cos 2t
y H 4 sin t D 2 sin 2t
The graphs match.
y
7. The graph resembles an uppercase deltaa triangular shape.

Hypo- means under, as opposed to epi-, which can mean
upon, on, or over. A cusp is a sharp point in a curve.
8. x H 4 cos t C cos 2t
y H 4 sin t D sin 2t
y
4. B H t because the two angles subtend equal arcs on circles

with the same radius (the circles roll without slipping).
5. = D when t = , so = 2t D .
6. A
r is an arrow from the origin to point P.
A
A
A
A
7. A
r = vA1 + vA2 = 6 cos t i + 6 sin t j + 3 cos i + 3 sin j
A
A
8. A
r = 6 cos t i + 6 sin t j
A
A
+ 3 cos (2t D ) i + 3 sin (2t D ) j
A
A
A
A
= 6 cos t i + 6 sin t j D 3 cos 2t i D 3 sin 2t j
A
A
= (6 cos t D 3 cos 2t) i + (6 sin t D 3 sin 2t) j
9. x H 6 cos t D 3 cos 2t
y
9. x H 4 cos t C 3 cos 2t
y
10. A hypocycloid with five cusps has the circle with radius five
times that of the wheel.
x H 4.8 cos t C 1.2 cos 4t
y H 4.8 sin t D 1.2 sin 4t
y
10. x (1.22) H 6 cos 1.22 D 3 cos 2.44 H 4.3533

y(1.22) H 6 sin 1.22 D 3 sin 2.44 H 3.6982
Point P does appear to be (4.3533, 3.6982).
4.2
7
t = 4.2 cos t + 1.8 cos t
1.8
3
4.2
7
y = 4.2 sin t D 1.8 sin
t = 4.2 sin t D 1.8 sin t
1.8
3
0 t 6
11. x = 4.2 cos t + 1.8 cos
Exploration 13-5f
1. |vA1| = 6 D 2 = 4 cm, the difference of the radii.
A
A
vA1 = 4 cos t i + 4 sin t j
2. Note that is expressed as a positive angle going in the

negative direction, so
A
A
vA2 = 2 cos (D) i + 2 sin (D) j
A
A
= 2 cos i D 2 sin j
3. Using the corresponding angles property of parallel lines,

A H t. Because the circles radius is three times that of the
wheel, B H 3t and H B D A H 2t.
A
A
4. vA2 = 2 cos i D 2 sin j
A
A
= 2 cos 2t i D 2 sin 2t j

Exploration 13-5g
3.
tn
1. x H 2 cos t
y H 10 sin t
100

3. x H 2 cos t C 15
y H 10 sin t
4. x = 2 cos t +
2
t
y H 10 sin t
5. t H 0.5 (x, y) H (1, 10)
t H 2.5 (x, y) H (5, 10)
n
6. In one complete cycle (high point to high point), t increased

by 2 and x increased by 4.
7. This is a vertical dilation by 5 of the path made by a point
on the circumference of a circle of radius 2 rolling without
slipping along the underside of the line y H 2 (or, after the
dilation, y H 10). When the circle has rotated t radians, its
center has traveled 2t units. Therefore, including the vertical
dilation by 5, x H 2 cos t C 2t, y H 10 sin t.
8. Answers will vary but should start from the recognition that
the path looks like a drawing of a spring.
10
4. It consists of separate points rather than a continuous line.

5.
tn : 2, 6, 12,
n: 1, 2, 3,
20,
4,
30,
5,
42, . . .
6, . . .
6. Square it and add it to the result:

62 C 6 H 42
tn H n2 C n
7.
Exploration 13-6a
tn
12
2. Student project
20
3. Student project
30
4. Answers will vary, but here is an example sketch of a

catenary following y H cosh x D 1, for D2 x 2, and the
parabola y = (cosh42D1 )x 2:
42
56
1. Student project
The values match.

8. t1234 H Y1(1,234) H 1,2342 C 1,234 H 1,523,990
x
2
The parabola is slightly narrower than the catenary and so

is on the inside.
Chapter 14 Sequences and Series

Exploration 14-1a
1. 56, 72. Two possibilities: The differences between the terms
are 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, so the next two differences are 14
and 16, and so the next two terms are 42 C 14 H 56 and
56 C 16 H 72. Or the terms are 12 C 1, 22 C 2, . . . , 62 C 6, so
the next two terms are 72 C 7 H 56 and 82 C 8 H 72.
2. t5 H 30; t10 H 72 C 18 C 20 H 110, or t10 H 102 C 10 H 110.

9. n2 C n H 11,340,056 n 2 + n D 11,340,056 = 0
D1 12 D 4(1)(D11,340,056)
n=
= 3,367
2(1)
(because n must be positive); the 3367th term
Exploration 14-2a
1. a. No; 10 H 5 C 5 but 20 H 10 C 10.
b. Yes; 10 H 5 C 5 and 15 H 10 C 5.
c. No; 10 H 5 C 5 but 40 H 10 C 30.
2. 5. It is the difference between successive terms:
5 H 10 D 5 H 15 D 10.
3. a. Yes; 10 H 2 5 and 20 H 2 10.
b. No; 10 H 2 5 but 15 H 1.5 10.
c. No; 10 H 2 5 but 40 H 4 10.
4. 2. It is the ratio between successive terms:
10:5 H 20:10 H 2:1 H 2.
5. 88, 108. Methods may vary. Two possibilities: The successive

differences are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16, so the next two
differences are 18 and 20, and so the next two terms are
70 C 18 H 88 and 88 C 20 H 108. Or the terms are
1 C 3, 4 C 6, . . . , 49 C 21, which is 12 C 3 1, 22 C 3 2, . . . ,
72 C 3 7, so the next two terms are 82 C 3 8 H 88 and
92 C 3 9 H 108 (see Problem 6).
3. Student program. See the Programs for Graphing Calculators

section of the Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1, for a
sample program.
6. tn H n2 C 3n
6. 42,975
7.
7. 1000, 1000(1.06) H 1060, 1060(1.06) H 1123.6,

(1123.6)(1.06) = 1191.016;
1000 C 1060 C 1123.6 C 1191.016 H 4374.616
tn
100
4. 15,650
5. tn H n2 C 1
S5 H 60 H 2 C 5 C 10 C 17 C 26
8. tn H 1000(1.06)nD1
The program gives the same answer.
9. 79,058.1862
10. tn H 800(0.9)n D1
S10 H 5210.5724, S20 H 7027.3867, S50 H 7958.7697,
S100 H 7999.7875, and S200 H 7999.9999
11. The partial sums get closer and closer to 8000.
n
10
Exploration 14-3b
8. t53 H 532 C 3 53 H 2968
1. 20 D 13 H 27 D 20 H . . . H 76 D 69 H 7; 13 C 20 C . . . C 76 H 445
9. n 2 C 3n H 23,868 n 2 + 3n D 23,868 = 0
D3 32 D 4(1)(D23,868)
= 153
n=
2(1)
(because n must be positive); the 153rd term
2. 13 C 76 H 20 C 69 H . . . H 41 C 48 H 89; 5 pairs;
S10 H 5 89 H 445
3. t11 H 76 C 7 H 83;
13 C 83 H 20 C 76 H . . . H 41 C 55 H 96
Now there are 512 pairs, and 512 96 = 528 = 13 + 20 + . . . + 83.
4. S300 =
Exploration 14-2b
1. Flame: 200 in., 200 C 3 H 203 in.,
203 C 3 H 206 in., 206 C 3 H 209 in.
Seeker: 195 in., 195(1.02) H 198.9 in.,
(198.9)(1.02) H 202.878 in.,
(202.878)(1.02) H 206.93556 in.
5. t47 H 54 C (47 D 1) 11 H 560

47
(54 + 560) = 14,429
S47 =
2
6.
2. Geometric
3. Arithmetic
4. Yes. In the 6th year, the Flame will be 215 in. long and the
Seeker will be 215.2957 in. long. Thereafter, the Seeker will
always be longer than the Flame.
7. 200 + (n D 1) 3 = 341 n =
341 D 200
+ 1 = 48;
3
the 48th term

8. 195(1.02)nD1 H 1205.73 n =
log 1205.73
195
+ 1 = 93;
log 1.02
100,000
(1 + 100,000) = 5,000,050,000
2
At the current speed of calculators, the program would take
too long.
n
n
(t1 + tn) = [t1 + [t1 + d(n D 1)]]
2
2
n
= [2t1 + d(n D 1)]
2
7. Sn =
5. 200 C (40 D 1) 3 H 317 in.

6. 195(1.02)30D1 H 346.2897 in.
300
(47 + 3,927) = 596,100
2
8. d = 38.2 D 37 = 39.4 D 38.2 = 1.2;

n
[2 37 + 1.2(n D 1)] = 86,697
2
n
(74 + 1.2n D 1.2) = 86,697
2
1.2n2 + 72.8n D 173,394 = 0
D72.8 72.82 D 4(1.2)(D173,394)
= 351
2(1.2)
(because n must be positive); the 351st partial sum
n=
the 93rd term

Exploration 14-3a
1. 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23
2. 8 C 11 C . . . C 23 H 93
Exploration 14-3c
1.
21 63 . . . 1701
=
=
=
= 3; 7 + 21 + . . . + 1701 = 2548
7 21
567

2. 3S6 H 21 C 63 C 189 C 567 C 1701 C 5103. They are the same

as the terms of the original series, except the first term is
missing and there is an added term at the end.
Exploration 14-3e
3. They go to 0 by canceling each other out.
1. d H 8 D 5 H 3 pushups
5 C (10 D 1) 3 H 32 pushups
4. S6 D 3S6 = t1 D t7 = 7 D 7 37D1 = 7(1 D 36)
2. S10 =
5. D2S6 = 7(1 D 36) S6 =
7(1 D 36)
= 2548
D2
6. Sn D rSn = (t1 + t1r + t1r 2 + . . . + t1r nD1)

D (t1r + t1r 2 + . . . + t1r nD1 + t1r n)
t1(1 D r n)
Sn (1 D r) = t1 D t1r n Sn =
1Dr
7.
7(1 D 315)
= 50,221,171. The program gives the same answer.
1D3
1,000(1 D 1.0630)
= 79,058.1862
8. S30 =
1 D 1.06
800(1 D 0.950)
= 7958.7697;
1 D 0.9
200
800(1 D 0.9 )
S200 =
= 7999.9999;
1 D 0.9
n
r approaches 0.
9. S50 =
10. Because r n approaches 0, Sn approaches

800
800(1 D 0)
=
= 8000.
1 D 0.9
1 D 0.9
t1
In general, Sn approaches
.
1Dr
Exploration 14-3d
1. The coefficients match the values in the seventh row:
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
2. 35 =
(coefficient of t3)(exponent of a in t3) 21 5

=
3
3
3. The pattern works.

4. t3 =
7
1
6
2
a5b2 =
7 6 5 2
ab
1 2
5.
7 6 5 4 7 6 5 4 (3 2 1)
7!
=
=
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 (3 2 1) 4!3!
6.
7!
5040
=
= 21
5!2! 120 2
7. t10 =
13! 4
a (Db)9 = D715a 4b 9
9!4!
10
(5 + 32) = 185 pushups
2
3. 5 C 8 C 11 C 14 C 17 C 20 C 23 C 26 C 29 C 32 H 185
4. n =
101 D 5
+ 1 = 33rd workout
3
5. Sn = 50(0.81D1) + 50(0.82D1) + 50(0.83D1) + . . .

= 50 + 50(0.8) + 50(0.82) + . . .
6. S3 = 50 + 50(0.8) + 50(0.82) = 122 mg
7. 249.9667 mg
1 D 0.8n
> 200 mg 1 D 0.8n > 0.8
1 D 0.8
log 0.2
= 7.2125
n>
log 0.8
At n H 8 days, Sn H 208.0569 mg.
8. Sn = 50
1 D 0.8n
is converging to
1 D 0.8
1D0
1
= 50
= 250 mg.
50
1 D 0.8
1 D 0.8
9. As n , Sn = 50
10. P1 H 0.10 $200.00 H $20.00

B1 H $200.00 D $20.00 H $180.00
11. P2 H 0.10 $180.00 H $18.00
B2 H $180.00 D $18.00 H $162.00
P3 H 0.10 $162.00 H $16.20
B3 H $162.00 D $16.20 H $145.80
12. Geometric. The ratios between terms are constant:
145.80 162.00
r=
=
= 0.9
162.00 180.00
13. B12 = B1r (12D1) = 180 0.911 = 56.4859 = $56.49
14. Bn D B1r (nD1) = 180 0.9nD1 < 5 n >
5
log 180
+ 1 = 35.0119
log 0.9
n H 36 months
Check: B35 = $5.01, B36 = $4.51
15. P1 H 0.10 $200.00 H $20.00
P2 H 0.10 B1 H 0.10 $180.00 H $18.00
P3 H 0.10 B2 H 0.10 $162.00 H $16.20
1 D 0.93
S3 = 20
= $54.20
1 D 0.9
S3 H $20.00 C $18.00 C $16.20 H $54.20
1 D 0.9n
converges to
1 D 0.9
1D0
1
20
= 20
= $200.00.
1 D 0.9
1 D 0.9
16. As n , Sn = 20
Exploration 14-4a
1. S2 = 1 + 0.6 +
1
(0.6)2 = 1.78;
2!
1
(0.6)3 = 1.816;
3!
1
S4 = S3 + (0.6)4 = 1.8214
4!
S3 = S2 +

Y1
1.8214
1.822
1
1
1
3. eix = 1 + ix D x2 D ix3 + x4 + . . .
2!
3!
4!

1
1
1
= 1 D x2 + x4 D . . . + i x D x3 + . . .
2!
4!
3!
= cos x + i sin x
1.8221
4. A complex number
1.8221
1.8221
1.8221
5. e Dix = ei (Dx) = cos (Dx) + i sin (Dx) = cos x + i sin x

Cosine is an even function, and sine is an odd function. They
are complex conjugates.
10
1.8221
6. a. e3ie3i
2. Y1Hsum(seq(1/N!*0.6^N,N,0,X,1))
b. 3e2i
0.6
They are approaching e .

Y1(10) H 1.8221188002949
and e0.6 H 1.8221188003905 are the same until the
10th decimal place.

1
1
c. 1 + i = 2
+
i
2 2

= 2 cos + i sin
= 2e 4 i
4
4

3 1
d. 3 D i = 2
D i
2 2

= 2 cos + i sin
= 2e D 6 i
6
6
3. Y1Hsum(seq(1/N!*X^N,N,0,10,1))
P (x)
8
4
x
4
e. i = 0 + i = cos
+ i sin = e 2 i
2
2
7. ei = cos + i sin = D1 + 0 i = D1
4.
P (x)
8. Using the result of Problem 6e,
2
i
i i = e 2 i = e 2 i = e D 2 = 0.20787957635076.

x
4
The graph supports the conjecture for x 3 but not for x < 3.
5. Y1(1) H 2.7182818011464;
e1 H 2.718 281 828 459 0;
error H D2.73126 10D8
6. Y1(10) H 12,842.3051; e
error H D9,184.1606
10
Chapter 15 Polynomial and

Rational Functions, Limits, and
Derivatives
Exploration 15-1a
H 22,026.4657;
1.
y
30
x
Exploration 14-4b
1
1
1
1
(0.6)3 + (0.6)5 D (0.6)7 + (0.6)9
3!
5!
7!
9!
= 0.5646424735, sin 0.6 = 0.564 642 473 4
The error is approximately 1 R 10 D10.
1
1
1
1
cos 0.6 M 1 D (0.6)2 + (0.6)4 D (0.6)6 + (0.6)8
2!
4!
6!
8!
H 0.8253356166, cos 0.6 H 0.8253356149
The error is approximately 1.7 R 10 D9.
1
1
1
e0.6 M 1 + 0.6 + 1 (0.6)2 + (0.6)3 + (0.6)4 = 1.8214,
2
3!
4!
compared to the true value, e0.6 H 1.8221188.
The error is approximately D7.188 R 10 D4.
1. sin 0.6 M 0.6 D
1
1
1
(ix)2 + (ix)3 + (ix)4 + . . .
2!
3!
4!
1
1
1
= 1 + ix + (i 2x 2) + (i 2x 3) + (i 4x 4) + . . .
2!
3!
4!
1
1
1
= 1 + ix + (Dx 2) + (Dix 3) + (x 4) + . . .
2!
3!
4!
1
1
1
= 1 + ix + x 2 D ix 3 + x 4 + . . .
2!
3!
4!
2. The graph crosses the axis at x H D1 and also at

approximately x M 0.4, 4.6.
3. f(x) H (x C 1)(x2 D 5x C 2)
D (D5) (D5)2 D 4(1)(2) 5 17
=
= 0.4384, 4.5615
2(1)
2
These values agree with the estimates in Problem 2.
4. x =
5. g(x) is just f (x) translated upward by 16. However, note that

f crosses the axis in three distinct points, while g crosses the
axis only once and is tangent at one point.
2. eix = 1 + ix +
y
30
g
x
5
f

6. g(x) H (x C 2)(x D 3)(x D 3)

Roots are x H D2, 3, 3. Two of the roots are identical!
4. The sum of zeros, z1 + z2 + z3 = 33

5 = 6.6 appears as the
opposite of the x 2-coefficient inside the parentheses.
7.
5. The sum of the pairwise products of the zeros,

58
= 11.6
5
appears as the x-coefficient inside the parentheses.
z1z2 + z1z3 + z2z3 =
y
h
30
g
x
5
f
8. h(x) H (x C 3)(x 2 D 7x C 18)

7 D23
x 2 D 7x + 18 = 0 x =
= 3.5 2.3979i
2
Two of the zeros are complex; the graph crosses the axis at
only one real value of x. Numbers that make the polynomial
equal zero may be complex values and therefore have no
corresponding intercept.
x
5
2. f(2) H 52 (See point on graph in Problem 1.)

3. Quotient H 3x 2 C 10x C 31; remainder H 52.
4. f(2) equals the remainder.
4
6
10
11
20
31
D10
62
52
6. The coefficients in Problem 3 are all the numbers in the

bottom row in the synthetic substitution except the last one
(which is the remainder).
2
3
7.
3
3
f
8.
4
2
6
11
4
16
D10
10
0
(23) = 0, the graph crosses the axis at x = 23.

f (x)
(x D 23)
h
g
10
Exploration 15-3a
y
100
1.
8. Functions have the same zeros.
Exploration 15-2a
7. h(x) H 3g(x) H 3x 3 D 27x 2 C 63x D 15
5.
6. 5 + (2 + 3) + (2 D 3) = 9
5(2 + 3) + 5(2 D 3) + (2 + 3)(2 D 3) = 21
5(2 + 3)(2 D 3) = 5
g(x) = (x D 5)(x D 2 D 3)(x D 2 + 3) = x 3 D 9x 2 + 21x D 5
= 3x2 + 6x + 15 H 3(x C 1 D 2i)(x C 1 C 2i)
Roots are D1 C 2i, D1 D 2i.

Exploration 15-2b
1. f (x) H 5x3 D 33x2 C 58x D 24 H (5x D 3)(x D 2)(x D 4)
Zeros are 35 , 2, 4.
24
2. z1z2z3 =
= 4.8
5
3. The product of zeros z1z2z3 appears as the opposite of the
constant term inside the parentheses.

1. x P (x)
1
3
9
2 12
D12
D3
6
3
9
D6
D9
6
4
0
0
D9
6
5 D9
6
D3
6
6 D12
12
9
6
7 D3
18
27
8 24
2. P(x) H ax 3 C bx 2 C cx C d
P(1) H a C b C c C d H 3
P(2) H 8a C 4b C 2c C d H 12
P(3) H 27a C 9b C 3c C d H 9
P(4) H 64a C 16b C 4c C d H 0
1
1 1 1 a
3
8
4 2 1 b
12
=
27
9 3 1 c
9
64 16 4 1 d
0
a
1
1 1 1 D1 3
1
b
8
4 2 1
12
D12
=
=
c
27
9 3 1
9
38
d
64 16 4 1
0
D24
P(x) H x 3 D 12x 2 C 38x D 24
3. P(5) H 125 D 12 25 C 38 5 D 24 H D9
P(6) H 216 D 12 36 C 38 6 D 24 H D12
P(7) H 343 D 12 49 C 38 7 D 24 H D3
P(8) H 512 D 12 64 C 38 8 D 24 H 24
4. regEq H x 3 D 12x 2 C 38x D 24
5. P(20) H 3936
6. x H 7.5770
7. P(x) H (x D 4)(x2 D 8x C 6)
8. x2 D 8x C 6 H 0
D(D8) (D8)2 D 4(1)(6)
x=
= 4 10 = 0.8377, 7.1622
2(1)
The answers agree.
x 3 + 2x 2 D 8x + 5 (x D 1)(x 2 + 3x D 5)
=
xD1
xD1
2
f(x) H x C 3x D 5 if x 1
f(1) H 12 C 3(1) D 5 H D1, the limit
3. f (x) =
Exploration 15-4a
1.
4. The limit of f of x as x approaches 1 is D1. As x gets closer

and closer to 1, f(x) gets closer and closer to D1.
y
4
5. g(x) has a vertical asymptote at x H 1.

x
6
10
g
f
4
2. f(x) goes to infinity as x 0.

3. Horizontal dilation by 2 and vertical dilation by 2 (or
horizontal dilation by 4, or vertical dilation by 4).
4. Horizontal translation by 3
6. g(x) D as x 1D (from below or from the left)

g(x) + as x 1+ (from above or from the right)
7.
4
x
6
6
4
5.
x
4
D8
3
D5
2
1
3
6
D5
1
1
1
g(x) = x 2 + 3x D 5 +
xD1
f(x) and g(x) have the same quotient polynomial.
8.
y
10
x
6
4
6. The graphs are identical, except that r(x) is undefined at

x H 1.
9.
y
10
7. r(x) is undefined at x H 1 because x D 1 appears in the

denominator.
xD1
xD1
=
x 2 D 4x + 3 (x D 1)(x D 3)
1
r(x) =
if x 1
xD3
x
4
8. r(x) =
9. If the numerator is nonzero at a point where the

denominator is zero, then the graph will have a vertical
asymptote. If the numerator is zero when the denominator is
zero, then the graph may have a removable discontinuity. In
this case, if zero appears to a higher degree in the
denominator than in the numerator, then the graph will have
a vertical asymptote; otherwise, the graph has a removable
discontinuity.
10.
2
1
3
D8
3
D5
4
D5
1
D1
1
h(x) = x 2 + 3x D 5 D
xD1
11. The polynomial is very close to the graph except near the
asymptote.
12. An error in an earlier problem will propagate into later
problems, possibly causing even more errors.
Exploration 15-4b
Exploration 15-5a
1.
y
10
x
4
2. The graph has a removable discontinuity at x H 1.

f (x) D1 as x 1 from both sides.
1. f(2) H 10 mi, f(2.1) H 10.361 mi

f (2.1) D f (2) 0.361 mi
vav =
=
= 3.61 mi/min
2.1 D 2
0.1 min
2. f(2) H 10 mi, f(2.001) H 10.003996001 mi,
f (2.001) D f (2) 0.003996001 mi
=
vav =
2.001 D 2
0.001 min
H 3.996001 mi/min
3. v H 4 mi/min

f (x) D 10 x 3 D 10x 2 + 32x D 32

=
xD2
xD2
2
(x D 2)(x D 8x + 16)
=
= x2 D 8x + 16 if x 2
xD2
4. r(x) =
2.
1
1
D11
2
D9
D6
32
26
34
D18
16
D52
52
0
3. f (x) = (x D 2)(x 3 D 9x 2 + 16x + 26)
5. lim r(x) = lim (x D 8x + 16) = 4 mi/min

2
x A2
D1
x A2
6. The line is tangent to the graph.

1
f(x)
D9
D1
D10
16
10
26
26
D26
0
4. f (x) = (x + 1)(x D 2)(x2 D 10x + 26)

x2 D 10x + 26 = (x D 5)2 + 1 > 0 for all real x
12
5. Zeros are x =
8
D(D10) (D10)2 D 4(1)(26)

=5i
2(1)
6. The graph shows zeros at x H D1 and 2 and no other real

zeros.
7.
y
100
x
2
f
g
f (x) D 11 x 3 D 10x 2 + 32x D 33

7. f (3) = 11 mi, r(x) =
=
xD3
xD2
2
(x D 3)(x D 7x + 11)
2
=
= x D 7x + 11 if x 2;
xD3
2
lim r(x) = lim (x D 7x + 11) = D1 mi/min
x A3
x A3
Velocity is negative because Ella is falling back toward
the planet.
8. g(2) H 4, g(3) H D3
This function seems to give the velocities.
100
Roots at x H 3, 4
8.
1
1
1
1
9.
0
0
0
0 Dc 5
c c2 c3 c4
c5
1 c c2 c3 c4
0
(x D c)(x 4 + cx 3 + c 2x 2 + c 3x + c 4)
r(x) =
xDc
= x 4 + cx 3 + c 2x 2 + c 3x + c 4 if x c
c
10. lim r(x) = lim (x 4 + cx 3 + c 2x 2 + c 3x + c 4)

x Ac
x Ac
H (c)4 C c(c)3 C c2(c)2 C c 3(c) C c 4 H 5c 4

11. Multiply the term by the exponent and then subtract 1 from
the exponent.
12. 10 17x 10D1 H 170x 9
13. f(x) H x 3 D 10x 2 C 32x 1 D 22x 0;
g(x) H 3 x 3D1 D 2 10x 2D1 C 1 32x 1D1 D 0 22x 0D1
H 3x 2 D 20x C 32
14. The derivative
D11
3
D8
D8
4
D4
D6
30
24
34
D24
10
10
D16
D6
D72
72
0
24
D24
0
D(D4) (D4)2 D 4(1)(D6)

= 2 10
2(1)
M D1.16228, 5.16228
Roots at x =
9. d(3) = 1 km, d(3.1) = 1.1791 km,

d(3.001) = 1.0017009001 km
1.1791 D 1
vav =
= 1.791 km/min for
3.1 D 3
3 min K t K 3.1 min.
1.0017009001 D 1
= 1.70009001 km/min for
vav =
3.001 D 3
3 min K t K 3.001 min.
Instantaneous velocity should be 1.7 km/min.
d(t) D 1 0.1t 3 D t + 0.3 (t D 3)(0.1t 2 + 0.3t D 0.1)
=
=
tD3
tD3
tD3
2
d(t) D 1
(t D 3)(0.1t + 0.3t D 0.1)
lim
= lim
t3 t D 3
t3
tD3
= lim (0.1t2 + 0.3t D 0.1) = 0.7 km/min
10. vav(t) =
t3
11. y = 1.7(x D 3) + 1 = 1.7x D 4.1

The line is tangent to the graph.
Exploration 15-6a
d
5
1.
y
100
x
5
t
100

12. d(1) = 0.4 km

d(t) D 0.4
0.1t 3 D t + 0.9
v = lim
= lim
t1
t1
tD1
tD1
(t D 1)(0.1t 2 + 0.1t D 0.9)
= lim
t1
tD1
= lim (0.1t 2 + 0.1t D 0.9) = D0.7 km/min
7. h(x) has a zero of multiplicity three at x H 3.

8.
y
50
x
t1
The train is moving toward the crossing at 0.7 km/min.

13. g(3) H 1.7 and g(1) H D0.7, the same as the instantaneous
velocity.
14. g(t) H 0.3t2 D 1 H 0 at
1
t=
= 1.8257 min
0.3
1
At t =
min, the displacement is
0.3

1
2 1
d
= 1.3 D
= 0.0828 km > 0.
0.3
3 0.3
1
At t = D
min, the displacement is
0.3

2 1
1
d D
= 1.3 +
= 2.5671 km > 0.
0.3
3 0.3
This means that the train crosses the tracks, stops and
reverses course (all at a time before the time arbitrarily called
t H 0), and then stops and reverses course once again without
quite reaching the crossing again.
50
9. The graph is tangent to the horizontal axis and crosses it.

10. d(6) = 2ft
d(6.01 = 2.0301802 ft
d(6.01) D d(6) 0.0301802 ft
vav =
=
= 3.01802 ft/sec
0.01
0.01 sec
d(t) D d(6) 0.2t 3 D 1.8t 2 + 3t + 3.6
=
tD6
tD6
3
0.2t D 1.8t 2 + 3t + 3.6
v = lim
t6
tD6
= lim 0.2t 2 D 0.6t D 0.6 = 3 ft/sec
11. vav =
t6
12. y = 3(x D 6) + 2 = 3x D 16
d(t)
10
Exploration 15-6b
1. f (x) = x 3 D 6x2 + x + 34
y
50
x
5
t
10
50
2. Other zeros are nonreal complex; the graph crosses the axis
only once.
3. f (x) = (x + 2)(x 2 D 8x + 17)
8 D4
= 4 i.
Other zeros at x =
2
4. D2 + (4 + i) + (4 D i) = 6
D2(4 + i)(4 D i) = D2(42 + 12) = D34
D2(4 + i) D 2(4 D i) + (4 + i)(4 D i) = 1
5. The graph is tangent to the horizontal axis but does not
cross it.
y
13. The bee was closest at t H 5 sec; d(t) H 0.6 ft

Exploration 15-6c
7
2
8
4 2 1 D1
34
D3
27
9 3 1
1. a.
=

91
4
64 16 4 1
190
D5
125 25 5 1
f (x) = 2x 3 D 3x 2 + 4x D 5
b. f (x) = (x + 5)(x D 3)(x D 6)
= x 3 D 4x 2 D 27x + 90
50
x
5
50
50
6. D1
1
1
x
5
D8
D1
D9
18
9
27
0
D27
D27
D27
27
0
c. f (x) = x 3 D x 2 D 7x + 15
h(x) = (x + 1)(x 3 D 9x 2 + 27x D 27)

= (x + 1)(x D 3)3
The other zero is at x H 3.

d. v (3) = 3(3)2 D 2(3) D 7 = 14
2. a.
y
Multiply each term by the exponent of x and then

subtract 1 from the exponent.
f
10
g(x) H
x3
v(x) H
3x2
D2x
D7
C0
Roots of f : D2, D1, 2, 4

Roots of g: D3. The graph of this cubic crosses the
horizontal axis only once, so two of the roots must be
nonreal complex.
b. D3
D1 D7
15
D3 12 D15
1 D4
5
0
g(x) = (x + 3)(x 2 D 4x + 5)
Dx 2
D7x
C15x 0
e. y = 14(x D 3) + 12 = 14x D 30
g(x)
50
D(D4) (D4)2 D 4(1)(5)

=2i
2(1)
Roots of g: D3, 2 D i, 2 + i
x 2 D 4x + 5 = 0 x =
3. a.
y
x
1
4
x
4
50
At x H 2, rate of change = D1.5.

f. The instantaneous rate at x H 3 is the limit of the average
rates as the interval becomes arbitrarily small. The
instantaneous rate of change of g(x ) at a particular point
is called the derivative of g(x).
r(x) is a vertical dilation by 2 and a horizontal translation

by 4 of y = 1x .
(x + 3)(x2 D 4x + 5)
x+3
(x + 3)(x 2 D 4x + 5)
= lim (x 2 D 4x + 5) = 26
lim
xD3
xD3
x+3
b. h(x) =
y
30
20
10
3
x
1
4. a. g(3) H 12 ft, g(3.1) H 13.481 ft

g(3.1) D g(3) 1.481
vav (3, 3.1) =
=
= 14.81 ft/sec
3.1 D 3
0.1 sec
g(3.01) = 12.140801 ft
g(3.01) D g(3) 0.140801 ft
vav (3, 3.01) =
=
= 14.0801 ft/sec
3.01 D 3
0.01 sec
g(3.001) = 12.014008001 ft
g(3.001) D g(3) 0.014008001 ft
=
vav (3, 3.001) =
3.001 D 3
0.001 sec
= 14.008001 ft/sec
b. v (3) = 14 ft/sec
g(x) D g(3) x 3 D x 2 D 7x + 3
=
xD3
xD3
2
(x D 3)(x + 2x D 1)
=
xD3
g(x) D g(3)
= lim (x 2 + 2x D 1) = 14 ft/sec
v (3) = lim
x3
x D3
xD3
c. vav (3, x) =


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Solutions to the Explorations

Chapter 1 Functions and

1. Answers will vary.

The variable (x in this case) is raised to a power.

3. Answers will vary. The stack height should increase by the

5. Answers will vary.

Algebraically, a power function has the variable as the base

The graph is a straight line.

y gets smaller as x gets larger, and vice versa. It can be

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

Solutions to the Explorations / 231

5. The values for g(x) are 4, 6, 2, D4, 0, 2.

It has a discontinuity and an asymptote at x = 3. It is

6. The graph is stretched or squashed vertically but not shifted

8. Answers will vary.

1. Let y be the weight in pounds. Let x be the distance, in miles,

3. The graphs look the same. They cross at the point

9. Answers will vary.

For x G 4000, the calculator is dividing by 0, which gives no

5. y1 = 0.05x/(0 x and x 4000)

1. The values for g(x) are 5, 6, 4, 1, 3, 4.

3. The graph is slid vertically without changing its shape or

2. The graph is slid vertically without changing its shape or

3. The values for g(x) are 2, 3, 1, D2, 0, 1.

5. Horizontal translation by 3 units (right)

4. Horizontal translation by 3 units (right)

232 / Solutions to the Explorations

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

7. The graph is stretched or squashed vertically but not shifted

1. Vertical translation by D6; g(x) H f(x) D 6

4. The lines in which x H 2 and x H 3

2. Horizontal translation by C10; g(x) = f (x D 10)

3. Vertical dilation by 3; g(x) = 3f (x)

4. Horizontal dilation by 2; g(x) = f 12 x

5. Reflection across the x-axis of that part of the graph that is

6. Reflection across the y-axis; g(x) = f (Dx)

7. Answers will vary.

4. Vertical dilation by factor of 12

6. Horizontal dilation by factor of 2 and vertical translation

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

5. Horizontal dilation by factor of 2

Solutions to the Explorations / 233

3. There is no place where there are two different ys for the

They are reflections in y H x.

5. Horizontal dilation by D1 (because

8. There are two values of y for the same value of x.

6. Reflection across the y-axis

11. Answers will vary.

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

1. ref = 180 D 152 = 28

8. Reflection across the x-axis

2. ref = 250 D 180 = 70

3. Because the angle must be counterclockwise so that its

4. Because it must go to the nearest side of the horizontal axis

5. ref = 360 D 310 = 50

12. Answers will vary.

Chapter 2 Periodic Functions and

7. ref = 180 + (D150) = 30

5. Vertical translation by D5; horizontal translation by 2

7. Answers will vary.

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Instructors Resource Book, Volume 1

Solutions to the Explorations / 235

8. Duplicating the triangle above itself makes an angle of 60 at