OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION 2. BEAM DESIGN

2.1. FLEXURE 2.2. SHEAR & TORSION 2.3. DESIGN FOR ANCHORAGE 2.4. STAAD PRO INPUT PARAMETERS 2.5. STAD DESIGN OUTPUT FOR BEAMS 2.6. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS

OUTLINE
3. COLUMN DESIGN
3.1. COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAM 3.2. STAAD DESIGN BRIEF FOR COLUMNS 3.3. STAAD DESIGN OUTPUT FOR COLUMNS 3.4 SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMNS

4. CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION

Analysis part is always followed by the design part. However, it must be noted that the initial proportioning of beam and column sizes is part of the design and may not be the final dimension. Thus the design is a series of iteration and resizing, resizing, then reanalysis, then redesign.

1. INTRODUCTION
Design is an iteration process: 1. Initial sizing of beams and columns. 2. Analysis for stresses. 3. Design of steel reinforcements. if design is inadequate, repeat step 1, 2, and 3. 4. If design is adequate, adopt sizes and reinforcements.

1. INTRODUCTION

All concrete design calculation is governed by the current ACI 318 code. Unified (strength) design method is adopted by the current code. The working stress design (WSD) is deleted from the ACI 318 code STAAD Pro do not employ the WSD for reinforced concrete design.

1. INTRODUCTION

SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES (SMRF) are the type of frames, instead of ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES (OMRF) are required for high seismic risk areas, such as the Philippines. Therefore, the NSCP requires that all buildings in the Philippines must be designed to effectively resist high seismic forces.

1. INTRODUCTION

At the moment, STAAD Pro has NO provision for automatic seismic detailing in reinforced concrete design.

What shall we do????

2. BEAM DESIGN
FLEXURE SHEAR TORSION

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.1. FLEXURE The main (longitudinal) reinforcement is calculated for midspan (sagging) and support (hogging) bending moments on the basis of the section profile in the design brief (ie (ie. . PRISMATIC ZD, YD).

2. BEAM DESIGN
CRITICAL HOGGING MOMENT CRITICAL HOGGING MOMENT

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

CRITICAL SAGGING MOMENT

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.1. FLEXURE The STAAD Pro does not have any limit of any bars in any one layer as long as the spacing requirements specified in the code are satisfied. The program can handle a maximum of four layers of reinforcement, two layers each at the top and bottom.

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.1. FLEXURE The actual amount of steel required as well as the maximum and minimum required for flexure is shown as ROW, ROWMX AND ROWMIN, respectively. It is important to note that the beams are designed for flexural MZ only. The moment My is not considered in the design.

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.1. FLEXURE

MY
h x
Top bars (max of 2 layers) MZ

y b

bottom bars (max of 2 layers)

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION
COLUMN ELEMENT LINE STEEL REINFORCEMENTS

d BEAM ELEMENT LINE

d
SFACE OR EFACE

SHEAR FORCE AND TORSIONAL MOMENT LOCATION CALCULATED

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION When required, torsional reinforcement in the form of closed stirrups or hoop reinforcement must be provided.

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION In addition to the stirrups, longitudinal steel bars are provided in corners of the stirrups and are well distributed around the section

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.2. SHEAR & TORSION In the ACI Code, the design for torsion is based on space truss analogy. After torsional cracking occurs, the torque is resisted by closed stirrups, longitudinal bars, and concrete compression diagonals.

2. BEAM DESIGN
2.3. DESIGN FOR ANCHORAGE In STAAD output for flexural design, the anchorage requirement is shown with a YES or NO at the START and END of the beam. The designer must provide the details of anchorage.

+ RRN LIDQF KRULV<(6 DW6 7$ 57 DQGRU ( 1' QRG H ( [WHULRU & ROX PQ IDF H

D 4db or 2.5 min 4db 5db 6db

GE EDUGLDPHWHU

12db

G EE DUGLD PH WHU /GK  GH YHORSPHQWOHQJWK  PPWR PP'  GE  PP PPPP' G E  PP PP' GE

& ULWLFDOVHF WLRQ HJ ,QWHULRUFROXPQIDFH

2.4 2.4. . STAAD PRO INPUT PARAMETERS

Parameter
FYMAIN FYSEC FC CLT CLB CLS MINMAIN** MINSEC ** MAXMAIN **

Default Value
* 60,000 psi (414 MPa) * 60,000 psi (414 MPa) * 4,000 psi (28 MPa) *1.5 inch (37.5 mm) *1.5 inch (37.5 mm) *1.5 inch (37.5 mm) #4 (12mm) #4 (12mm) #18 (57 mm)

Description
Yield Stress for main reinforcing steel Yield Stress for Secondary Steel Compressive Strength of Concrete Clear cover for top reinforcement Clear cover for bottom reinforcement Clear cover for side reinforcement Min main reinforcement bar size Min secondary reinforcement bar size Max main reinforcement bar size

2.4 2.4. . STAAD PRO INPUT PARAMETERS

NSECTION*** TRACK 12 0.0 Number of equally-spaced sections to be considered in finding critical moments for beam design. BEAM DESIGN: With TRACK set to 0.0, critical moments will not be printed out with beam design report. A value of 1.0 will mean a print out. A value of 2.0 will print out required steel areas for al intermediate sections specified by NSECTION. COLUMN DESIGN: TRACK 0.0 prints out detailed design results. TRACK 1.0 prints out column interaction analysis results in addition to TRACK 0.0 output. TRACK 2.0 prints out schematic interaction diagram and intermediate interaction values in addition to all of the above. RHOMN 0.01 (1%) Minimum reinforcement required in a concrete column. ACI code allows 1% to 8%.

EXAMPLE DESIGN BRIEF FOR BEAMS

UNIT KN METER START CONCRETE DESIGN CODE ACI 2002 FYMAIN 414 ALL MAXMAIN 20 ALL CLB 40MM DESIGN BEAM 17 10 END CONCRETE DESIGN

EXAMPLE DESIGN BRIEF FOR BEAMS

In STAAD Pro V8i (SELECT Series 1), three versions of the ACI Code are implemented: 1999, 2002, and 2005 To access any of the code editions, specify the commands START CONCRETE DESIGN CODE ACI 1999 (for 1999) or CODE ACI 2002 (for 2002) or CODE ACI (for 2005)

2.5. SAMPLE STAAD BEAM DESIGN OUTPUT

BEAM NO. 97 DESIGN RESULTS - FLEXURE PER CODE ACI 318 318-05 LEN - 5000. MM FY - 275. FC - 21. MPA, SIZE - 300. X 400. MMS LEVEL HEIGHT BAR INFO FROM TO ANCHOR (MM) (MM) (MM) STA END _________________________________________________________ 1 54. 5 - 12MM 802. 3989. NO NO 2 342. 4 - 20MM 0. 1484. YES NO 3 342. 4 - 20MM 3308. 5000. NO YES __________________________________________________________ Override these values if longitudinal reinforcement for torsion is required. required

Check the output if ACI318-05 to comply with NSCP 2010

2.5. OUTPUT OF BEAM DESIGN (SHEAR and TORSION)

This is not final. To be checked against seismic provisions

B E A M N O. 97 D E S I G N R E S U L T S - SHEAR AT START SUPPORT - Vu= 68.16 KNS Vc= 81.19 KNS Vs= 9.70 KNS Tu= 0.34 KN-MET Tc= 2.9 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 4 NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION. REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR. PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 178. MM C/C FOR 2158. MM ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE = 0.00 SQ.CM. AT END SUPPORT - Vu= 70.66 KNS Vc= 81.19 KNS Vs= 13.03 KNS Tu= 0.34 KN-MET Tc= 2.9 KN-MET Ts= 0.0 KN-MET LOAD 4 NO STIRRUPS ARE REQUIRED FOR TORSION. REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR SHEAR. PROVIDE 10 MM 2-LEGGED STIRRUPS AT 178. MM C/C FOR 2158. MM ADDITIONAL LONGITUDINAL STEEL REQD. FOR TORSIONAL RESISTANCE = 0.00 SQ.CM.

2.6 2.6. . SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS

Since the Philippines is located in a high seismic risk region, adopting the SMRF (Special Moment Resisting Frame) is a must. Therefore, a special detailing for seismic requirement shall is required. Unfortunately, STAAD Pro at the moment does not have the facility for seismic detailing.

2.6 2.6. . SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS

At this point the design output of STAAD Pro is compliant to ACI Code 318318-08 or the NSCP 2010, EXCEPT FOR THE SEISMIC DETAILING requirements.

2.6 2.6. . SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS

Flexural Members shall satisfy the following: (ACI 318318-08 Section 21.3.1 or NSCP 421.5.1 421.5.1) ) 1. Clear span shall not be less than four (4) times the effective depth. 2. The width-to-depth ratio , b/d, shall not be less 0.3. 3. The width shall not be less than 250mm 4. The width, bs, of the supporting member plus distances on each side of the supporting member not exceeding of the depth of the flexural member.

Longitudinal reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.2 / NSCP 421.5.1)

1. Longitudinal reinforcement for both top and bottom steel (A) should be in the range defined as follows:
3 fc' bd fy 200 bd fy A 0 , 025 bd

Longitudinal reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.2 / NSCP 421.5.1)

2. The positive moment strength at joint face should be greater or equal the negative moment strength at the face of the joint
MnLMnR-

MnL+ 1/2 (MnL- )

MnR+ 1/2 (MnR- )

Longitudinal reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.2 / NSCP 421.5.1)

3. Neither the negative nor the positive moment strength in any section along the member should be less than the maximum strength provided at the face of either joint.
MnL- max

Many section 1/4 (MnL- max )

Longitudinal reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.2 / NSCP 421.5.1)

4. Lap splices of flexural reinforcement are permitted only if hoop reinforcement is provided over the lap length. Maximum spacing of transverse reinf enclosing the lapped bars shall not exceed 100mm.

Longitudinal reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.2 / NSCP 421.5.1)

Lap splices shall not be used: a. Within the joint. b. With a distance of twice the member depth from the face of the joint; and c. At locations where analysis indicates flexural yielding (ie (ie. . Location of plastic hinges)

Transverse reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.3 / NSCP 421.5.3)

For SMRF, plastic hinges will form at the ends of flexural members. Those locations should be specially detailed to ensure sufficient ductility.
1. Yield may occur

2h

2h

2h

2h

Transverse reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.3 / NSCP 421.5.3)

2. Spacing of hoops should not exceed the following: a. d/4 b. 8 x diameter of the smallest longitudinal bars. c. 24 x diameter of hoop bars. c. 300 mm First hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from face of support.

Transverse reinforcement requirements (ACI code Section 21.3.3 / NSCP 421.5.3)

3. Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hooks shall be spaced at a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.

Special Detailing on Transverse Reinf.

Hoop spacing is smallest of: d/4 ; 8db ; 24 hoop db ; 300mm ; STAAD Pro output

hoops

hoops

hoops

Spacing of stirrups d/2

50mm max 2h 50mm max 2h 50mm max 2h

Sample of design output from STAAD Pro

56J 4No20 H 342. | 0 TO 1484 14*10c/c 178 5000 X 300 X 400 58J 4No20 H 342. | 3308 TO 5000 14*10c/c178

5No12 H 54. | 802 TO 3989

Physical representation
1484 342 4-20mm 14 hoops @10mm@ 178 o.c. 54 802 1102 5-12mm 4-20mm 400 14 hoops of 10mm@ 178 o.c. 1692

5000

Beam Detail With Seismic Provision

From STAAD 50mm max
2900 S=178mm 4-20mm 800mm S=90mm

50mm max

800mm S=90mm 4-20mm 2-12mm

2-20 mm 5-12mm

400
2-12mm

10mm hoops / stirrups

5000

Hoop spacing is smallest of : d/4 ; 8db ; 24 hoop db ; 300mm and STAAD Pro

Beam Detail With Seismic Provision

From STAAD 50mm max
2900 S=178mm 4-20mm 800mm S=90mm

50mm max

800mm S=90mm 4-20mm 2-12mm 2-20mm

2-20 mm 5-12mm 2-20mm

400
2-12mm 2-20mm

10mm hoops / stirrups

5000

Bottom bars of 5-12mm < 2-20mm

Hoop spacing is smallest of : d/4 ; 8db ; 24 hoop db ; 300mm and STAAD Pro

3. COLUMN DESIGN
Column design in STAAD per the ACI code is performed for axial force, uniaxial and biaxial moments. The loading which produces the largest amount of reinforcement is called the critical load.

3. COLUMN DESIGN
Column design is done for square, rectangular and circular sections. For rectangular and circular sections, reinforcement is always assumed to be equally distributed on all faces. This means that the total number of bars will always be a multiple of four (4).

Column design inside the STAAD program

1. The Bresler Load Contour method is adopted by STAAD Pro for columns under axial force, uniaxial and biaxial moments. 2.The program will iterate a steel ratio from 1% to a maximum of 8% for a given column dimension. 3.When the adequate steel ratio is arrived at, the iteration terminates and adopt the steel ratio and then a steel area is computed.

Column design inside the STAAD program

4. Otherwise, if the section is inadequate, the report prompts that the size needs to be increased. 5. Seismic provision is absent in STAAD Pro. Thus the output must be checked and adjusted accordingly.

3.1. COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAM

Nominal Pn, Mn curve
Axial capacity (kN)

Factored Pu, Mu (ACI Capacity)

SAFE ZONE for(Pu, Mu) pair

Moment Capacity (kN-m)

3.2. STAAD DESIGN BRIEF

FOR COLUMNS

UNIT KN METER START CONCRETE DESIGN CODE ACI FYMAIN 414 MAXMAIN 25 ALL DESIGN COLUMN 23 25 END CONCRETE DESIGN

3.3. STAAD DESIGN OUTPUT

The following output is generated without any TRACK definition, thus using the default of TRACK 0.0
========================================================== COLUMN NO. 1 DESIGN PER ACI 318-05 - AXIAL + BENDING FY - 415.0 FC - 25.0 MPA, RECT SIZE - 275.0 X 300.0 MMS, TIED

FOR COLUMNS

AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 882.8 SQ. MM BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 - 12 MM 1.097 4 END 0.650 (PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE) TIE BAR NUMBER 12 SPACING 192.00 MM

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

1. Longitudinal Reinforcements (NSCP2010 421.6.3.1) The reinforcement ratio g shall not be

less than 0.01 and shall not exceed 0.06. The STAAD allows up to a maximum of 8%. Therefore, should the design be adequate with a steel ratio more than 6%, the section size shall be increased in order to satisfy a steel ratio of less than or equal to 6%.

Flexural Strength (NSCP2010 421.6.1)

The flexural strength of the column should satisfy the following: Mnc (6/5) Mnb Where: Mnc - the sum of nominal flexural strengths of columns framing into the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint. Mnb - the sum of nominal flexural strengths of the beams framing into the joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint.

Flexural Strength (NSCP2010 421.6.1)

Mnctop

Mnbleft

Mnbright

Mncbot

(Mnctop + Mncbot) (6/5) (Mnbtop + Mnbbot) VXPRIFROXPQPRPHQWFDSDFLW\PXVWEH KLJKHUWKDQWKHVXPRIWKHEHDPPRPHQWFDSDFLW\

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

2. Limiting size of columns (NSCP2010 421.6.1)
The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line passing through the geometric centroid, shall not be less than 300mm. (Sec 421.6.1.1) The ratio of the shortest crosssectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall not be less than 0.4. (Sec 421.5.1.2)

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

3. Transverse reinforcement spacing (NSCP2010, 421.6.4.3)
1. of the minimum member dimension.

2. Six times the diameter of the longitudinal bar, and 3. as defined by the given equation. So = 100 + (350-hx) 3 where 100mm < So < 150mm hx = spacing of additional cross ties or overlapping hoops, which need not exceed 350mm on centers.

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

3. Transverse reinforcement spacing (NSCP2010, 421.6.4.3)
h

b/4
hx b hx

s
100+ (350- hx) 3 where

hx

hx

hx

100mm<s<150mm

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

3. Transverse reinforcement spacing (NSCP2010, 421.6.4.1)
The transverse reinforcements shall be provided over a length, lo, from each joint face . The length, lo, shall not be less than the largest of: 1. 2. 3. The depth of the member at the joint face or where the flexural yielding is likely to occur. OneOne -sixth of the clear span of the member 450 mm. mm.

3. 4. SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COLUMN

3. Transverse reinforcement spacing (NSCP2010, 421.6.4.1)
Where transverse reinforcements are not required throughout the full length of the column, the hoops of the remainder of the column length shall be spaced at the smaller of : a) 6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bars. b) 150mm

COLUMNS WITH SEISMIC DETAILING

b Larger of b or h 1/6 lu 450mm S hx b/4 Clear height, lu 6 Ldb 150 mm.

hx hx

hx

hx

s
100+ (350- hx) where 100<S<150 3

Larger of b or h 1/6 lu 450mm

Note: without seismic provisions, the hoops spacing are: a) 16Ldb b) 48 hdb c) minimum column thickness

Not applicable to SMRF

OUTPUT FOR COLUMN DESIGN

coincides with NSCP2010

COLUMN NO. 333 DESIGN PER ACI 318-05 - AXIAL + BENDING FY - 413.7 FC - 27.6 MPA, SQRE SIZE - 500.0 X 500.0 MMS, TIED AREA OF STEEL REQUIRED = 9850.0 SQ. MM BAR CONFIGURATION REINF PCT. LOAD LOCATION PHI ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 - 40 MM 4.021 9 STA 0.70 (PROVIDE EQUAL NUMBER OF BARS ON EACH FACE) TIE BAR NUMBER 12 SPACING 320.00 MM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------not adequate for seismic requirements: S= (500)=125mm S=6(40)=240mm S=4+(14-8.5)/3=5.8=145mm Adopt S=125mm at lo=18 from joint Adopt S=150mm at remainder.

reinf. pct is with 1% to 6%, ok.

COLUMN DETAIL WITH SEISMIC PROVISION

650 BEAM / GIRDER SECTION 424

450

125

3500 12mm hoops 2850

150

500

8-40mm

424

500 125 450

BEAM / GIRDER

SAMPLE EXERCISE
Mnctop

50mm max
800mm S=90mm

300

Mnpos
4-20mm 400 2-20mm

Mnneg STAAD Hoops without seismic detailing: 16Lb = 16 (20) = 120 48Tb = 48 (10) = 480 Dcol = 300 Mncbot
300 300 8-20mm

Beam moment capacities: Mnneg = 116 kN-m Mnpos = 61 kN-m (6/5) x (Mn++Mn-)= 212.4 kN-m Column moment capacities: Mnctop=Mncbot = 63 kN-m Mnctop + Mncbot = 126 kN-m

Column is inadequate for seismic requirements. Therefore, increase capacity of column

INCREASE COLUMN FLEXURE CAPACITY

COLUMN STRENGTH REQUIREMENT (6/5) x (Mn++Mn-)= 212.4 kN-m
300MM X 300MM WITH 8-20MM BARS : Mnctop +Mncbot = 126 kN-m, not ok

300MM X 300MM WITH 12-20MM BARS : Mnctop +Mncbot = 162 kN-m, not ok

375MM X 375MM WITH 12-20MM BARS : Mnctop +Mncbot = 219 kN-m >212.4 , thus ok

Larger of b or h 1/6 lu 450mm

sr

STIRRUPS SPACING from the joints at length lo = greater of a) 375mm b) 450mm c) 1/6 of lu =1/6 (2850)=475mm so that, lo = 450mm 1) s= b/4 = 375/4 = 94mm 6 Ldb 2) s = 100+(350-0)/3 = 217 , 150 mm. 100<s<150 3) s= 150mm sr= 94mm MAX STIRRUPS SPACING a) 6 (20) = 120 mm b) 150mm smax = 120mm

Clear height, lu

smax =

Larger of b or h 1/6 lu 450mm

sr

REQUIRED STIRRUP SIZE

Where: S spacing of stirrups hc column core dimension measured from center-to-center of confinng stirrups Ag gross area of section Ach area of column core fc` - compressive strength of concrete fyt yield strength of stirrups Ash total area of number of legs in one direction

REQUIRED STIRRUP SIZE

s = 94mm fc` = 21 Mpa = = = fyt = 275 Mpa 311mm 140,625 sq.mm. 96,721 sq.mm. hc = 375 2 (32) Ag = (375)(375) Ach = (311)(311)

Using 10mm stirrups with 4 legs in one direction: At = 4(78.54) = 314.16 sq.mm. Ok since greater than 304.004 sq.mm

50mm max 800mm S=90mm 300 4-20mm 400 2-20mm Lo = 450 sr= 94mm of 10mm hoops

Lo = 450

smax= 120mm of 10mm hoops

375

12-20mm 3 sets of 10mm hoops 375

CONCLUSION
1.STAAD Pro output does not, as of yet, have provisions for seismic detailing requirement. All the generated design results are based on maximum stresses only. Therefore, the output should not be used as the final detail without modification when designing for SMRF.

CONCLUSION
2. The seismic detailing should start first on the beam: supports and midspan requirements must be satisfied before going to the columns. Modify the beam STAAD output to suit the seismic requirements.

CONCLUSION
3.The columns connected at a joint should be 20% (or 6/5) stronger than the beams connected at that same joint in terms of flexure. Since the beam is already fixed, the column STAAD results must be adjusted to fit the seismic requirements at that joint.

CONCLUSION
4. Finally, once the seismic requirements are satisfied, then and only then the detailed drawings are carried out.

THANK YOU