You are on page 1of 23

Memoranda sunt Servanda?

H 3845/2010
,
.. * ,


. () ,
,
, ,
,

,



(1930)1

- :
................................. 2
-
................................................................................................ 8
-1 ................................... 8
-2 43 .
4 ....................................................................................... 10
-3

.................................................................................. 12
-
................................... 13
-1 ........ 13
-2 .......................................... 14
-3
............................................... 16

* ...
1


Addendum to the eighth report on State responsibility, in:
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1980, Vol. II, . 13 ., . . 25.

-3 ............. 18
- : ; ...................................... 20
- :

6 3845/2010 (
65/06.05.2010)
-
, , 3,

,


.

,
. ,

:
()
,
:
,
,

2.
,

, , ,
.
.
, ,

,
(odious
debt).

, , W. W. Bratton, G. Mitu Gulati, Sovereign Debt Reform and the Best


Interests of Creditors, 57 Vand. L. Rev. 1, 2004, L. C. Backer, Cuba and the IMF: Conflicts
over the nature of the state and sovereign debt in the emerging global economic system,
: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=736923, Conference on
Sovereign Debt Restructuring, The View From the Legal Academy, Emory University Law
School, papers published at 53 Emory L.J. 2004,
2





3,
. ,
() ,
A. Kruger,
Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism (SDRM),
4
,
5.

.
,
,
6.
,
- ,

: ,
. ,
7,
(Washington consensus,
.

M. H. Bouchet, The political economy of International Debt: Who, what, how much
and why? 1987, J. Bulow, First World Governments and Third World Debts Brookings
Papers on Economic Activity, 2002, 229.
4
, ..

.
5
A. O. Krueger, A New Approach to Sovereign Debt Restructuring, International
Monetary Fund, April 2002, . P. Bolton, Toward a Statutory Approach to Sovereign
Debt Restructuring: Lessons From Corporate Bankruptcy Practice Around the World, IMF
Staff Papers No. 41, Jan. 1, 2003.
6
A. O. Krueger, A New Approach to Sovereign Debt Restructuring, International
Monetary Fund, . 12-14.
7

(conditionality)
Bretton Woods
.
Articles of Agreement
1950 . . S. D.
Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999, .
84-85.


8.

,


,

,
9.

,
10
. ,
sovereign debt, .

, ,
.
, ,
.

.
,
12
2001,
11. 25 . 1 ,

,

G. Soros, The Crisis of global capitalism, Public Affairs, New York, 2002, . 128,
. J. Stiglitz, Globalization and its discontents, Norton, New York, 2002, p. 53.
9
,
. Affaire de lindemnit Russe, UNRIAA,
Vol. XI, 431, . 443. . 13 14. . . ,
, , , 1980, . 21 ..
10
., , R. Dolzer, Staatliche Zahlungsunfhigkeit: Zum Begriff und zu den
Rechtsfolgen im Vlkerrecht, in: Jekewitz (ed.), Des Menschen Recht zwischen Freiheit und
Verantwortung: Festschrift fr Karl Josef Partsch zum 75. Geburtstag 1989, . 550, P.
Schantz, Verbraucher und Recht VuR 2006. 210, . 211.
11
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Annex to the Resolution
of the United Nations General Assembly A/RES/56/83.
8

.
(ICJ)12.
,
(salus populi suprema lex est),
13.

1938,
,
,
,
14.

- .

15,
25.561 6 2002
, , ,
. , 256/2002
6 2002 ,
.

16.

17,

12

Judgment of the International Court of Justice of 25 September 1997, GabcikovoNagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), I.C.J. Reports 1997, . 7, . 51.

Addendum to the eighth report on State responsibility, in: Yearbook of the
International Law Commission 1980, Vol. II, . 13, Addendum to the eighth report on State
responsibility, in: Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1980, Vol. II, . 13
13
( )
. .
, French Company of Venezuelan Railroads Case,
UNRIAA, Vol. X, p. 285 (353))
14
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), Series C, no. 87 (1938-1939), 187
.., .. 205 ... . Lbbe-Wolff
BVerfG 2 BvM 1-5/03.
15
. . IMF, Report on the
Evaluation of the Role of the IMF in Argentina, 1991-2001. June 30, 2004.
16
. J. F. Hornbeck Argentinas Sovereign Debt Restructuring, Congressional
Research Service RL32637, The Library of Congress, Washington, 2004.
17
. , A.C. Porzecanski, From Rogue Creditors to Rogue Debtors:
Implications of Argentinas Default, CHICAGO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,
Summer 2005, 331.

18. ,

(International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ICSID-)
,
3 2006 LG&E Energy
Corp
2001
2003 19.
, ,


,
, acta iure imperii20.


(Schutzpflicht)
21.
.

1921,
- 22.

,

23. , ,

., , C. Tietje, Die Argentinien-Krise aus rechtlicher Sicht:


Staatsanleihen und Staateninsolvenz, Beitrge zum Transnationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, vol. 37,
. 13.
19
ICSID Case No. ARB/02/1 (Decision on Liability), .. 267.
20
Corte Suprema di Cassazione, Ordinanza 27 2005, R.G.N. 6532/04
21
BVerfG, 2 BvR 120/03 4.5.2006. . BVerfG, 2 BvM 1-5/03 8.5.2007.
22
, 1898,
,
. ,
, )
, ) ()
. . J. Moore, Digest of
International Law. Washington, 1906.
23
. Fidel Castro Ruz, Latin Americas Foreign Debt Must Be
Canceled, Michael Tabor (.) Fidel Castro Speaches 1984-85, 1985, . 206, . L.
C. Backer, Cuba and the IMF: Conflicts over the nature of the state and sovereign debt in the
emerging global economic system, .. . -
. , .
, 9/2003. 986.
18

, 24

25.

(odious debt)26.

.

,
,

( , .., ),
,
27.

.
2007
, ,
, , 28,
20/11/2008

., .., - , Ecclesia In America, (Apostolic


Exhortation:
To
the
Bishops,
Deacons,
and
Priest,

http://www.vatican.va/index.htm): () ,

. . Desmond Tutu, Debt
cancellation a victory for the world, The Baltimore Sun, May 7/2008
25
El Hadji Guis, "

,
, ." United Nations, Economic and
Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on Prevention of
Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, The Realization of Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights: The Question of Transnational Corporations, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/6, June 10,
1998, . 1
26
E. F. Mancina, Note: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Resurrecting the Odious
Debt Doctrine in International Law, 36 GEO. WASH. INTL L. REV. 2004. 1239 . 167,
Anupam Chander, Odious Securitization, 53 EMORY L.J. 2004, 923, M. Kremer, S.
Jayachandran1,
Odious
Debt,
Harvard
Seminar,
2002

:
http://204.180.229.21/external/np/res/seminars/2002/poverty/mksj.pdf. .
http://www.odiousdebts.org.
27
. T. Lothian, The Criticism of the Third-World Debt and the Revision of
Legal Doctrine, 13 WIS. INTL L.J. 1995.421, . 439. . P. Adams, Odious Debts: Loose
Lending, Corruption and the Third Worlds Environmental Legacy, Earthscan, Toronto, 1991,
. 165.
28
.

No.
472/2007,

http://www.auditoriadeuda.org.ec/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=35&i
d=51&Itemid=55..
24

29. ,
2012
2008 2030
2009.

30.
, ,
30%
31.
-

-1
.

25 2010,
11
2010. III IV
,


,


,
.
( ,
)
28 . 2

. ,

(, ,

29

Government of Ecuador. Internal Auditing Commision for the Public Credit of


Ecuador, Ministry of Economy and Finances.,Final Report of the Integral Auditing of the
Ecuadorian Debt. Quito, Ecuador: Government of Ecuador, 2008,

http://www.auditoriadeuda.org.ec/images/stories/documentos/Libro_CAIC_English.pdf.zip.
30
L. C. Buchheit and G. Mitu Gulati, The Coroners Inquest, INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL LAW REVIEW, September 2009, 2.
31
A. C. Porzecanski, When Bad Things Happen to Good Sovereign Debt Contracts:
The Case of Ecuador. MPRA Paper No. 20857, American University, February 2010,
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20857, . 15.

), ,
, 28 . 132.

, )
)

.
33.
34,
.
,
, ,
(letter of intent)
.
(
) 35
, .
,

9 ,
36.

,
. ,

, .



-
.

. , :
, 09/05/2010.
33

2001. . J.R. Klein, The Battle for Rule of Law in
Thailand: The Constitutional Court of Thailand, 2003, :
http://www.cdi.anu.edu.au/CDIwebsite_19982004/thailand/thailand_downloads/ThaiUpdate_Klien_ConCourt%20Apr03.pdf
34
, . 3 .
35
.
,
soft law. . , , ..
36
. EBS/10/77 .
32

,
37
38,
,
( )
. 2 28
.

,
9 3847/2010. (
. , -3).
: ,
.
, , ,
.
, , . 3845/10,
( ),
,

.
-2 43 . 4

,

. . 1. . ,
,
,
,
, ,

(conditionality)
,
. .
T. Lothian, The Criticism of the Third-World Debt and the Revision of Legal
Doctrine, 13 WIS. INTL L.J. 1995.421, . 442.
38

,
,
1897
.
. . .
, . , . , , ,
1941, 27-31.
37

10


.
. 4 43

.
, ,
,
. ,
,
. 3845/2010

, , ,
39.
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
minimum
, 40.
, -
,
41, .
. 3845/2010
, , - ,

. 945/1979, 2

: ,
,
42,
.
, (
,
,
, .
, .
40
. . , Corpus, , . , - 1982, . 508,
J. Charpentier, Les lois cadres et la fonction gouvernementale, R.D.P.
1958.253; -
.
41
. , , , ,
1991, . 121, . . , , , . ,
, 1997, . 67.
42
. 407/80, 1980.437 . , ,
, , 2003, . 349.
39

11


) ,
` . , ,
-,

43.
, ,
43 . 4,

. 5 78 ,



.
43 . 4,

44.
-3

4 ,

,
, , ,
- ,
,
. , ,
,
. , , 9
3847/2010 ( 67/11.5.2005)
,
.
,
28 . 1 ,
,
, 45
. . , , . , ,
2007, . 55, 56 . , , , . ,
2007, . 439, 441, . . 1466/1995, . 2304/1995.
44
. . , Corpus, , . , - 1982, . 585.
45
, ,
9 .
43

12

. 36
. 2 , , ,

, ,
,
, ,
46.
, , . 4 ,

43 2 4.

78 . 5 (
,
)
,
.
-

. 1. .
,

.
-1

18 1985 ( 179 `)
,

,
,

47.

.


. ,
; ,
,
46
47

. 94/1995.
(.) 2289/1987, 955/1988, 1975/1991, . 2426/1983.

13


,

48.
, ,
, 82 . 1
, ,
. ,

, (sic),
, !




. , , ,
,
,
. ,
.
-2

49, ,
. 9,
.
.

,
. . 7

.
,
22 . 1
, -
.
, 22 . 1 2

48
49

, . 1.
. . , , , 19/5/2010.

14

, 50.

51,


52. 53
54. , ,
,
55.
,
, . 9 ,
,

25
,

. , ,
. 22 . 1 ,

50

. . , , . , , 2006, .

133 k.e.
. . , , .., . 164, . ,
, 1978.1.
52
.
, CG/Ch. Soc. (74) 14. . 6) . 211.
18 ,


.
53
"" 4
" ,
." ( , . 26 . . ,
, 1961-1976, , 28, 1976.198. . 212.
54
. 2 .
, ""
.
55
.
, . 6, . . , - , 2009, .
32 43 ., . , , 1976, . 126, .
, , .., . 522, . ,
22 . 1 , ,
, , 1987.113, . 124, . ,
, .
- ,
, , 1977, . 104.
. ,
- , 2006, . 93-125.
51

15

56,
.
, ,
2000/43/ 29 2000 2000/78/
27 2000,

. 3304/2005
,
, ,
57.
-3



.

, . 2
. 2258. ,

,
59,
.
8
151/1978 60,


, 5
154/198161,
62.

. .. (.) 32/93, 2057/90, 1991.799.


11 . 1
, ,
, .
58
.
, . 7 ..,
- (.
3383/2010).
59
. . , , 2002, . 485.
60
. 2405/1996.
61
. 2403/1996.
62
. . ,
: " "
2001 2006.457.
56
57

16

, 6 12 63
.
,


,


,
,
,
64.
, ,
,
, ,

65.
(-1)
.
, . 8

. , ,
, 5 . 1
, 66. : ,
, ,
,


,
67.
1


,
. 1426/1984.
() 632/1978, 1978, . 178.
65
() 2287/1987, 1987, . 1096, 1987, . 250,
1975/1991, 1991, . 392
66
B., , . , , ,
2004, 13 . 5 ., 58 ., . , , , ,
1999, . 3 .
67
1465/2001, 2003, . 986
63
64

17

,
68.
, "
" " "
, , ,
, ,
69.
,
,
70.
-3

,
() 71.
,
73 . 2 ,
, .
,
72.
. 3845/2010 ,
. , ,
,

73.
.
, ...., Pressos Compania Naviera SA 20.11.1995,
Pine Valley Development 2.11.1991,
28.3.2000, 3739/1999, .... 1999, . 16
69
. () 40/1998, 33/2002
70
Van der Mussele v. Belgium, 23 1983, Series A no. 70, .
23, . 48, Pine Valley Developments v. Ireland 29 1991, Series
A no. 222, . 23, . 51; Pressos Compania Naviera S.A. v. Belgium, 20
1995, Series A no. 332, . 21, . 31, . . ,
, 2005, 547 1295/2004
104/2009, (.) 33/2002, 1465/2001, () 40/1998, 510/2002, 957/2002,
71/2003, 79/2003.
71
, . 6.
72
(.) 301/1987.
73
. . , , .., . 166 .., .
,
, . , , 2004, . 385 .., . ,
, , , 1994, . 24 .
,
, 1991.665 737 . (

68

18

,
1
, ,
,


.
,
,
74,
75.

, ,
:


1 76.

77.
, ,
, ,
78.

79 80
81,
82.


,
.

, , 1992.409, . ,
. 2048/92, 1992.745.
74
20.6.2002
75
22.10.2009, . 39574/07
76
A Gratzinger Gratzingerova ,
10.7.2002, . 39794/98.
77
A Wanda Paruszewska 16-4-96, .
995/04, 3458/02, 2776/00, 3739/99
78
898/79, 2973/91, 450/78.
79
967/87, 1 2914/83, 1511/82, 1508/82, 40/85, 797/77.
80
2149/2001, 3824/2000, 2745/1999, 1635/89, 241/89, 2913/83, 3852/79
81
139/2002, 2888/1999, 3127/2000, 4516/1997, 3177/1998, 3010/1998
82
2022/82.

19

83,

84.
- : ;

--; (
)
,

.
, ,
:


.
,
.
,
:
.
2009-43-01 21 2009
10% 70%,
85.

".
,
( 109
) ( 91),
( 1).

C-754
60 62 2014,
Conclusions XVIII-1 (Greece) . 13, Conclusions XVIII-1 (United Kingdom), .
520. Conclusions XVI- 1, Statement of Interpretation on Article 12, . 11. . G.
Katrougalos, Constitutional limitations of Social Security Privatisations: A human rights
approach, European Journal of Social Security, 2010, . 16.
84
B.
2/9/2010, 1 BvL 1/09, 1 BvL 3/09, 1 BvL 4/09
43/95, 32/91, 26/93
,
, , 85, 86 87.
85
. ,
, . . 1/2010, . 2.
83

20

.
,
, paripassu 1990 86.

22 2003,
-
13%87.

,
.
, :
,
,
: ,
,
, .
,

;
, ,

:
, 119%
, 2013,
, 150% 177% 88,


()
89.
, 90,
,

. S. Clavijo, Social Security Reforms in Colombia: Striking Demographic


and Fiscal Balances, International Monetary Fund Paper , WP/09/58 2009.
87
IMF, Lessons from the Crisis in Argentina, Prepared by the Policy Development and
Review Department In consultation with the other Departments, approved by Timothy
Geithner October 8, 2003.
88
IMF, Greece, Request for Stand-By Arrangement Prepared by the European
Department in Consultation with Other Departments, EBS/10/77, Approved by Poul M.
Thomsen and Martin Muhleisen May 5, 2010 , . 18, 36.
89
Ibidem.
90
. . IMF, Greece,
Request for Stand-By Arrangement Prepared by the European Department in Consultation
86

21

,
! (
,
5%
3%).

,
.


( )
"" ()
91.

,
100-150 92.
,

,
(, , )
.
.
,
, 93:
,
,
. ,
25% . (
). ,
. ,
150 , .
,
.
:
,
with Other Departments, EBS/10/77, . 21.
230% .
91
. , , 2010,
http://www.protagon.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=70&smid=382&ArticleID=2121.
92
,
. M. Dickerson, A Politically Viable Approach To Sovereign Debt Restructuring 53
EMORY L.J., 2004.997.
93
. . , ibidem.

22


. ,

,
,
.
.
,

.
Inter IMF et EU non silent leges.
Sine leges Res Publica non stat.

23

You might also like