EXP.NO.

1a

LOADING EFFECT ON POTENTIOMETER

AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a translational potentiometer under loaded condition. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. ITB 12B unit 2. Patch cards PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram. 2. Switch ON the power supply and keep the wiper in zero position. 3. Now note down the output voltage. Vary the wiper movements step by step and note down the corresponding reading. 4. Tabulate the reading under ideal condition. 5. Now introduce a load by means of connecting resistance on the path of indicating meter. 6. Repeat the step 3 and tabulate the corresponding reading. 7. Calculate the theoretical value under ideal & loaded condition and compare the output with practical value. 8. Draw the graph between different values of displacement and output voltage. FORMULA: 1. E0 = (xi / xt) ei K ei 2. E0 = [K (1 K) (RP / RM) +1] Where K = (xi / xt) RP = 980 RM = 10.3 K + 470 MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Displacement (cm)
TABULATION:

OUTPUT UNDER IDEAL CONDITION: DISTANCE (cm) 0 1 2 3 4 5 OUTPUT UNDER LOADED CONDITION: DISTANCE (cm) 0 1 2 3 4 5 THEORETICAL OUTPUT (Volts) PRACTICAL OUTPUT(Volts) THEORETICAL OUTPUT (Volts) PRACTICAL OUTPUT(Volts)

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of a translational potentiometer was studied and graph was plotted.

EXP.NO.1b

LOADING EFFECT ON ROTATIONAL POTENTIOMETER

AIM: To study the performance characteristics of a rotational potentiometer under loaded condition. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. ITB 12B unit 2. Patch cards PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram. 2. Switch ON the power supply and keep the wiper in zero position. 3. Now note down the output voltage. Vary the wiper movements step by step and note down the corresponding reading. 4. Tabulate the reading under ideal condition. 5. Now introduce a load by means of connecting resistance on the path of indicating meter. 6. Repeat the step 3 and tabulate the corresponding reading. 7. Calculate the theoretical value under ideal & loaded condition and compare the output with practical value. 8. Draw the graph between different values of displacement and output voltage. FORMULA: 1. E0 = (i / t) ei K ei 2. E0 = [K (1 K) (RP / RM) +1] Where K = (i / t) RP = 470 RM = 10.3 K + 470 MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Displacement (cm)
TABULATION:

OUTPUT UNDER IDEAL CONDITION: DISTANCE (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 5 OUTPUT UNDER LOADED CONDITION: DISTANCE (degree) 0 1 2 3 4 5 THEORETICAL OUTPUT (Volts) PRACTICAL OUTPUT(Volts) THEORETICAL OUTPUT (Volts) PRACTICAL OUTPUT(Volts)

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of a rotational potentiometer was studied and graph was plotted.

EXP.NO. 2a

STRAIN MEASUREMENT TRAINER

AIM: To study the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor and bridge voltage. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ITB 17 CE Trainer kit Multimeter (mV) Cantilever strain beam sensor setup Weight (100 grams - 10 NOS) Power chord

PROCEDURE: 1. Install the cantilever strain sensor setup and interface the 9pin D connector with ITB 17 CE kit. 2. Connect the Multimeter in millivolts mode across T2 ant T3 for bridge voltage measurement. 3. Switch ON the module. 4. Initially, unload the beam and nullify the bridge voltage by using zero adjustment POT. 5. Now apply the load to the beam, strain will develop on the beam and measure the bridge voltage across T2 and T3. 6. Gradually increase the load on the beam and note down applied load and the bridge voltage. 7. Tabulate the values of applied load, theoretical strain and the bridge voltage. 8. Plot a graph theoretical strain versus bridge voltage. FORMULA: Theoretical strain 6PL 6 x 1 x 21.58 = = = 370 strain. Bt2 Y 2.8 x 0.252 x 2 x 106 Where, Applied load to the beam (P) Thickness of the beam (t) Breadth of the beam (B) Length of the beam (L) Youngs modulus (Y) of the beam : : : : : 1 Kg 0.25 cm 2.8 cm 21.58 cm 2 x 106 kg/ cm

MODEL GRAPH:

Bridge voltage (V)

Theoretical strain (s)

TABULATION: APLLIED LOAD(gram) THEORETICAL STRAIN BRIDGE VOLTAGE(mV)

RESULT: Thus the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor and bridge voltage was studied and the graph was plotted.

EXP.NO.: 2b

STRAIN MEASUREMENT

AIM: To study the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever beam strain and the signals conditioned sensor output voltage. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ITB 17 CE Trainer kit Multimeter (mV) Cantilever strain beam sensor setup Weight (100 grams - 10 NOS) Power chord

PROCEDURE: 9. Install the cantilever strain sensor setup and interface the 9pin D connector with ITB 17 CE kit. 10. Connect the Multimeter in millivolts mode across T2 ant T3 for bridge voltage measurement. 11. Switch ON the module. 12. Initially, unload the beam and nullify the bridge voltage by using zero adjustment POT. 13. Now apply the load to the beam, strain will develop on the beam and measure the bridge voltage across T2 and T3. 14. Gradually increase the load on the beam and note down applied load and the bridge voltage. 15. Tabulate the values of applied load, theoretical strain and the bridge voltage. 16. Plot a graph theoretical strain versus bridge voltage. FORMULA: Actual strain Theoretical strain 1. % P = x 100 Theoretical strain 2. Theoretical strain 6PL 6 x 1 x 21.58 = = = 370 strain. Bt2 Y 2.8 x 0.252 x 2 x 106 Where, Applied load to the beam (P) Thickness of the beam (t) Breadth of the beam (B) Length of the beam (L) Youngs modulus (Y) of the beam : : : : : 1 Kg 0.25 cm 2.8 cm 21.58 cm 2 x 106 kg/ cm

MODEL GRAPH: a) Theoretical strain versus Output voltage

Output voltage (V)

Theoretical strain (s)

b) Theoretical strain versus % Error

% Error

Theoretical strain (s)

TABULATION: APLLIED LOAD(gram) THEORETICAL STRAIN BRIDGE VOLTAGE(mV)

RESULT: Thus the characteristics between the strain applied to the cantilever beam strain sensor and bridge voltage was studied and the graph was plotted.

EXP.NO.: 3a i)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT

AIM:

To study the characteristic of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary output voltage. And measure the voltage due to the residual magnetism. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. ITB 12 CE LVDT set up Multimeter Power chord

PROCEDURE: 1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB 12 CE. 2. Switch ON the unit. 3. Connect the Multimeter or CRO across T4 and T7 for the secondary output voltage measurement. 4. Adjust the micrometer to 10mm displacement and tune the zero adjustment POT to zero mm displacement on display. 5. Adjust the micrometer to 20mm displacement and tune the zero adjustment POT to 10mm displacement on display. 6. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm displacement in micrometer and 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in micrometer. 7. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core of the LVDT. 8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 20mm and note down the forward core displacement from zero to 10mm on the display and secondary output voltage across T4 and T7. 9. Similarly decrease the micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and note down the reverse core displacement from zero to 10mm on the display and secondary output voltage across T4 and T7. 10. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, micrometer displacement and secondary voltage. 11. Plot the graph between core displacement along X- axis and secondary voltage across Yaxis.

MODEL GRAPH:

Secondary O/p voltage

Theoretical strain (s)

TABULATION: MICROMETER DISPLACEMENT (mm) CORE DISPLACEMENT (mm) SECONDARY OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV)

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the secondary output voltage was performed.

EXP.NO.: 3a ii)

CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT

AIM: To study the characteristic of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the signal conditioned output voltage. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. ITB 12 CE LVDT set up Multimeter Power chord

PROCEDURE: 1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB 12 CE. 2. Switch ON the unit. 3. Connect the Multimeter or CRO across T6 and T7 for the signal conditioned output voltage measurement. 4. Adjust the micrometer to 10mm displacement and tune the zero adjustment POT to zero mm displacement on display. 5. Adjust the micrometer to 20mm displacement and tune the gain adjustment POT to 10mm displacement on display. 6. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm displacement in micrometer and 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in micrometer. 7. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core of the LVDT. 8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 20mm and note down the forward core displacement from zero to 10mm on the display and signal conditioned output voltage across T4 and T7. 9. Similarly decrease the micrometer displacement from 10mm to zero mm and note down the reverse core displacement from zero to 10mm on the display and signal conditioned output voltage across T6 and T7. 10. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, micrometer displacement and signal conditioned output voltage. 11. Plot the graph between core displacement along X- axis and signal conditioned output voltage across Y- axis.

MODEL GRAPH:

Signal conditioned O/p voltage (mV)

Displacement (mm)

TABULATION: MICROMETER DISPLACEMENT (mm) SIGNAL CONDITIONED OUTPUT VOLTAGE (mV)

CORE DISPLACEMENT (mm)

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the signal conditioned output voltage was performed. EXP.NO.: 3a iii) CHARACTERISTICS OF LVDT

AIM: To study the calibration of an LVDT position sensor and plot the graph between micrometer displacement and error. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. ITB 12 CE LVDT set up Multimeter Power chord

PROCEDURE: 1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB 12 CE. 2. Switch ON the unit. 3. Adjust the micrometer to 10mm displacement and tune the zero adjustment POT to zero mm displacement on display. 4. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10mm displacement in micrometer and 10.00mm for 20mm displacement in micrometer. 5. After completion of the calibration, give the displacement from the micrometer to the core of the LVDT.

FORMULA: Core displacement Micrometer displacement Error = Micrometer displacement

MODEL GRAPH:

% Error

Displacement (mm)

TABULATION: MICROMETER DISPLACEMENT (mm) CORE DISPLACEMENT (mm) % ERROR

RESULT: Thus the LVDT position sensor was calibrated and the graph between micrometer displacement and error was plotted.

EXP.NO.: 3b i)

HALL EFFECT VOLTAGE SENSOR

AIM: To study the performance and characteristics of Hall Effect voltage sensor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. VHET 01 module 2. CRO 3. Digital Multimeter PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Make the connections as per the figure given. Switch ON the main unit. Put the Multimeter across the output terminal. Input of the variable voltage (0-230) V, corresponding the output voltage is noted. Vary the readings are tabulated. The graph between input voltage and the output voltage are drawn.

MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Variable voltage (V)

TABULATION: S.NO. 1 INPUT VOLTAGE ( 0- 230V AC) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

2 3 4

RESULT: Thus the performance and characteristics of Hall Effect voltage sensor was studied and the graph was plotted. EXP.NO.: 3b ii) HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR

AIM: To study the performance and characteristics of Hall Effect current sensor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. VHET 01 module 2. CRO 3. Digital Multimeter PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Make the connections as per the figure given. Switch ON the main unit. Put the Multimeter across the output terminal. Input of the variable voltage (0-5) A, corresponding the output voltage is noted. Vary the readings are tabulated. The graph between input voltage and the output voltage are drawn.

MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Load (Ampere)

TABULATION: S.NO. 1 LOAD (Ampere) (AC) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

2 3 4

RESULT: Thus the performance and characteristics of Hall Effect current sensor was studied and the graph was plotted. EXP.NO.: 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LDR

AIM: To determine the characteristics of Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. LDR trainer kit 2. Power chord PROCEDURE: 1. Position the pointer at 0 on the scale when the bulb is at maximum distance away from sensors. 2. Switch ON the power supply to the instrument. 3. Measure the dc voltage output of LDR using a multimeter or a CRO across TP1 and TP2. 4. Gradually move the bulb towards the sensor in steps of 5mm and note the corresponding voltages. 5. Repeat the above procedure for the order two sensors, photodiodes and phototransistors. 6. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph of distance Vs sensor output voltage. MODEL GRAPH:

LDR PT PD Output voltage (V)

Distance (cm)

TABULATION:

DISTANCE (cm)

SENSOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Volts) LDR PD PT

RESULT: Thus the characteristics of LDR are studied.

EXP.NO.: 5a

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMISTOR

AIM: To study the temperature resistance characteristics of the thermistor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ITB 06 A CE Unit Thermistor PC Power chord Water bath Thermometer

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Interface the Thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch on the ITB 06A unit. For resistance measurement, SW1 should be in resistance mode. Connect the multimeter (in resistance mode) across T3 & T4. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXIT mode. The OFFSET POT is adjusted to 5V because Thermistor is NTC type. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode. Insert the thermometer and Thermistor into the water bath. Switch ON the water bath. Note down the temperature in Thermistor and corresponding resistance output of the Thermistor. 10. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and Y axis respectively. MODEL GRAPH:

Resistance (K)

Temperature ( C)

TABULATION: TEMPERATURE( C ) RESISTANCE (K)

RESULT: Thus the temperature resistance characteristics of Thermistor was studied and the graph has been plotted.

EXP.NO.: 5b

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMISTOR

AIM:

To study the temperature voltage characteristics of the thermistor. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ITB 06 A CE Unit Thermistor PC Power chord Water bath Thermometer

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Interface the Thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch on the ITB 06A unit. For resistance measurement, SW1 should be in resistance mode. Connect the multimeter across T5 & T6. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXIT mode. The OFFSET POT is adjusted to 5V because Thermistor is NTC type. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode. Insert the thermometer and Thermistor into the water bath. Switch ON the water bath. Note down the temperature of the Thermistor and corresponding voltage output of the Thermistor. 10. Plot the graph between temperature and voltage along X and Y axis respectively. MODEL GRAPH:

Output voltage (V)

Temperature ( C)

TABULATION: ACTUAL TEMPERATURE( C ) OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

RESULT: Thus the temperature voltage characteristics of Thermistor was studied and the graph has been plotted.

EXP.NO.: 6a

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOCOUPLE

AIM: To study the characteristics of the thermocouple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ITB 05 CE Unit Thermocouple PC Power chord Water bath Digital multimeter

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Patch the two terminals of the thermocouple across T1 & T2. Insert the thermocouple and thermometer into water bath. Place the multimeter across T3 and T4 Switch ON the water bath and note the temperature in thermometer and mV in multimeter. 5. Tabulate the readings temperature versus mV and plot the graph. MODEL GRAPH:

Temperature (C)

Thermocouple output (mV)

TABULATION: ACTUAL TEMPERATURE( C ) THERMOCOUPLE OUTPUT(mV)

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of Thermocouple was studied and the graph has been
plotted.

EXP.NO.: 6b

CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOCOUPLE

AIM: To study the characteristics of the thermocouple without compensation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. ITB 05 CE Unit 2. Thermocouple 3. PC Power chord 4. Water bath 5. Digital multimeter 6. Thermometer PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Patch the two terminals of the thermocouple across T1 & T2. Position the switch SW1 towards NO. Switch ON the unit and note the displayed temperature. If there is any difference in displayed temperature at room temperature, adjust the offset knob Zero to set 0 C in display. Insert the thermocouple and thermometer into the water bath. Switch ON the water bath. Note the actual temperature in thermometer and displayed temperature simultaneously. Tabulate the reading and calculate % error using the above formula. Plot the graph actual temperature versus % error.

FORMULA: Displayed temperature Actual temperature % ERROR = x 100 Actual temperature MODEL GRAPH:

Temperature (C)

TABULATION: ACTUAL TEMPERATURE(C) DISPLAYED TEMPERATURE(C) % ERROR

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of Thermocouple without compensation was studied and the graph has been plotted.
EXP.NO.: 6c CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOCOUPLE

AIM: To study the characteristics of the thermocouple with compensation. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. ITB 05 CE Unit Thermocouple PC Power chord Water bath

5. Digital multimeter 6. Thermocouple PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Patch the two terminals of the thermocouple across T1 & T2. Position the switch SW1 towards downwards. Switch ON the unit and note the displayed temperature. If there is any difference in displayed temperature at room temperature, adjust the offset knob Zero to set 0 C in display. Insert the thermocouple and thermometer into the water bath. Place the switch SW1 towards the NC. Switch ON the water bath. Note the actual temperature in thermometer and displayed temperature simultaneously. Tabulate the reading and calculate % error using the above formula. Plot the graph for Actual temperature versus % error. Actual temperature versus % signal conditioned output.

FORMULA: Displayed temperature Actual temperature % ERROR = x 100 Actual temperature

MODEL GRAPH:

a) Temper

Temperature (C)

b) Temperature V

Temperature (C)

Output vo

TABULATION: ACTUAL TEMPERATURE(C) DISPLAYED TEMPERATURE(C) SIGNAL CONDITIONER OUTPUT (V) % ERROR

RESULT: Thus the characteristic of Thermocouple with compensation was studied and the graph has been plotted.

EXP.NO.: 7

STEP RESPONSE OF RTD AND THERMOCOUPLE

AIM: To find the step response of RTD and thermocouple. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. VR TTC 01 unit Microcontroller (PC) Heater setup RTD PC power chord and cable T/C trainer kit

THEORY: Measurement of change of resistance of RTD due to temperature changes. Generally electrical resistance of any metallic conductor varies according to temperature changes. The sensor for measurement of temperature by utilizing this phenomenon is called Resistance Thermometer. PROCEDURE: 1. Heater power plugs, blower, RTD are connected in back panel (VRTTC 01) connectors named as Heater, Blower, Sensors respectively. 2. Switch 1 is provided to control the heater supply voltage either by manually or by auto mode. 3. If switch 1 is selected as INT mode, potentiometer provided to control the heater supply voltage (0-230) VA manually. 4. If switch 1 is selected as extension mode. Heats supply voltage controlled by anyone of controller. 5. Interfacing should be followed as 1 st pin GND, 2nd pin ADC, 3rd pin ADC, DAC output fed at 4th and 5th pin of 9 pin D connector. 6. Switch ON the VRTTC 01 unit. 7. Note the time readings for every 5 rise of temperature in RTD and T/C. 8. Plot the graph between temperature and time for RTD and thermocouple response.

MODEL GRAPH:

RTD

THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURE (C)

TIME (SEC)
TABULATION: TIME (SEC) TEMPERATURE TAKE FOR EVERY 5C RISE IN RTD TEMPERATURE TAKE FOR EVERY 5C RISE IN THERMOCOUPLE

RESULT: Thus the step response of RTD and Thermocouple characteristic was obtained.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CONTROLLER SET POINT PI ALGORITHM

230 V AC THYRISTOR UNIT

AIR FLOW LOAD 230 V AC HEATER

(0 5)V ITOV

(4 20) mA RTD TRANSMITTER RTD

ITOV

(0 5)V

PV

M.KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THALAVAPALAYAM, KARUR. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGUNEERING EI 2257 TRANSDUCERS AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY

II YEAR / IV SEM

Prepared By,

Ms. S.MEHALA B.E., LECTURER/ E&I DEPT.

EI 2257 TRANSDUCERS AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY LIST OF EXPERIMENTS CYCLE I 1. Loading effect on potentiometer 2. Strain gauge and load cell characteristics 3. Characteristics of LVDT and Hall effect transducer 4. Characteristics of LDR 5. Characteristics of Thermistor 6. Characteristics of thermocouple 7. Step response of RTD and Thermocouple

CYCLE II 8. Wheatstone and Kelvins bridge for measurement of resistance 9. Schering Bridge for capacitance measurement 10. Anderson Bridge for inductance measurement 11. Calibration of Single- phase energy meter and Wattmeter 12. Calibration of Ammeter and Voltmeter