ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Active Reading and Note-Taking Guide G6

Active Reading Note-Taking Guide
STUDENT WORKBOOK
DOUGLAS FISHER, PH.D. SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well as a Christa McAuliffe award for excellence in teacher education. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSUs teachercredentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy. He has also taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Discovering Our Past: Ancient Civilizations. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-870306-9 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 113 09 08 07 06 05
Table of Contents
Letter to the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Chapter 1: The First Civilizations
Section 1-1: Early Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section 1-2: Mesopotamian Civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Section 1-3: New Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and Kush

Section 2-1: Section 2-2: Section 2-3: Section 2-4: The Nile Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Egypts Old Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The Egyptian Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Civilization of Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 3: The Ancient Israelites

Section 3-1: The First Israelites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Section 3-2: The Kingdom of Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Section 3-3: The Growth of Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 4: Early India

Section 4-1: Indias First Civilizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Section 4-2: Hinduism and Buddhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Section 4-3: Indias First Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 5: Early China

Section 5-1: Chinas First Civilizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Section 5-2: Life in Ancient China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Section 5-3: The Qin and Han Dynasties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Chapter 6: The Ancient Americas

Section 6-1: The First Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section 6-2: The Mayan People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 7: The Ancient Greeks

Section 7-1: Section 7-2: Section 7-3: Section 7-4: Section 8-1: Section 8-2: Section 8-3: Section 8-4: The Early Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Sparta and Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Persia Attacks the Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 The Age of Pericles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 The Culture of Ancient Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Greek Philosophy and History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Alexander the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Spread of Greek Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Chapter 8: Greek Civilization
Chapter 9: The Rise of Rome

Section 9-1: Romes Beginnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Section 9-2: The Roman Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Section 9-3: The Fall of the Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Section 9-4: The Early Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
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Table of Contents
Chapter 10: Roman Civilization
Section 10-1: Life in Ancient Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Section 10-2: The Fall of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Section 10-3: The Byzantine Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity

Section 11-1: The First Christians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Section 11-2: The Christian Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Section 11-3: The Spread of Christian Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
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To the Student
Can you believe it? The start of another school year is upon you. How exciting to be learning about different cultures, historical events, and unique places in your social studies class! I believe that this Active Reading Note-Taking Guide will help you as you learn about your community, nation, and world.
Note-Taking and Student Success

Did you know that the ability to take notes helps you become a better student? Research suggests that good notes help you become more successful on tests because the act of taking notes helps you remember and understand content.This Active Reading Note-Taking Guide is a tool that you can use to achieve this goal. Id like to share some of the features of this Active Reading Note-Taking Guide with you before you begin your studies.
The notes you take in this column will help you focus on the important information in the lesson.As you become more comfortable using the Cornell Note-Taking System, you will see that it is an important tool that helps you organize information.
The Importance of Graphic Organizers

Second, there are many graphic organizers in this Active Reading Note-Taking Guide. Graphic organizers allow you to see the lessons important information in a visual format. In addition, graphic organizers help you understand and summarize information, as well as remember the content.
The Cornell Note-Taking System

First, you will notice that the pages in the Active Reading Note-Taking Guide are arranged in two columns, which will help you organize your thinking.This two-column design is based on the Cornell NoteTaking System, developed at Cornell University.The column on the left side of the page highlights the main ideas and vocabulary of the lesson.This column will help you find information and locate the references in your textbook quickly.You can also use this column to sketch drawings that further help you visually remember the lessons information. In the column on the right side of the page, you will write detailed notes about the main ideas and vocabulary.
Research-Based Vocabulary Development

Third, you will notice that vocabulary is introduced and practiced throughout the Active Reading Note-Taking Guide.When you know the meaning of the words used to discuss information, you are able to understand that information better.Also, you are more likely to be successful in school when you have vocabulary knowledge.When researchers study successful students, they find that as students acquire vocabulary knowledge, their ability to learn improves.The Active Reading Note-Taking
To the Student
Guide focuses on learning words that are very specific to understanding the content of your textbook. It also highlights general academic words that you need to know so that you can understand any textbook. Learning new vocabulary words will help you succeed in school. nections between their lives and the text and predict what will happen next in the reading. They question the information and the author of the text, clarify information and ideas, and visualize what the text is saying. Good readers also summarize the information that is presented and make inferences or draw conclusions about the facts and ideas. I wish you well as you begin another school year. This Active Reading NoteTaking Guide is designed to help you understand the information in your social studies class. The guide will be a valuable tool that will also provide you with skills you can use throughout your life.
I hope you have a successful school year. Sincerely, Douglas Fisher
Writing Prompts and Note-Taking

Finally, there are a number of writing exercises included in this Active Reading Note-Taking Guide. Did you know that writing helps you to think more clearly? Its true.Writing is a useful tool that helps you know if you understand the information in your textbook. It helps you assess what you have learned. You will see that many of the writing exercises require you to practice the skills of good readers. Good readers make con-
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Chapter 1, Section 1
Early Humans
(Pages 122-131)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Paleolithic people adapt to their environment and use tools to help them survive? How did life change for people during the Neolithic Age?
As you read pages 123131 in your textbook, complete this graphic organizer by filling in the causes and effects that explain how early humans adapted to their environment.
Cause:
Effect:
Cause:
Effect:
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cause:
Effect:
Early Humans
(pages 123126) What would it be like to live in the Stone Age? As you read, list words and phrases that help you picture the life of early humans. Then write a paragraph describing a day in your life as a Paleolithic man or woman.
Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.
anthropologist
archaeologist
artifact
fossil
nomad
technology
Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.
task
What is the difference between a fossil and an artifact?
The Agricultural Revolution
(pages 127131)
Why do some historians consider the farming revolution the most important event in human history? As you read, look for hints or ideas that support this idea. Record the hints you find in the web below.
The Farming Revolution
domesticate
specialization
Briefly describe the following place.
Jericho
revolution
How did the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages differ?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Paleolithic people adapt to their environment and use tools to help them survive?
How did life change for people during the Neolithic Age?
The agricultural revolution had benefits, but it also had drawbacks. On a separate sheet of paper, write a comparative essay describing both the advantages and disadvantages that emerged from the agricultural revolution.
Mesopotamian Civilization
(Pages 132139)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Why did civilization in Mesopotamia begin in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? How did the Sumerians contribute to later peoples? Why did the Sumerian city-states lose power?
As you read pages 133139 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show how the first empire in Mesopotamia came about.
city-states formed
Mesopotamias Civilization
(pages 133136)
Complete this outline as you read. I. Why Were River Valleys Important? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. The Rise of Sumer A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. What Were City-States? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ IV. Gods and Rulers A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ V. What Was Life Like in Sumer? A. __________________________________________________________
B. __________________________________________________________
civilization
irrigation
city-state
artisan
Briefly describe the following places.
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Mesopotamia
Sumer

complex
How did Mesopotamian control of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers benefit their society?
A Skilled People
(pages 136137) As you read, write three details about the Sumerians. Then write a general statement on the basis of these details.
1.
2.
3.
General Statement
cuneiform
scribe
consist
Use each of these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the terms meaning.
archaeologist
(Chapter 1, Section 1)
technology
10
How did the use of mathematics benefit the Sumerians?
Sargon and Hammurabi
(page 139)
As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so will help you summarize the section. 1. Sumeria was conquered by the ______________. Their king, ______________, set up the worlds first ______________. 2. The Babylonian king ______________ is best known for his collection of ______________.While some of his laws seem cruel, they were an important step toward a fair system of ______________.
Define or describe the following term from this lesson.
empire
Babylon
11
Explain why each of these people is important.
Sargon
Hammurabi
code
Why was Sargons empire important?
12
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Why did civilization in Mesopotamia begin in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers?
How did the Sumerians contribute to later peoples?
Why did the Sumerian city-states lose power?
Research Hammurabis laws. Select three of his laws that you believe should be part of the U.S. system of justice. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay explaining why you believe these laws would benefit American society.
13
New Empires
(Pages 142147)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Assyria build its vast empire? What major contributions did the Chaldean Empire make?
As you read pages 143147 in your textbook, complete this diagram listing the similarities and differences between the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires.
Assyrians Both
Chaldeans
14
The Assyrians
(pages 143144) As you read, write three questions about the main ideas presented in this passage. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. 1.
2.
3.
province
Assyria
Persian Gulf
Nineveh
15
core
Why were the Assyrian soldiers considered brutal and cruel?
The Chaldeans
(pages 145147) As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Review your statement when you have finished reading and revise as needed.
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caravan
astronomer
Hanging Gardens
Explain why this person is important.
Nebuchadnezzar
Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.
interval
route
What were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
17
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Assyria build its vast empire?
What major contributions did the Chaldean Empire make?
The Assyrians are considered brutal and cruel, yet their empire was successful for almost 300 years. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay of three to four paragraphs explaining the positive features of Assyrian rule.
18
The Nile Valley

(Pages 156-164)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Why did the early Egyptians settle in the Nile River valley? What role did the Nile River valley play in the development of the Egyptian civilization? How was early Egyptian society divided?
As you read pages 157164 in your textbook, complete this diagram to describe Egyptian irrigation systems.
Irrigation
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Settling the Nile
(pages 157158) As you read, take notes describing the Nile and the area surrounding this great river. Use your notes to answer this question: How did the Nile and the surrounding area help protect Egypt?
cataract
delta
Egypt
Nile River
Sahara
20
feature
civilization
city-state
Describe the physical environment in Egypt.
The River People
(pages 159160) As you read, write three questions about the main ideas presented in the passage. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions.
1.
21
2.
3.
papyrus
hieroglyphics
technology
irrigation
technology
22
How did living on the banks of the Nile help farmers?
A United Egypt
(pages 161162) As you read, write three details about Narmer. Then write a general statement about Narmers leadership on the basis of these details.
1.
2.
3.
General Statement
dynasty
23
How were the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt combined?
Early Egyptian Life
(pages 163164)
As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so will help you summarize the section. 1. The ______________ was at the top of the early Egyptian social structure. 2. Egypts upper class was made up of ______________. 3. Egypts middle class included people who ______________. 4. ______________ made up the largest group of early Egyptians. 5. ______________ were at the bottom of the social structure in Egypt.
6. ______________ had more rights in Egypt than in most other early civilizations.
How was Egyptian society organized?
24
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Why did the early Egyptians settle in the Nile River valley?
What role did the Nile River valley play in the development of the Egyptian civilization?
How was early Egyptian society divided?
Research hieroglyphics and the symbols used in this form of writing. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay describing the various types of hieroglyphic signs.
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Egypts Old Kingdom

(Pages 165170)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What were the main Egyptian beliefs about deities and the afterlife? Why did Egyptians build pyramids?
As you read pages 166170 in your textbook, complete this graphic organizer to show the different religious beliefs in Egypt.
Egyptian Beliefs
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Old Kingdom Rulers
(page 166)
As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Review your statement when you have finished reading and revise as needed.
pharaoh
period
welfare
Why did the pharaohs hold so much power?
27
Egypts Religion
(pages 167168) To preview this section, first skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.
deity
embalming
mummy
Who were some of the main gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt?
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The Pyramids
(pages 168170) Imagine standing at the foot of an ancient pyramid. What do these giant structures tell you about the Egyptian culture and people? As you read, take notes about the pyramids to help you answer this question.
pyramid
King Khufu
Giza
structure
principle
29
What was the purpose of pyramids?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What were the main Egyptian beliefs about deities and the afterlife?
Why did Egyptians build pyramids?
Research the process of embalming. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write two to three narrative paragraphs sequencing the steps involved in embalming a pharaohs body.
30
The Egyptian Empire

(Pages 178186)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What was life like during the Middle Kingdom? What important events happened during the New Kingdom?
As you read pages 179186 in your textbook, complete this diagram showing the major accomplishments of Ramses II.
Ramses II
31
The Middle Kingdom
(pages 179180)
The Middle Kingdom was a golden age for Egypt. Before you read, skim the passage. Make a note of any points that support this statement. Then, after you read, go back and fill in additional information about this golden age.
tribute
Thebes

Ahmose
restore
32
What advances in art were made during the Middle kingdom?
The New Kingdom
(pages 180181) As you read, list the achievements of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in the columns below. Then, based on the achievements you have listed, write a short paragraph evaluating the leadership of one of these rulers. Use specific examples from your list to support your opinion.
Hatshepsut
Thutmose III
Evaluation
Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the terms meaning.
pharaoh
33
Describe Egyptian trade during the rule of Hatshepsut.
Legacies of Two Pharaohs
(pages 183184)
Before you read, skim the text. Then write three questions about the main ideas you find. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. 1.
2.
3.
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Akhenaton
maintain
Why was the discovery of Tutankhamens tomb so important?
The End of the New Kingdom
(pages 184186)
As you read, place the following events in the correct order by numbering them in the spaces provided.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Groups from the eastern Mediterranean attack Egypt by sea. Egyptian armies regain lands in western Asia. Egypt is taken over by the Assyrians. Egypt is conquered by Libyans. Ramses II becomes pharaoh. Egypt is ruled by Kush. The temple at Karnak is built.
35
Ramses II
construct
Why did Egyptian rulers lose control of their empire?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What was life like during the Middle Kingdom?
What important events happened during the New Kingdom?
Research the reign of Thutmose III. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive paragraph highlighting at least two tricks he used to conquer his enemies.
36
The Civilization of Kush

(Pages 187191)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Who were the Nubians and what were they known for? What was life like for the people of Kush?
As you read pages 188191 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the differences and similarities between Napata and Mero.
Napata Both
Mero
37
Nubia
savanna
Nubia
Kush
Kerma
38
collapse
hieroglyphics
Where was Kush located in relation to Egypt?
39
The Rise of Kush
(pages 189191) Complete this outline as you read.
I. The Importance of Iron A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. A New Capital A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. Building a Profitable Trade A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________
Napata
Mero
Kashta
Piye
40
decline
caravan
dynasty
How did Kush become a wealthy kingdom?
41
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Who were the Nubians and what were they known for?
What was life like for the people of Kush?
For centuries, Nubia was a land of legend. Even the ancient Greeks were fascinated by the mysterious land south of Egypt. Research how Europeans learned of the Nubian culture. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essay that includes quotes from the European explorer who first sighted the ruins of Mero.
42
The First Israelites

(Pages 200205)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What did the Israelites believe? Where was the Promised Land of the Israelites, and how did they return there?
As you read pages 201205 in your textbook, complete this sequence chart to trace the movement of the Israelites.
43
The Early Israelites
(pages 201203)
As you read, consider how Judaism has influenced values in your culture today. Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph. Be sure to include specific ways that you see the values and beliefs of Judaism reflected in your world.
monotheism
tribe
Torah
covenant
44
Explain why these people are important.
Abraham
Jacob
Moses
focus
occupy
pharaoh
What is the Israelite belief in one god called?
45
The Promised Land
(pages 204205)
As you read the story of Joshua and Jericho, record your responses. What do you think about the story? What questions do you have? What do you learn about the Israelites and about Joshua? After reading the section, write a short paragraph summarizing your response to the story.
alphabet
Deborah
Phoenicians
create
46
tribe
Who led the Israelites into Canaan, and what city did they conquer under his leadership?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What did the Israelites believe?
Where was the Promised Land of the Israelites, and how did they return there?
Research the family tree of Abraham. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay sequencing Abrahams known parents, brothers, and children.
47
The Kingdom of Israel

(Pages 206212)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Why did the Israelites choose to follow kings instead of judges? Who was King David and why was he important? Why were the Israelites conquered?
As you read pages 207212 in your textbook, complete this chart to list the characteristics of Israel and Judah.
Location
Capital City
Date Conquered
Conquered By
48
The Israelites Choose a King
(page 207)
prophet
Philistines
Saul
David
instruct
49
Why did the Israelites want a king?
David and Solomon
(pages 209210)
As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so will help you summarize the section. 1. David defeated the giant Philistine named ______________ with a ______________. As David won more victories, ______________ became jealous and plotted to ______________ David. 2. David took over the throne in about ______________, when Saul and his sons were ______________ in battle. 3. David created an empire and established the capital of ______________. His son ______________ built a great temple there.
4. When Solomon died, the 12 tribes broke into two nations: ______________ and ______________.
empire
50
tribute
proverbs
Jerusalem
Judah
symbol
What did King David accomplish for Israel?

51
A Troubled Time
(pages 210212) As you read, place the following events in the correct order by numbering them in the spaces provided.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The Egyptians conquer Judah. The Jews unite with the Egyptians to fight the Chaldeans. King Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem. The Assyrians conquer Israel and scatter the 10 tribes. Nebuchadnezzar takes the Jews into captivity in Babylon. The Assyrians become known as Samaritans and eventually worship Israels God. The Chaldeans conquer Egypt.
7.
Nebuchadnezzar
Why did the Assyrians and Chaldeans want to control the land belonging to the Israelites?
52
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Why did the Israelites choose to follow kings instead of judges?
Who was King David and why was he important?
Why were the Israelites conquered?
Research the major Hebrew prophets. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essay comparing and contrasting at least three prophets and their teachings.
53
The Growth of Judaism

(Pages 213223)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Judaism grow in the period following the Jews exile? Why did the Romans destroy the temple and exile the Jews?
As you read pages 214223 in your textbook, complete this diagram to describe the Maccabees.
Maccabees
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Exile and Return
(pages 214215) Complete this outline as you read.
I. Why Did Jews Return to Judah? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. What Is in the Hebrew Bible? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. The Jews Look to the Future A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________
exile
Sabbath
synagogue
Babylon
55
series
Use this term that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the terms meaning. scribe
Who allowed the Jews to return to Judah?
The Jews and the Greeks
(pages 215216)
As you read, write three questions about the main ideas presented in the text. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. 1.
56
2.
3.
Diaspora
Judas Maccabeus
version
trace
57
How did Alexander the Great affect the Israelites?
The Jewish Way of Life
(pages 217218)
As you read, complete the chart below to identify the main ideas from your reading.
The Jewish Way of Life
58
Why were sons especially valued in Jewish society?
The Jews and the Romans
(pages 220223)
As you read, answer these questions to be sure you understand the main ideas of the section. 1. What did Herod do as king?
2. Why were the Jews unable to regain control over their Roman rulers?
3. Who were the Pharisees?
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4. Who were the Sadducees?
5. Who were the Essenes?
6. What were the causes and results of the Jewish revolts?
7. What role did rabbis play in Jewish society?
messiah
rabbi
60
Herod
Zealots
Johanan ben Zakkai
How did the Roman conquest affect the Jews?
61
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Judaism grow in the period following the Jews exile?
Why did the Romans destroy the temple and exile the Jews?
Research the Jewish festival of Purim. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay explaining what Purim celebrates and what its four mitzvahs (requirements) include.
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Indias First Civilization

(Pages 238245)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What factors influenced the rise of Indias first civilization? How did the Aryans change life in India?
As you read pages 239245 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show how the Aryans changed India.
Major Ways Aryans Changed India
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The Land of India
(pages 239241) Look at the following statements from your reading. Evaluate each to determine which parts are facts and which parts are opinions.
1. These ancient city dwellers had some surprising conveniences.Wells supplied water, and residents even had indoor bathrooms.Wastewater flowed to drains under the streets, running through pipes to pits outside the city walls. Houses also had garbage chutes connected to a bin in the street. It is likely the city government was well organized to be able to provide so many services.
Fact
Opinion 2. From the ruins, though, we can tell that the royal palace and the temple were both enclosed in the fortress.This reveals that religion and politics were closely connected.
Fact
Opinion
subcontinent
monsoon
64
similar
archaeologist
How did Indias geography help early civilizations?
The Aryans Invade
(pages 242243) As you read, write the facts you learn about cattle in the diagram below. You can use this diagram as a summary of your reading.
Aryan Cattle
65
Sanskrit
raja
individual
Use these terms that you studied earlier in a sentence that reflects the terms meaning.
nomad
tribe
How did Aryan invasions change India?
66
Society in Ancient India
(pages 243245)
The Aryans were light-skinned people and thought they were better than the dark-skinned people they had conquered. 1. Have you ever experienced discrimination because of how you looked or what you believed? How did it feel?
2. Where do you see discrimination in your world today? What effect do you think it has on society?

caste
guru
67
What were the five major groups in Indian society?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What factors influenced the rise of Indias first civilization?
How did the Aryans change life in India?
In spite of the difficulties they faced, most Untouchables did not choose to convert to other religions or emigrate to other countries to escape their hard life. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph explaining the social pressures that might prevent a person from converting to a different religion.
68
Hinduism and Buddhism

(Pages 246253)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What is Hinduism? What is Buddhism?
As you read pages 247253 in your textbook, complete the web diagram to identify the major beliefs of Hinduism.
Hinduism
69
Hinduism
(pages 247248) You are a Hindu servant living in ancient India. Your friend who is not a Hindu has asked you to share information about your beliefs. Write a paragraph telling your friend what you believe and why your beliefs give you hope in life.
Hinduism
Brahman
reincarnation
dharma
karma
Define each of these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.
affect
70
require
Sanskrit
How did the beliefs of the Aryans influence Hinduism?
Buddhism
(pages 249253) Glance quickly over the reading to find answers to the following questions. 1. Who is the Buddha?
2. What is nirvana?
3. What are some of the key beliefs of Buddhism?
71
4. What are the different types of Buddhism?
5. Who is the Dalai Lama?
Buddhism
nirvana
theocracy
Define each of these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

area
aware
How did Buddhism spread throughout Asia?
72
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What is Hinduism?
What is Buddhism?
Draw a Venn diagram that compares and contrasts the Eightfold Path with the Ten Commandments. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, use the information in your diagram to write an expository essay explaining the similarities and differences between the two moral codes.
73
Indias First Empires

(Pages 259267)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What were Indias first great empires? What contributions did these empires make?
As you read pages 260267 in your textbook, complete this chart to identify the important dates, capital city, and government of the Mauryan Empire.
Mauryan Empire Dates Capital City Government

74
The Mauryan Dynasty
(pages 260262)
Why do many historians think the Mauryans greatest king was Asoka? Look for facts in your reading that support this statement. Write the facts you find in the diagram below.
King Asoka
Define or describe these terms from this lesson.
dynasty
stupa
Pataliputra
Chandragupta Maurya
75
Why was Asoka an important ruler?
The Gupta Empire
(page 264) As you read, write the main idea of the passage. Review your statement when you have finished reading and revise as needed.
pilgrim
dominate
76
How did the Gupta empire become wealthy?
Indian Literature and Science
(pages 265267)
As you read, take notes in the chart below. You can use your notes to review the major contributions made by Indians in literature, mathematics, and science.
Literature
Math
Science

Kalidasa
concept
77
In what branches of science did ancient Indians make advances?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What were Indias first great empires?
What contributions did these empires make?
Research an ancient Indian fable. On a separate sheet of paper, write out the fable and then write a descriptive paragraph summarizing the lesson that the story teaches.
78
Chinas First Civilizations

(Pages 276283)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What factors influenced the rise of Chinas first civilization? Why were Chinas early rulers so powerful?
As you read pages 277283 in your textbook, complete this chart describing the characteristics of the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
Shang Dynasty Dates
Zhou Dynasty
Leadership
Accomplishments
79
Chinas Geography
(pages 277278)
How did geography shape Chinas civilization? Complete the cause-and-effect diagram below to show the impact of geography. Completing the diagram will help you clarify your understanding.
Causes
Floods from rivers
Effects
Mountains and deserts
Huang He
Chang Jiang
Name two rivers important to early Chinese civilizations.
The Shang Dynasty
(pages 278281)
Complete this outline as you read. I. Who Were the Shang? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________
80
C. __________________________________________________________ D. __________________________________________________________ II. Spirits and Ancestors A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. Telling the Future A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ IV. The Chinese Language A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ V. Shang Artists A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________

dynasty
aristocrat
pictograph
ideograph
81
Anyang
recover
interpret
artifact
oracle
What was the role of the Shang warlords?
82
The Zhou Dynasty
(pages 281283) As you read, write three questions about the main ideas presented in the text. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions.
1.
2.
3.

bureaucracy
mandate
Dao
83
Wu Wang
link
item
irrigation
How did Zhou kings defend their right to rule?
84
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What factors influenced the rise of Chinas first civilization?
Why were Chinas early rulers so powerful?
Research Chinese pictographs and ideographs. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph explaining the difference between the two types of characters. Then write your name in Chinese.
85
Life in Ancient China

(Pages 284291)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How was Chinese society organized? What were the three main Chinese philosophies of the time?
As you read pages 285291 in your textbook, complete the pyramid diagram to show the social classes in ancient China from most important (top) to least important (bottom).
86
Life in Ancient China
(pages 285287)
In Chinese society, farmers ranked above merchants. Before you read, skim the passage. Make a note of any points that support this statement. Then, after you read, go back and fill in additional information about the life of farmers in ancient China.
social class
filial piety
convince
Why did the amount of land owned by each aristocrat decrease over time?
87
Chinese Thinkers
(pages 287291) As you read, summarize the main points of each of these Chinese philosophers in a few sentences.
Confucius
Laozi
Hanfeizi
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
promote
88
Why did Hanfeizi believe that people needed laws and punishments?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How was Chinese society organized?
What were the three main Chinese philosophies of the time?
Research The Analects of Confucius. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph summarizing in your own words one of the analects.
89
The Qin and Han Dynasties

(Pages 294303)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Qin Shihuangdi unify and defend China? What developments during the Han dynasty improved life for all Chinese?
As you read pages 295303 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the inventions of the Han dynasty and the resulting impact on society.
Invention
Effect
90
Emperor Qin Shihuangdi
(pages 295296)
List the accomplishments of Emperor Qin in the diagram below. Then evaluate his leadership. Write a brief paragraph to answer this question: Was he a good leader? Why or why not?
Qins Accomplishments
Evaluation
currency
civil
Why did Qin face little opposition during most of his reign?
91
The Han Dynasty
(pages 298300) As you read, answer these questions to be sure you understand the main ideas of the section.
1. What effect did the civil service examinations used by the Han dynasty have on the government?
2. Why did the aristocrats gain so much land?
3. What was the effect of the rudder?
acupuncture
founded
secure
92
bureaucracy
aristocrats
What inventions helped Chinese society during the Han dynasty?
The Silk Road
Why were mostly expensive goods carried on the Silk Road?
93
Major Changes in China
(page 303)
Quickly look over the entire selection to get a general idea about the reading. Then briefly describe the major changes that happened in China during this period.
What groups in China were first to adopt Buddhism?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Qin Shihuangdi unify and defend China?
What developments during the Han dynasty improved life for all Chinese?
Research the starting and ending points of the Silk Road. Imagine that you are a merchant carrying silk along the Silk Road. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative story describing the people and dangers you encounter.
94
The First Americans

(Pages 312316)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did the first people come to the Americas? What were the first American civilizations based on?
As you read pages 313316 in your textbook, complete this chart to show the characteristics of the Olmec and Moche.
Location
Olmec Moche
Dates
Lifestyle
95
Farming in Mesoamerica
(pages 313314)
After you read, complete the chart below to identify the effects of the end of the Ice Age.
End of Ice Age

glacier
Mesoamerica
expose
estimate
How did the agricultural revolution begin in America?
96
Early American Civilizations
(pages 315316)
As you read, make a list of the important accomplishments of the first American civilizations. Then write a general statement that answers what these accomplishments tell you about these ancient peoples.
Civilization
Olmec Maya Moche
Accomplishments
General Statement
Olmec
Maya
Moche
Teotihuacn
97
empire
pyramid
What was South Americas first civilization? Where did it develop?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did the first people come to the Americas?
What were the first American civilizations based on?
Research the shamans, or holy men and women, of the Olmec people. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph explaining the shamans role in Olmec culture.
98
The Mayan People

(Pages 317321)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What kind of civilization did the Maya create? Where did they live? What kind of society and culture did the Maya develop?
As you read pages 318321 in your textbook, complete this web diagram to record Mayan achievements.
Mayan Achievements
99
The Mayan People
(page 318) To preview this section, first skim the section, looking for headings and main ideas. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.
sinkholes
Petn
Tikal
Jasaw Chan Kawiil I
Define this academic vocabulary word from this section.
access
100
What was the main advantage of living in a tropical rain forest?
Mayan Culture
(pages 320321) As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so will help you summarize the section. 1. Mayan rulers claimed to be descended from the and built a huge to honor their gods. 2. Mayan priests studied the the plans of the gods. They developed a to keep track of the heavenly movements. They also invented a written language using . , closely to reveal who were . The Maya sacrificed
3. The Mayan civilization was at its peak around the year A.D. but by the A.D. , their cities were deserted.
alliance
101
predict
How did the Maya treat enslaved people?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What kind of civilization did the Maya create? Where did they live?
What kind of society and culture did the Maya develop?
Research the Popol Vuh, or creation myth of the Maya. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay summarizing how the Maya believed humans were created.
102
The Early Greeks

(Pages 336343)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did early Greek kingdoms develop? What ideas developed in Greek city-states?
As you read pages 337343 in your textbook, complete this diagram by filling in details about the polis.
Polis
103
The Geography of Greece
(page 337)
As you read, list words and phrases that help you picture the land of Greece. Now imagine you are a Greek sailor or trader. Write a paragraph in your own words about what you see around you.
Define or describe the following key term from this lesson.
peninsula
How did geography discourage Greek unity?
104
The Minoans
(page 338) Before you read, skim the section and write three questions about the main ideas you find. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. 1.
2.
3.

region
Crete
105
archaeologist
civilization
How did the Minoans become a trading civilization?
The First Greek Kingdoms
(pages 339340)
Complete this outline as you read. I. What Were Mycenaean Kingdoms Like? A. __________________________________________________________
B. __________________________________________________________ II. Power From Trade and War A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. What Was the Dark Age? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________
106
Agamemnon
Mycenae
Peloponnesus
culture
overseas
artisan
107
Why were the Mycenaeans able to become a major power in the Mediterranean region?
The Polis
(pages 341342) To preview this section, first skim the section, looking for headings and main ideas. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.
polis
agora
community
108
city-state
How did citizenship make the Greeks different from other ancient peoples?
A Move to Colonize
(page 343)
colony
109
How did the founding of new Greek colonies affect industry?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did early Greek kingdoms develop?
What ideas developed in Greek city-states?
Use library resources or the Internet to research the labyrinth at the palace of Knossos. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay summarizing the legend of Theseus and the Minotaur in your own words.
110
Sparta and Athens

(Pages 344350)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of people? How were the people of Athens different from the people of Sparta?
As you read pages 345350 in your textbook, complete this graphic organizer comparing and contrasting life in Sparta and Athens.
Sparta Both
Athens
111
Tyranny in the City-States
(pages 345346)
As you read, complete the following sentences. Doing so will help you summarize the section. 1. ______________, ______________, and ______________ all wanted a part in Greek government.Their unhappiness led to the rise of ______________, men who took power by force. These tyrants took power away from the ______________. 2. Most Greeks wanted all ______________ to be a part of the government. So most city-states became either ______________ or ______________.
tyrant
oligarchy
democracy
Sparta
Athens
112
Why were tyrants popular in the city-states?
Sparta
(pages 346347) As you read, write three details about the Spartans. Then write a general statement or conclusion about the Spartans based on these details. 1.
2.
3.
General Statement
helots
113
enforce
Why did the Spartans focus on military training?
Athens
(pages 348350) What do you know about your state and national government? Think about things you have seen or read in the news. As you read, compare your state and national government with the democracy of Athens. Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph. Be sure to address the similarities and differences that you see.
participate
Solon
114
Peisistratus
Cleisthenes
How did Cleisthenes build a democracy in Athens?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Why did Spartans conquer and control groups of people?
How were the people of Athens different from the people of Sparta?
Review the lifestyles of the Spartans and Athenians. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay trying to convince one culture to become more like the other.
115
Persia Attacks the Greeks

(Pages 351357)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did the Persian Empire bring together such a wide area? What role did Athens and Sparta play in defeating the Persians?
As you read pages 352357 in your textbook, complete this graphic organizer listing the accomplishments of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes.
Ruler Cyrus
Accomplishments
Darius
Xerxes
116
The Persian Empire
(pages 352353)
Complete this outline as you read. I. The Rise of the Persian Empire A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. What Was Persian Government Like? A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. The Persian Religion A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________
satrapies
satrap
Zoroastrianism
Cyrus the Great
117
vision
nomad
empire
What did Darius do to make his government work better?
118
The Persian Wars
(pages 354357) As you read, number the following events in the correct order.
a. b. c.
Greek army crushed the Persian army at Plataea. Persian fleet landed 20,000 soldiers on the plain of Marathon. Athenian army helped the Greeks in Asia Minor rebel against Persian rulers. Xerxes launches invasion of Greece. Alexander invades the Persian Empire. Darius dies.
d. e. f.
Marathon
Thermopylae
Salamis
Plataea
Xerxes
Themistocles
119
internal
What led to the Persian Wars?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did the Persian Empire bring together such a wide area?
What role did Athens and Sparta play in defeating the Persians?
Research King Leonidas of Sparta and his stand against the Persian army at Thermopylae. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative paragraph telling the story of what happened.
120
The Age of Pericles

(Pages 358367)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles? What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece?
As you read pages 359367 in your textbook, create a circle graph showing how many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.
121
The Athenian Empire
(pages 359360)
What do you think makes a leader great? Think of leaders you have known or heard about. Then, as you read, list the achievements of Pericles. Based on the achievements you have listed, write a paragraph evaluating his leadership. Use specific examples from your list to support your opinion.
direct democracy
representative democracy
philosophers
Delos
122
Pericles
behalf
What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?
Daily Life in Athens

(pages 362363)
What was life like in Athens? Before you read, skim the reading to identify main ideas. Then write three questions you think your reading will answer. After you have finished reading, write the answers to these questions. 1.
123
2.
3.
Aspasia
economy
How did Athenian men and women spend their time?
124
The Peloponnesian War
(pages 364367)
Before you read, based on what you know about Sparta and Athens, predict who you think will win the war. Support your prediction with facts from your reading. After you read, write a paragraph about your reaction to the actual outcome.
framework
125
What effects did the Peloponnesian War have on Greece?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Athens change under the rule of Pericles?
What happened when Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece?
Pericles stated, We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics minds his own business. We say he has no business here at all. On a separate sheet of paper, use Pericless quote as the introduction to a persuasive paragraph convincing people to vote.
126
The Culture of Ancient Greece

(Pages 376385)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What were the main religious beliefs of the Greeks? How did Greek art and architecture reflect Greek ideas?
As you read pages 377385 in your textbook, complete this Venn diagram showing the similarities and differences between an epic and a fable.
Epic Both
Fable
127
Greek Mythology
(pages 377378) Have you ever read a Greek myth? Preview this section to get an idea of what is ahead. First, skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.
myth
oracle

Mount Olympus
Delphi
128
grant
Why did the Greeks have rituals and festivals for their gods and goddesses?
Greek Poetry and Fables
(pages 379380)
As you read, write one sentence summarizing each of the following stories and fables.
The Odyssey
The Iliad
The Tortoise and the Hare
epic
fable
129
Homer
Aesop
generation
tradition
What are the characteristics of a fable?
130
Greek Drama
(pages 382383) What are your favorite television shows and movies? As you read, compare the dramas, comedies, and tragedies you watch with Greek drama. Summarize your thoughts in a paragraph. Be sure to address the similarities and differences that you see.
drama
tragedy
comedy
Sophocles
Euripides
131
Define the following academic vocabulary word from this lesson.
conflict
What two types of drama did the Greeks create?
Greek Art and Architecture
(pages 384385)
As you read, find information to answer the first two questions. Then use these answers to respond to the third question below. 1. What beliefs and ideas are reflected in Greek art and architecture?
2. Where do we see examples of Greek architecture today?
3. Synthesize: How has ancient Greece influenced our culture today?
132
What was the most important type of building in ancient Greece?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What were the main religious beliefs of the Greeks?
How did Greek art and architecture reflect Greek ideas?
Use library resources or the Internet to research the Greek god Dionysus. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay explaining how the worship of Dionysus led to the emergence of theater.
133
Greek Philosophy and History

(Pages 392397)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What ideas did Greek philosophers develop? How did Greeks contribute to the history of Western civilization?
As you read pages 393397 in your textbook, complete a diagram like this one to show the basic philosophies of Socrates.
Socrates
134
Greek Philosophers
(pages 393395)
Complete the following reading guide by filling in the important ideas from each of these Greek philosophers. Use your guide to review main points from your reading.
Philosopher
Pythagoras
Ideas
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
philosophy
philosopher
Sophist
Socratic method
135
reject
tyrant
oligarchy
How did Aristotles idea of government differ from Platos?
136
Greek Historians
(page 397) Quickly look over the entire selection to get a general idea about the reading. Then briefly describe what the selection is about on the lines below.
Herodotus
Thucydides
accurate
137
How did Thucydides view war and politics?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What ideas did Greek philosophers develop?
How did Greeks contribute to the history of Western civilization?
Research the Socratic method. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay that includes dialogue of one person applying the method to a second persons statement.
138
Alexander the Great

(Pages 398403)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Philip II of Macedonia unite the Greek states? How did Alexander the Great change history?
As you read pages 399403 in your textbook, complete this diagram to track the achievements of Alexander the Great.
139
Macedonia Attacks Greece
(pages 399400)
Think about all you have learned about Greece up to this point. Now, before you read, answer the question below. What do you predict will happen? After you read, write a brief paragraph about your reaction to the actual events. Will Macedonia defeat the Greeks?
Macedonia
Chaeronea
Philip II
achieve
140
Why did Philip II invade Greece?
Alexander Builds an Empire
(pages 400403)
Look at the headings and write a question about each one. Find answers to your questions as you read. Revise your question if the answer is not found in the reading. I. Alexander Builds an Empire
II. What Did Alexander Conquer?
III. Alexanders Legacy
IV. The Empire Breaks Apart
legacy
Hellenistic Era
141
Syria
Alexandria
military
satrap
What was Alexanders legacy?
142
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Philip II of Macedonia unite the Greek states?
How did Alexander the Great change history?
Research Alexander the Greats military tactics. On a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive essay that explains how you see Alexander. Use facts to support your position.
143
The Spread of Greek Culture

(Pages 406411)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Greek culture spread and develop in the Hellenistic Era? Who were Epicurus and Zeno?
As you read pages 407411 in your textbook, create a diagram to show the major Greek contributions to Western civilization.
Contributions
144
Greek Culture Spreads
(page 407)
As you read, list the causes and effects of the spread of Greek culture in the Hellenistic Era.
Greek Culture Spreads

Causes Effects
How did the Hellenistic kingdoms spread Greek culture?
New Philosophy and Science
(pages 408410)
What is true happiness, and what really makes people happy in life? Consider the views of the Epicureans and the Stoics. Then write a paragraph responding to their views and stating your own views about personal happiness.
145
Epicureanism
Stoicism
astronomer
plane geometry
solid geometry
Define these three academic vocabulary words.
goal
lecture
major
146
philosopher
philosophy
Who was the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era? What did he contribute?
147
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Greek culture spread and develop in the Hellenistic Era?
Who were Epicurus and Zeno?
Research the poetry of Theocritus. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive poem about Greeces legacy to the world using Theocrituss form.
148
Romes Beginnings
(Pages 420425)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did geography play a role in the rise of Roman civilization? How did the Romans build Rome from a small city into a great power?
As you read pages 421425 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show how the Etruscans affected the development of Rome.
Etruscans
149
The Origins of Rome
(pages 421423)
Two different legends describe how Rome began. As you read, take notes on these two legends. Then write a two or three sentence summary of each legend.
Romulus and Remus
The Aeneid
Latins
Etruscans
Sicily
Apennines
Latium
150
Tiber River
Etruria
isolate
capacity
peninsula
epic
How did geography help the Romans prosper?
151
The Birth of a Republic
(pages 423425)
What made Rome so strong? As you read, complete the diagram below. Use this diagram to review your learning.
Romes Strength
republic
legion
Explain why this group is important.
Tarquins
chapter
status
152
How did Rome rule its new conquests?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did geography play a role in the rise of Roman civilization?
How did the Romans build Rome from a small city into a great power?
Research the burial practices of the Etruscans. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository essay explaining the Etruscan banquet, catacombs, tombs of gold, and the necropolis outside of each Etruscan city.
153
The Roman Republic

(Pages 426434)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Romes government change? How did Rome gain control of the Mediterranean region?
As you read pages 427434 in your textbook, complete this chart listing the government officials and legislative bodies of the Roman Republic.
Officials
Legislative Bodies
154
Romes Government
(pages 427429)
Before you read, scan the subsection. Write a question for each part of the lesson. Then after you read, write the answers to your questions. I. Romes Government
II. How Did Romes Government Work?
III. Plebeians Against Patricians
IV. Who Was Cincinnatus?
155
patrician
plebeian
consul
veto
praetor
dictator

legislate
accommodate
156
What checks and balances existed in the Roman Republics government?
Roman Law
(page 431) How did the Roman system of law affect the legal system we enjoy today? As you read, describe the standards of justice developed for the Twelve Tables and the Law of Nations. Then write a brief paragraph about the impact these principles have on you today. Twelve Tables:
Law of Nations:
How These Principles Affect Me Today:
157
patrician
plebian
What is the rule of law, and why is it important?
158
Rome Expands
(pages 432434) As you read, number the following events in the correct order.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Hannibal attacks Rome. Romans lose the Battle of Cannae. Scipios troops defeat the Carthaginians. First Punic War begins. Rome crushes Carthages navy off the coast of Sicily. Carthage expands its empire into southern Spain. Rome gains its first province in Asia. Scipio invades Carthage. Macedonia comes under Roman rule.
Carthage
Cannae
Zama
159
Hannibal
Scipio
challenge
How did Rome punish Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War?
160
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Romes government change?
How did Rome gain control of the Mediterranean region?
Research King Pyrrhus of Epirus. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive paragraph about him and the meaning of the term Pyrrhic victory.
161
The Fall of the Republic

(Pages 435441)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What impact did Julius Caesar have on Rome? Why did the Roman Republic become an empire under Augustus?
As you read pages 436441 in your textbook, complete this chart to identify the main ideas of Section 3 and supporting details.
Main Idea
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
162
Trouble in the Republic
(pages 436437)
What factors worked together to weaken the republic? Complete the diagram below to identify the main factors.
Trouble in the Republic
latifundia
despite
estate
What change did Marius make to the Roman army?
163
Julius Caesar
(pages 438439) As you read, list the accomplishments, actions, and reforms of Julius Caesar. Then, after you have read the passage, write a general statement about Caesar. Your list of accomplishments and reforms should support your statement. Accomplishments, Actions, and Reforms:
Conclusion
triumvirate
Rubicon
164
Why did Brutus, Cassius, and others kill Caesar?
Rome Becomes an Empire
(pages 440441)
How did the ideas of Cicero affect the writers of the U.S. Constitution? How do these ideas affect your life today? As you read, list the ideas that influenced the founders of our country. Then write a brief paragraph about the impact these values have on you today. Ciceros Ideas:
How These Ideas Affect Me Today:

Actium
165
Octavian
Antony
Cicero
Augustus
sole
foundation
How did the Battle of Actium affect the history of Rome?
166
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What impact did Julius Caesar have on Rome?
Why did the Roman Republic become an empire under Augustus?
Research Julius Caesars rise to power. On a separate sheet of paper, write a persuasive paragraph either for or against Caesar as ruler.
167
The Early Empire

(Pages 444451)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Augustus create a new era of prosperity? What changes made the empire rich and prosperous?
As you read pages 445451 in your textbook, complete this chart to show the changes Augustus made in the Roman Empire and the effect of each change.
Changes
Effects
168
The Emperor Augustus
(pages 445446)
Augustus paved the way for 200 years of peace and prosperity. Why do you think the Roman Empire remained at peace even with weak emperors such as Caligula and Nero?
Pax Romana
Caligula
Nero
successor
commit
169
What did Augustus do to make the empire safer and stronger?
Unity and Prosperity
(pages 446451)
Complete this outline as you read. I. Unity and Prosperity A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. The Good Emperors A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. A Unified Empire A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ IV. A Booming Economy A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ V. Roads and Money A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ VI. Ongoing Inequality A. __________________________________________________________
170
aqueduct
currency
Rhine River
Danube River
Puteoli
Ostia
capable
171
Who were the good emperors, and what did they accomplish?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Augustus create a new era of prosperity?
What changes made the empire rich and prosperous?
Research one of the good (or bad) emperors discussed in this section. On a separate sheet of paper, write a biographical sketch of the emperor.
172
Life in Ancient Rome

(Pages 460468)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Roman culture develop and change? What was life like in the Roman Empire?
As you read pages 461468 in your textbook, complete this Venn diagram to show similarities and differences between the rich and the poor in Rome.
Roman Rich Both
Roman Poor
173
Roman Culture
(pages 461463) Roman historians took different views of the Roman Empire. After you read the entire passage, read the views of Livy and Tacitus again (page 462). Now you play the historian. Using all you have read and learned about Rome up to this point, write your own view of the empire.
vault
satire
ode
anatomy
Virgil
Horace
174
Galen
Ptolemy
technique
myth
How did Romans improve on Greek ideas in architecture?
175
Daily Life in Rome
(pages 464468)
The Roman government provided bread and circuses, or free grain and entertainment. Based on your reading, why do you think the government thought this was necessary? Write a brief paragraph to answer this question. Support your answer with facts from your reading.
Forum
gladiator
paterfamilias
rhetoric
Spartacus
176
constant
Compare the life of upper-class women to women of other classes.
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Roman culture develop and change?
What was life like in the Roman Empire?
Research the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. On a separate sheet of paper, write a descriptive essay about what happened to Pompeii, and what types of artifacts archaeologists uncovered there.
177
The Fall of Rome

(Pages 474483)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: Why was the Roman Empire weakened? How would our world be different today if the Roman Empire had never existed?
As you read pages 475483 in your textbook, complete the diagram to show the events that led up to the fall of the Roman Empire.
Fall of the Roman Empire
178
The Decline of Rome
(pages 475477)
Use the chart below to summarize the reforms made by Diocletian and Constantine.
Diocletians Reforms
Constantines Reforms
inflation
barter
reform
179
Constantinople
authority
How did Diocletian try to reverse the decline of Rome?
Rome Falls
(pages 479481) Glance quickly over the reading to find answers to the following questions. 1. What happened to the empire in A.D. 395?
2. Why did Germanic groups invade the empire?
180
3. What happened at the Battle of Adrianople?
4. Who was Alaric?
5. Who was Odoacer?
Theodosius
Which event usually marks the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
181
The Legacy of Rome
(pages 482483)
Use the chart below to take notes on the legacies of Rome. Use your completed chart to review key concepts from your reading.
Government
The Legacy of Rome Culture
Religion
expand
republic
182
Which aspects of Rome are reflected in present-day cultures?
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. Why was the Roman Empire weakened?
How would our world be different today if the Roman Empire had never existed?
Research the Latin origin of many English words. Scan a dictionary to find at least 20 Latin-based words. On a separate sheet of paper, write your list as well as an expository paragraph explaining the Latin categorization of species.
183
The Byzantine Empire

(Pages 484491)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What policies and reforms made the Byzantine Empire strong? What ideas and beliefs shaped Byzantine culture?
As you read pages 485491 in your textbook, complete this chart to show the causes and effects of Justinians new law code.
Causes
New Code of Laws

Effects
184
The Rise of the Byzantines
(pages 485486)
Preview this section to get an idea of what is ahead. First, skim the section. Then write a sentence or two explaining what you think you will be learning. After you have finished reading, revise your statements as necessary.
Black Sea
Aegean Sea
185
peninsula
Why did the Byzantine Empire have such a blending of cultures?
Emperor Justinian
186
Justinian
Theodora
Belisarius
Tribonian
income
rely
What did Justinian accomplish during his reign?
187
Byzantine Civilization
(pages 489491)
Complete this outline as you read. I. The Importance of Trade A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ II. Byzantine Art and Architecture A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ III. Byzantine Women A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________ IV. Byzantine Education A. __________________________________________________________ B. __________________________________________________________

mosaic
saint
regent
188
enormous
caravan
What church is one of Justinians greatest achievements?
189
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What policies and reforms made the Byzantine Empire strong?
What ideas and beliefs shaped Byzantine culture?
Research the Justinian Code. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph explaining the four parts to the Code.
190
The First Christians

(Pages 500508)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: What did Jesus teach? How did people react to his teachings?
As you read pages 501508 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the purposes of the early Christian churches.
Purposes of Churches
191
The Jews and the Romans
(page 501)
The Jews responded in different ways to Roman rule. Some worked with the Romans. Some followed their own traditions more closely. Some moved away. Others rebelled. How do you feel when someone elsemaybe a parent, teacher, peer, or other leaderis in control of your life? How do you respond when this person shares your values and beliefs? How do you respond when they do not? Write a brief paragraph answering these questions.
Jerusalem
Judaea
Why did the Jews leave Judaea after the A.D. 132 revolt?
192
The Life of Jesus
(pages 502505) This section states that Jesus taught in parables. The parable of the Good Samaritan is one of the best known parables. As you read that parable, consider your personal response to it. Also consider why Jesus presented his teachings in the form of parables. Write your response in a brief paragraph.
messiah
disciple
parable
resurrection
193
Jerusalem
Nazareth
Galilee
decade
What were the main ideas Jesus taught during his life?
194
The First Christians
(pages 506508)
On the chart below, write headings that indicate the kind of information you expect to find in the reading. Use the Main Idea, Reading Connection, main headings, and terms to help you with the headings. The first one has been done for you. Then as you read, write details from the text under the correct headings.
Early Christians
195
apostle
salvation
reside
Who were Peter and Paul, and why were they important?
196
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. What did Jesus teach?
How did people react to his teachings?
Reread the parable of the Good Samaritan. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the parable in a narrative form. However, your parable should be written as if the story took place in modern times.
197
The Christian Church

(Pages 509514)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire? How was the early Christian Church organized?
As you read pages 510514 in your textbook, complete the diagram to show reasons for the growth of Christianity.
Reasons for Growth of Christianity

198
A Growing Faith
(pages 510512) As you read, infer the answer to the following question.
Why did Christians refuse to serve in the army or hold public office?
persecute
martyr
Constantine
Helena
Theodosius
199
establish
issue
Why did the Romans see the Christians as traitors?
The Early Church
(pages 513514) Glance quickly over the reading to complete the chart below.
Hierarchy of the Clergy

200
hierarchy
clergy
laity
doctrine
gospel
pope

unify
What are the gospels, and why are they significant?
201
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?
How was the early Christian Church organized?
Research the Christian martyr Perpetua. On a separate sheet of paper, write a narrative essay describing who she was and why she chose martyrdom.
202
The Spread of Christian Ideas

(Pages 515521)
Setting a Purpose for Reading Think about these questions as you read: How did church and government work together in the Byzantine Empire? How did Christian ideas spread to Europe?
As you read pages 516521 in your textbook, complete this diagram to show the reach of Christian missionaries.
Missionaries
Eastern Europe
Britain/Ireland
203
The Byzantine Church
(pages 516518)
As you read, look for the reasons for the conflicts that led up to the break between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Then, after you read, use the chart below to summarize the major reasons for the split.
Church Conflicts
icon
iconoclast
excommunicate
schism
204
Charlemagne
Byzantine Empire
survive
How did the church and government work together in the Byzantine Empire?
205
Christian Ideas Spread
(pages 518521)
As you read, number the following events in the correct order. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Patrick brings Christianity to Ireland. Cyril invents a new Slavic alphabet. Paula builds churches, a hospital, and a convent in Palestine. Monks band together into the first monasteries. Pope Gregory I sends monks to take Christianity to England.
monastery
missionary
Cyril
Patrick
206
Britain
Ireland
Why were Basil and Benedict important?
207
Now that you have read the section, write the answers to the questions that were included in Setting a Purpose for Reading at the beginning of the lesson. How did church and government work together in the Byzantine Empire?
How did Christian ideas spread to Europe?
Research the daily lives of early monks. On a separate sheet of paper, write an expository paragraph explaining the series of activities monks did each day.
208

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Active Reading and Note-Taking Guide G6

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ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Active Reading and Note-Taking Guide G6

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Active Reading Note-Taking Guide

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and Kush

Chapter 3: The Ancient Israelites

Chapter 4: Early India

Chapter 5: Early China

Chapter 6: The Ancient Americas

Chapter 7: The Ancient Greeks

Chapter 8: Greek Civilization

Chapter 9: The Rise of Rome

Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity

Note-Taking and Student Success

The Importance of Graphic Organizers

The Cornell Note-Taking System

Research-Based Vocabulary Development

Writing Prompts and Note-Taking

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Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

What is the difference between a fossil and an artifact?

The Agricultural Revolution

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The Farming Revolution

Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Briefly describe the following place.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

How did the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages differ?

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Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Briefly describe the following places.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

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Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

How did the use of mathematics benefit the Sumerians?

Sargon and Hammurabi

Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

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Briefly describe the following place.

Explain why each of these people is important.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

Why was Sargons empire important?

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How did the Sumerians contribute to later peoples?

Why did the Sumerian city-states lose power?

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Define or describe the following term from this lesson.

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Briefly describe the following places.

Define this academic vocabulary word from this lesson.

Why were the Assyrian soldiers considered brutal and cruel?

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Define or describe the following terms from this lesson.

Briefly describe the following place.

Explain why this person is important.

Define these academic vocabulary words from this lesson.

What were the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?

What major contributions did the Chaldean Empire make?

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The Nile Valley