DIGITAL

MULTIPLEXER

( 1)

1. Multiplexer

Multiplexer
Output Aggregate

(Transparent) ....

-
Guard Band Filter 2
Optical Fiber
Cable Multiplexing FDM
Channel
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM) Radio Link Polarize Vertical

Digital
Multiplexer
Multiplex Frequency
Division Multiplexer, Time Division
Multiplexer Statistical Time
Division Multiplexer

1.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM)
Channel
Channel
Carrier Frequency Carrier
Frequency Modulate
Modulate Channel
Bandwidth Channel

1 : Frequency Division Multiplexing

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Digital Multiplexer...

STDM
Address
Channel
Channel
TDM
Channel Address Bandwidth
Address ( 5)

Channel
Channel 0 Multiplexer ( Bandwidth )
Channel Bandwidth
-
Buffer
Flow Control
Channel STDM
STDM
Concentrator Channel Aggregate Flexible Multiplexer

2 : Time Division Multiplexing

3 : Dummy Time Slot TDM

1.2 Time Division Multiplexing

Multiplexing Time
Division Multiplexing Channel
Time Slot Channel
Bandwidth TDM
Scan Channel Scan
Time Slot Scan Frame ( 2)
Time Slot Dummy
Time Slot -

Time Slot TDM

Address Dummy Multiplexer
( 3)

Polarize Horizontal Polarize

2. Digital Multiplexer

1.3 Statistical Time Division

Multiplexing
Multiplexing TDM
Channel Bandwidth

Statistical
Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)
Statistical Multiplexer (Stat
Mux) ( 4)

4 : Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

32 COMPUTERS & ELECTRONICS WORLD

5 : STDM Frame Structure

Digital Multiplexer...

Multiplexing TDM Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

2.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse Code
Modulation 6 PCM
1. Sampling Process
2. Quantizing Process
3. Encoding Process
Analogue Digital Sampling

Quantizing

6 : Pulse Code Modulation Function Blocks

-
FDM
Analog Digital

Coaxial
Cable, Optical Fiber Cable Digital
Microwave Radio
Multiplexing TDM -

7 Pulse Code Moduration System

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Digital Multiplexer...

300 Hz
3400 Hz Sampling
Rate 6800 Hz Sampling Rate
8000 Hz PAM
(
1 )
1/8000 Hz = 125Sec
2.1.2 Quantizing
PAM Sampling PAM Amplitude

Amplitude Quantizing
Level Quantizing
( 9)
Amplitude

Quantizing Level Amplitude
Quantizing Level Infinity

ITU 256 Quantizing

Level
Quantizing Level -

8 : (Sampling Process)

9 : Quantizing Process (Quanting Process)

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2.1.1 Sampling
Sampling Analogue (
1 ) pulse Amplitude

Analog Sampling -
pulse Amplitude
Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ( 8)
PAM -

Analog

(Sample Rate) 2 Analog
( Shannon) -

Encoding

Non-Uniform Quantizing

Uniform Quantizing

10 : Uniform Quantizing Non-uniform Quanting

Digital Multiplexer...

Bit 256 8 (Most Significant Bit) Sample

(+) (-) 1 0 -
Quantizing
Level (00000000
10000000) Symmetrical Binary
Code
Encode
Ordinary Binary Code PAM Amplitude
0000000
1111111 0111111 1000000
Symmetrical Binary
Code Error
Amplitude Ordinary
Binary Code Bit
Sign Bit Amplitude -
Amplitude ( 12)

11 :

2.1.3 Encoding
Encoding PAM
Sampling Digital
Quantizing
256
(Quantizing Level) -

y = 1 + 1nAx ; 1 x 1
1 + 1nA A

y = 1 + 1nAx ; 1 x 1
1 + 1nA A

Non-uniform Quantizing
2
1. Companding

(Compress) PAM
Encode ( Linear
Encoder) (Expand)
PAM

Compress Expand Companding Technique

11
2. Non-Linear Encoder
Encoding
Compander Non-Linear PAM
Companding
Transfer Characteristic Input Output
Compressor Signal to
Quantizing Noise Ratio Amplitude logarithmic
ITU Compression
Characteristic A-Law Output (Y)
Input (X)

PAM

PAM Quantizing Level

Quanting Error
Quantizing Noise Quantizing Noise

Quantizing Level
Amplitude
Amplitude ( ) Quantizing Interval (
Quantizing Level )
Quantizing Interval Amplitude Quantizing
Interval
Amplitude
Quantizing Noise -
Quantizing Interval -
Non-uniform Quantizing Quantizing Interval Uniform Quantizing 10

2.2 PCM Multiplexing and Frame

Structure

Analogue Digital PCM Multiplex

Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM)( 13)
ITU-T
Multiplex 32 Channels

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Digital Multiplexer...

8 1
Frame 256 (8x32)
125 mSec
256 (Bits per Second;
Bps)
256 bits = 2.048x106 bit/sec = 2.048 Mbit/sec
125 mS

Time Slot 64 Kbps

32 Time
Slot ITU-T G.704
14

12 : Encoding (Encoding Process)

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1 Frame Channel 32
Channels 32 Time Slot 32 Time Slot
125 mSec Time
Slot 3.9 mSec
1 Time Slot -

30 Channel (Speech Channel)

1 Channel Multi-frame
Alignment Signal, Service bits
Signaling
1 Channel Frame
Alignment Signal Service bits

13 : Time Division Multiplex (byte interleaving)

2.3 Line Coding

PCM 1 0 PCM Line Code () Code Conversion -
PCM Line Code
1. (DC) Capacitor Transformer
2.
Equalization
3.

Digital Multiplexer...

Pulse
Unipolar (DC) Pulse (DC
Power Feeding) Repeater (Power Spectrum) Unipolar ( DC) Bandwidth
Pulse ( 15)

Clock
4. Code Code
Decode
5. Bandwidth
6. (Error
Detection and Correction)
Pulse Encode Unipolar
0 Pulse 1

14 :

Unipolar -
Bipolar
Bipolar Pulse Pulse

(DC)

DC Power feeding Repeater

Power Spectrum Bipolar Pulse reparation
frequency Bandwidth
Pulse repeater
frequency
Unipolar
NRZ (Non-Return to Zero), RZ

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Digital Multiplexer...

2.3.1 NRZ Code (100% Unipolar)

NRZ (Non-Return to Zero) Pulse
Clock 17

NRZ (DC) Frequency
Spectrum -
Clock
Clock
NRZ

15 : Uni-polar Coding

2.3.2 RZ Code (50% Unipolar)

RZ (Return
to Zero)
NRZ Pulse (DC)
Frequency Spectrum Clock Clock RZ
RZ -

( 18)

16 : Bi-polar Coding

2.3.3 ADI Code (100% Unipolar)

ADI (Alternate Digit Inversion)
ADI 2 19 ADI
Clock

17 : The NRZ code and its spectrum

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AMI, HDB3, CMI

(Return to Zero) ADI Bipolar

2.3.4 AMI Code (Alternate Mark

Digital Multiplexer...

Pulse Pulse

RZ
AMI 0 1 Pulse
-
0
Synchronize ( 20)

18 : The RZ code and its spectrum

19 : Code conversion by ADI

Frequency Spectrum -
Clock Frequency Spectrum
Clock
Rectify

Inversion)
AMI
1 Pulse Pulse (DC)

20 : The AMI code and its spectrum

2.3.5 HDB3 (High Density Bipolar

3)
HDB3 0 3
Clock HDB3 ITU-T G.703 2, 8 34 Mbps
HDB3
(DC) Frequency Spectrum HDB3 ( 21)
1. 0
3 1 Pulse
Pulse AMI
2. 0
3 4 Pulse
1 Pulse Pules
Pules Violation Pulse
3. Violation Pulse Violation
Pulse Violation
Pulse 0

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Digital Multiplexer...

21 : The HDB3 code and its spectrum

Clock (Duration
50%) 22

3. Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy

ITU-T Multiplexing Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy Channel
Multiplexing PCM
Multiplex 30 Channel Multiplex (2.048 Mbps) Multiplex
2 Multiplex
4
4 120 Channels
Multiplex
1

22 : CMI Code

40 COMPUTERS & ELECTRONICS WORLD

HDB3
HDB3
HDB3
CMI
CMI

ITU-T G.703 HDB3 Multiplex

139.264 Mbps 1
pulse pulse
pulse Clock 0
pulse pulse

0 1 Violation Pulse

Violation Pulse
2.3.6 CMI (Code Mark Inversion)

2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
34.368 Mbps
139.264 Mbps
565.992 Mbps

1
30
2
120
3
480
4
1920
5
7680
1 Channel = 64 Kbps

Line Code

Multiplex Channel

Digital Multiplexer...

MULTIPLEXING HIERACHY

The 8 Mbps frame structure (positive stuffing/justification)

ASYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXING HIERACHY

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