CeIvt{SmWnIv am[yaImes kmlnXy kwkvImcw

jmPn tP_v
You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel If on A Winters Night A Traveller.
Relax. Concentrate. Dispel every other thought. Let the world around you fade. Best to
close the door; the T.V. is always on in the next room.
Cmtem Imhnt\m Xs If on a Winters Night A Traveller F t\mh-ens XpS-n (1979)
I myself, at 9 pm after dinner, watch television and want to see either Miamivice
or Emergency Room. I enjoy it and I need it. - Umberto Eco, The Hindu, 23-10-2005.

BapJw
BbncnsXmffmbncn sXmqdp apXepff temIkmlNcys BtKmfh
cW Imesa \nebn am{Xa kmwkvImcnI ]TnXm hyhlcnp t]mcpXv.
IayqWn\c temI{Iaw, hnhckaqlw, irwJemkaqlw(Manuel Castells), kwkvImc
kwLjfpsS Imew (Samuel Huntington), Ncn{Xns Ahkm\w(Francis Fukuyama),
_rlZmJym\fpsS XI(Francois Lyotard), _lpcmjv{S apXemfnns kmwkvIm
cnI bpn(Frederic Jameson), AXnbmYmyfpsSbpw {]XoXnNnfpsSbpw
A\p`hImew (Jean Baudrillard ), tZicmjv{SfpsS Ayw (K.Ohmae), hyhkmbm\c
temIw(M. Waters), D]t`mKkwkv I mcw(Daniel Bell), ]Snmdns \hkm{am
Pyw(Ziauddin Sardar) Fns\ \nch[n cmjv{SobmY kqN\Ifnepw Cu Imew
]cmainpt]mcpp- v . Cu {]_n ]s CeIvt{SmWnIv am[yaImew FmWv
Cu k`s hnfnpXv. hntijnpw Cy, tIcfob k`n. NsNms\
Spp hnjbns hn]coX kmwkvImcnI aWvUesa \nebnepw Cu kwbvv
ChnsS {]m[m\yap- v .
1990 ItfmsS Cy`cWIqSamhnjvIcn ]pXnb am[ya\nbafpw \bfpw,
kzImcytaJep \SmsS XpdpsImSps \ham[yataJeI, s]mXp,kzImcy
\nt]cwKfn km[yamb hntZiaqe[\w, _lpcmjv{S am[ya kwcw`IcpsS hchv,
ASnbpssSbp B[p\nIam[yafpsS kmtXnI hnZyp ssIh \m\mXcw
am, D]{KltI_n sSenhnj kmtXnIXbpw am[yakz`mhfpw, sF.]n.Sn.hn,
UnPnsstkj, F^v . Fw.tdUntbm, ssk_kmlnXyw, C_pv , Hmsse
am[ya, samss_t^m, Cs\v, \hkmaqlyam[ya, hnZym`ymkw, sXmgn,
kmaqlytkh\w XpSnb cwKfnse Iw]yqhcWw Fnhsbms
1

Dsmffp hnimeamsbmcp kwkvImc aWvUecq]oIcWn\p \Imhp t]cv F

\nebnemWv Cu kw ChnsS D]tbmKnpXv. kmtXnIX, kmnI\nt]w,
kmaqlyPohnXaWvUe Fo aqp Xefnepw CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya krjvSn
AhmamfpsS BsIpIbmWv Cu Imens AYhm CeIv t {SmWnIv
am[yafpsS kwkv I mcsaXv B[p\nIXbpsS kmtXnIXbpw kmwkv I mcnI
`mhpIXzhpambn \ne\n ASnp s]mXphnepw kmlnXyapssSbpff
hmb\mhn`hp hntijnpw C Imev ssIh amfpsS hniIe\amWv ChnsS
eyanSpXv.
1. hmb\bpw kmlnXyaehpw
sImtfmWn-b B[p\nIX krjvSn kmwkvImcn-I\
- t- hm-m-\
- ns `mK-am-bmWv
A-Snbpw A-SntI{nX-amb am[y-a, BJym\-a--e-fpw Ah krjvSn hmb-\-bpsS
kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-`-h-fpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-ns `mK-am-Ip--Xv. ]smXmw \qm-ns XpSw apX Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq, sImn, ae-_m {]tZi-fn \S-mb hnZym-`ymk
{]h-\--fp-sSbpw `mjm-]-cn-jv-c-W--fp-sSbpw CXc kmwkvIm-cnI CSs]-S-ep-I-fpsSbpw ^e-am-bmWv \qm--ns c-mw ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS kmaq-ln-I-amb h am- tIcfn DS-se-Sp-X
- v. Bi-bXe-nepw {]mtbm-Kn-IX-e
- nepw kw`-hn \thm-m\ hnhns Cu XcwK-amWv apJyambpw tIcfobm[p\n-IX
- s
- b kmwkvImcn-Im-h
p cq]w
sImSp-Xv. ]sm]Xmw \qm--ns Ah-km\ Zi-I
-- -fn ]{X-{]-h\w, KZy-kmln-Xyw, kv{Xo- Iogmfhn-Zym-`ym-kw, P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-Nm-cw, atXXc-t_m-[w, imkv{X-Nn-,
tZiob-{]-m-\w, PmXn Pn \mSp-hmgn-s-Xn-cmb Ah-t_m[w Fn-s\
kmaqln-I, cmjv{Sob, kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
-
e
-
- f
- n-tem-tcm-nepw B[p\nI-amb am\-hnI aqeyfpw {]m-\-fpw m]-\-fpw {]Xyb-im-kv{X-fpw {]mapJyw t\Sn. Ccp]Xmw-\qm--ns Hm-w]IpXn-bn \S-mb apgph \thm-m-\-{]-h-\--fp-sSbpw kmwkvImcnI aqe-[\w taev]-d--h-bm-bn-cp-p.1
BZy-Ime ae-bmf-]-{X--fpsS Bcw`w, ]{Xm-[n-]-Xyw, D-S-w, Bbpv XpS-nb
Imcy- an-hmdpw X-hn-j-b--fm-Wv. Cy, ae-bm-f-]-{X--fpsS Ncn{Xw ]cm-ainp--h Xn Cm-cy--fn bmsXmcp s]mcp--hp-an- (Fkv. \S-cm-P, 1962; Dq
1957; aqtmv Ip-, 1973; Sn.-Fw. Npm, 1979; Pn. {]nb-Zi-\, 1982, ]pXp-n
cmL-h, 1985). 1847, 48 hj-f
- n-em-cw-`n cmPy-ka
- m-Nm-cw, ]n-tam-Zb
- w, m\-\n-t]w
XpS-nb {]kn-o-I-c-W- tIhew aX-{]-Nm-cWw am{Xw ey-an-p--h-bm-bn-cp-n-.
aXm-IX Hcp kz`m-h-ambn \ne-\n--tm Xs ]mmXym-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \h-temIw
ae-bm-fn-Ip-ap-n Xpd-n-SpI F {]Jym-]n-X-eyw Ah-bvp--m-bn-cp-p. hntijnpw m\-\n-t-]-n-\v. cq]-L-S-\-bnepw ssien-bnepw D-S--n-ep-sams
]nme ]{X-am-kn-I-Ip amXr-I-bmbn amdn, m\-\n-t]w Fv Nq-n-m-Wn-pp, ]pXp-n cmL-h (2001; 41). 1848 hrnIw H-n\v ]pd-p-h Hmw e-ns
2

Bap-J-am-bn, X-fpsS Dt-iy-e-y-fpw D-S kzcq-]hpw m\-\n-t]w Cs\

Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.m\-\n-t]w tIm-bs Ap-Iq-S-n A-Sn amkw sXmdpw
{]kn--sSp-pw. IuXp-I-am-bn-p ]e Imcy--fn- Adn-hp-h-cp-p--Xn-\m-bnv hnNmcn D-m--s--Xm-Ip- CXn kzsZ-i-h-am-\-fpw ]c-sZi h-am-\-fpw AXmXv
Znp-I-fn D-m-Ip hkvXp--fpsS hnh-chpw Ahn-S-hn-S-sf IpSn-bm-m-cpsS hn[-fpw
acym-Z-Ifpw ]n-ar-Km-Zn-I-sfbpw ay--sfbpw Ipdnpw apf-p--m-Ip-Xpw Poh-\n-m-Xp-amb hkvXp-sf kw_-n-p Nne hnsi-j
- fpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-sIm kwm-\
X\n-p acym-Z-I-fpsS hnh-chpw sdKp-te-j-\n \np Nne s]p-Ifpw D-m-bn-cnpw. ]ns am-sbpw inIn--sbbpw {Kl-im-kv{X-sbpw apw kw_-n Imcyfpw CXn ]d-bpw....
tIcfob kaq-l-ns B[p-\n-Io-I-cWw Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI {]h-\-ambn GsSp-p Cu coXn-Xs ]no-Sp-h-cp ]e {]kn-o-I-c-W-fpw ]npS-cp-p--v. ]n-aXmcI(1860), hnZym-kw-{Klw (1864) Fnh DZm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv. ss{I-kvXh an-j\
- d
- n-amtcm AhtcmSp _-s--htcm BWv Ch-sbmw {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp-Xv. 1881- tIc-f-an{Xw ]pdp-h-cp--tXm-sS-bmWv Cu coXn-smcp am-ap--m-b-Xv. ae-bm-f-nse BZy bYm
h-am-\-]{Xw tIc-f-an-{X-am-Wv, Fv tcJ-s-Sp-p-p, s]cp sI.-F. \mbcpw (1976)
]pXp-n cmL-h\pw (1985) C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW\pw (2000) Ds-sS-bp--h. I--n
hKokv amn-f-bm-bn-cpp CXns ]{Xm-[n-].
tIc-f-an{Xw (1881), \{kmWn Zo]nI (1887), ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca (1890) Fo ]{X-
{]kn-o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n--Xn-\p-ti-jhpw 1891- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn BsI-bp--m-bn-cp ]{X{]-Nm-cw 5,000 tImn am{X-am-Wv. 1901- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse P\-kwJy 29,52,157 Dw sImnbn-teXv 8,12,025 Dw ae-_m-dn-teXv 27,95,738 DamWv. km-cXm \nc-m-Is Xncp-hn-XmwIqdn 12.35 Dw sImn-bn 13.3 Dw ae-_m-dn 10.1 Dw iX-am-\hpw. Cy-bn-sem-m-sI-bp
IW-s-Sp-m Ap-i-X-am-\-amWv 1901 se km-c-Xm-\n-c-v (Jeffrey, 2010;216). 1941
BIptm P\-kwJy bYm-{Iaw 60,70,018; 14,22,875; 39,29,475 Fm-Ip-p. km-c-Xm-\ncv 47.20, 41, 25 iX-am-\hpw (\-psS kmlnXyw \psS kaqlw, thmfyw Hv, 2000). 15
]{X--fp--m-bn-cp 1903- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn Ah-bpsS samw -{]-Nmcw 11,000 tImn-Ifm-bn-cp-p-sh-n 1957 BIp-tm-tgpw sFIy-tI-c-f-nse ]{X-{]-Nmcw 2.46 e-ambn
Dbp. 1000 t]v 16 tImn. tIc-f-n-sem-msI 1904 18 ]{X-fpw 14 amkn-I-Ifpw
{]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp--Xmbn B hjw ckn-I-c-RvPn-\n-bn-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\n- F. \mcmb-W-sm-Xp-hm ]d-bp-p. Ap-hsc (1847 apX) ae-bm-f-n HmsI {]kn-o-I-cn
]{X--fpsS F-am-Is 32-Dw amkn-I-I-fp-tSXv 27- D-amWv (`m-kvI-c-\p-n, 2000;1121-1124).
1836 \pw 1867 \panSbvp \mev]Xp `mjIfnembn 14,000 ]{X {]knoIrXamb {_nojv
CybpsS s]mXp]men(Dharwadker, 1997:127) CXv Hcp sNdnb
kwJyam{XamWv.

]pkv X I{]km[\ cwKmIs, kwt]thZmYw ASn 1772 apX

]sm]Xmw \qm-ns Aywhsc HmsI ]pdphXv 977 {KfmWv.(tKmhn.
sI.Fw, 2002:81). 1824 emWv tIcfn BZy ]pkv X Iw ASnsSpXv .
sNdpss]Xv D]Imcmw Cwojn \np ]cn`mjsSpnb IYI. 1850hsc
\mev Ihn-Xm-{K--fpw c-v hnh\-fp-amWv ae-bm-f-n BsI A-Sn--s
]pkv X - I - .]sm]Xmw \qm- n ]eImefnembn tIcfn km
ApIqSfpssS A]Xp {]kpI {]hnncpp(tKmhn sI.Fw, 1998: 157).
s]mXphn {InkvXy, lnp, Cmw aX{Kfpw ]mT]pkvXIfpw sslhw
FpXs IcpXs ]gb aebmfImhy {KfpamWv Cu \qm- n ASns
IrXnIfn `qcn`mKhpw. Ncn{Xw, imkv{Xw, hymIcWw, \nL-p XpSnbhbmbncpp
_mnbpffh. hmb\sb kzm[o\np B[p\nI KZykmlnXy cq] Xopw
hncfambncpp.
Fnepw ae-bm-f-nse tZiob kmln-Xy-]m-c-cyw ssl-hhpw {_m-Wn-I-hp-ambn-cp-p. Iogmf PmXn-m-cpsSsb-m, apnw, {InkvXya-X-m-cpsS t]mepw kmln-Xy-]cn-{i-a- apJy-[m-c-bn ]cn-K-Wn--s-n-cp-n- (Udayakumar, 2010, 48). KZykm-ln-Xy-cq]-f
- psS DZ-ba
- mWv Cub-h--p-am--ap--m-n-b-Xv. A-Sn-bpsSbpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw atXXc
kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-bm-bn-cpp Cu am-ns \nm-b-I LS-Iw. ]{X-am-kn-I-I, Ap-Iq-S Fnh `qcn-]-hpw ss{IkvX-h-cpsS DS-a--X-bn-em-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw Ch
XsbmWv cmam- b - W w- t ]m- e p {K- [mcm- f - a mbn A- S nv hne- I p- d v hnv
{_mtWXccmb lnp-n-S-bn Ahbvp {]Nm-c-ap--mn-b-Xv 2.
AtXkabw Xs, ]nm-ev ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\b
- psS tI{m-\
- p-hc
- p
t\mhen 1847 apXep Ac-\q-m--p-sIm-v shdpw Ccp]-n-\mev cN-\IfmWv ]pd-ph--Xv. ChXsbpw Imcy-ambn hmbn--s--Xn-\psXfn-hpIfn-.
bYmn 1940 Itfm-sS-bmWv sImtfmWn-b B[p-\n-I-X-p-sh-fn-bn,
kzX{hpw tZiob-hp-amb kmaq-lnI ka-hm-Iy- cq]-s-Sp-n-sm-v ae-bm-fn-bpsS
kmwkvIm-cnI PohnXw henb aptp XpS--an-Sp--Xv. ASn tI{nX-amb B[p\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw AXns kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-sa \ne-bn ImWm-hp hmb-\- krjvSn
kmwkv I m- c nI cmjv { Sob- n- s bpw tI{m- \ p ]cn- K - W nt- n h- c p c- p - ` m- h p- I Xza-e-fmbn Cu ImetmsS ]{Xfpw kmln-Xyhpw P\-{]oXnt\Spp. tIcfob
s]mXpae-ns krjvSnbn Ghpw \nm-bI
- a
- mb ]p-hl
- n-Xpw Cu c - p t a J e I Xs-bm-Wv. XnX-n `nfmb temI-t_m-[
- fpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-`h
-
- fpw
am[ya {]Xo-Xn-Ifpw krjvSnp-sIm-v Ch \nn-s-Sp kmaqlymh--I-fmWv tIcfobm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kzmX-{ym\-c kmwkvIm-cnI k`--fmbn s]mXpsh IW-m-ntm-cp-X
- v. am[y-ac
- w-Ks XpSkmtXnI-XI
- fpw km[y-XI
- fpw ]{X-kw-kvIm-cs aptmp-sIm-pt]m-b-tm, m]-\-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb \nc-h[n kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-`-h-fn-eqsS kmlnXyw khntijamb Hcp `mhp-I-Xz-]-cn-k-cs \nn-s-Sp-p-I-bmbn-cp-p.
4

bYmYn, a\pjy hn]Wn tI{nXambn \nn BZyNcv F \nebn

]pkv X Ihpw(Mcluhan, 2001: 189) ASnbpsS CXc am[yafpw \nnsSp
tIcfns BZyL kwkvImc hyhkmb Ncn{Xn HXpn\np H
aebmfns kmlnXobaWv U ew. 1940 Ifn XsbmWv {KimemkwLw,
kmlnXy{]hI klIcWkwLw Fnhsbmstmse tdUntbm,kn\na XpSnb
kmtXnIIeIfpw _lpP\am[yafpw aebmfn {]Nmcw t\SpXv. kamcambn
kmaqlnI \mSIfpw IYm{]kwKhpw apapsSp P\Iob, P\{]nb IeIfpw
{]Ncnpp. IemaWvUe nsbpw apw t\XrXzn mkn cwKIeIfpsS
]p\cpm\w \SXpw CtXImepXsbmWv. \qdpIWn\p kn\namXobdpIfpw
s{]m^jW \mSIkwLfpw am{Xa, kzX{hpw

`cWIqS \nb{nXhpamb

kmwkvImcnI kwLS\Ifpw m]\fpw {]km[\mebfpw henb tXmXn \nehn

hcpXmIs sXmSp ZiInepw. B[p\nIXbpsS kwkvImchyhlmcfpw
kucyaWvUefpambn \nehnh Chtbmtcmpw {imhy, Zriy, hmb\mXe
fpsSbpw cwK, am[ya AhXcWfpsSbpw kmwkvImcnI aqe[\ambn DsmXv
kmlnXysbmWv. Cu kmlnXyaWvUens kmwkvImcnI hn`hfn Ghpw
{]apJabncpp kmlnXycN\Ifpw Fgpv, {]km[\w, hnXcWw, hmb\, ]T\w, N
XpSnb taJeIfneqsS Ah bmYmYyamnb kmlnXy`mhpIXzhpw. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
s\SpwtOZw Fp Xs ]d-bm Ign-bp-Xpw kmln-Xobw (literary) Fp hntijnnmhp-X
- p-amb hmb-\mtI{nXamb Cu `mhp-I-Xz-ns cq]o-I-cWw hn]p-e-ambn \S
\mev taJe-I 1) hmb-\i
- m-eI
- 2) kmln-Xy-kw-LS- \
- I
- , {]knoIcW 3) ]pkvI{]-km-[\w 4) P\{]nbkmlnXyw Fn-h-bm-Wv.
hn]p-ea
- mb A-n Chtbm-tcmpw ae-bm-f]
-
- m-e
-
- n kPo-ha
- m-Ip-Xv
194050 L-n-emWv. kmaq-ln-I-amb m]-\-kz-`mhw ssIsm- kmln-Xob `mhp-IXzns Cu a-e Ac-\q-m--p-Imew henb B-c-ssh-cp-[y-tfm ASn-m-\-hyXn-bm-\-tfm IqSmsX \ne-\n-p-shpw A-Sn, {imhy, ZriytaJe-I-fnse B[p-\nI
am[y-ak
- w-kvImcw hen-sbmcf-thmfw CXn\p-]qc-Ia
- mbnhn-p-shpw ImWmw. Fm
1990 IfpsS XpSw sXmv tIcfob ]m-enepw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X
- nepw BtKmf-h-cW
-
- n-sbpw B[p-\n-Im-\
- c
- X
- b
- p-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ik
- z-`m-h
-
- knthinnp-sIm-p\n-e-hn h CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a- B[p-\n-IXbpsS kmwkvIm-cnI `mhpI-Xz-sf ASn-m-\]
- c
- a
- m-bn-s An-ad
- n-p. hmb-\b
- p-sSbpw kmln-Xy-n-sbpw ae- Cc-samcp Ime-tmSv Fs\ {]Xn-Ic
- np ? s]mXphn Icp-Xs
- -Sp-X
- p-t]mse
ImgvN-bpsS kwkvImcw hmb-\-bpsS kwkvIm-cs Iog-S-p-I-bmtWm D-m-bXv? `mhpIXz]-c-ambn CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a- ae-bm-fnsb kzm[o-\n--sX-s\-bmWv ? Npcp-n taev]d \mev taJe-I-fnepw hmb-\pw kmln-Xy-n\pw Cu `mhp-I-Xz-]-cnWmaw Fs\ kw`-hn-p-? Ccw tNmZyfpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvImcn-I-hp-amb hniI-e-\-amWv Cu ]T\ns kz`mhw.
5

{]mY-anImY-n Fgp-n-sbpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw Ghpw aqamb kmwkvImcnI cq]sa \ne-bn ]cn-K-Wn-m-hp kmln-Xy-ns `mhp-I-Xzkz`m-h-amWv kmlnXo-bX (literariness).3 Fm AXn-\-p-d-v, A-SntI{nX-amb B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw
hmb-\b
- p-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI `mhp-IX
- z-f
- n Ghpw {]apJhp-amWv kmln-Xo-bX
- . Hcn B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Xs kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xo-Iw. kmln-Xy-n am{X-a B[p-\nI-amb av BJym\ ]mT--fnepw cq]--fnepw Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-s kmln-Xo-bX Hcp
`mhpIXz-ambn \ne-\n-p-t]m-p. ]Snmd bqtdmn ]Xns\mw \qmn\p ap]v
kmlnXysa

kwp

\ne\nncp

AYw

Fmcw

Fgppw

FXmbncpp(All works within the orbit of polite learning came to be described as literature and all such interests and practices as literary, R.Williams, 1983, 185). \ntbmmkn
, Imev]\nI LfnemWv kKmflI, `mh\mflI cN\I am{XamWv kmlnXyw
F [mcW hyhsp hXv (T.Eagleton, 1997, 16). kao]Ime NI ]eXpw
kmlnXysa kev ] \s ]Xns\mw \qmn\p ap]p \nehnencp AY
Iev ] \bntep XncnpsImpt]mIppv . kmwkv I mcnI ]T\apssSbpff
Nnm]XnIfmIs, kmlnXys Imt\m\oIrX KW, cq]pw IrXnIp
apdv P\Iob, P\{]nb KWcq]fntepw ]mTamXrIIfntepw hym]nnpI
am{Xa sNpXv, hnhn[Xcw Fgppcq], am[ya]mT, kn\na, sSenhnj
]cc Fns\bpff hyhlmccq]sfsbmSw kmlnXyambn \nhNnpI
bpamWv. kmlnXyspdnpff Cu Ab \nhN\LS\sb t\m BtmfPn
Hm^v Xnbdn B v {Innknkw Cs\ \ymboIcnpp: Literature is symptomatic of
the state of its society (2001:28).
hmb-\-bpsS kmaqlym\p-`-h--fn \nv ImgvN-bpsS hyy-\p-`-h--fntep-mb
A]m-c-amb s]mnp-cp-emWv (implosion) Cu am-ns Bk--]-m--e-sa-nepw
kmtXnI-hpw cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ap-Im-c-W-fpw CXn\p ]nnep-v.
kmln-Xo-b-X-sb B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS s]mXp`m-hp-I-Xz-ambn \nn-s-Sp BJym\-]m-T-fp-sSbpw m]-\--fp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ]cn-Wm-a-n-\p-h-gn-sh Imc-W--sf
\ne-bn Ah ae-bmf ]m-e-n krjvSn B[p-\n-Im-\--c-amb kmwkvIm-cn-Icmjv{Sob- Xncn--dn-b-emWv Cu ]T-\-ns eyw.
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ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{Xs Gsd kzm[o-\n hmb-\-im-e-Isf kmtXnIambn am{X-a `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-am-bn-s ]cn-W-an-n-Xn CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a-kw-kvImc-n-\p ]v Gsd \nmbIamWv.
]smXmw \qm--ns Ah-km\ Zi-I- sXmpXs ae-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw
kmlnXyn-sbpw hfpw hym]-\-n\pw henb kw`m-h-\-IfmWv kmln-Xy-kw-L-S\-Ifpw kmln-Xy-{]-kn-o-I-c-W-fpw \In-tm--Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qm--ns BZy-Z-iIfn, tZiob {]m-\-n\pw ]noSv CSXp]-{]-m-\-n\pw kmlnXy kwkvImc-tm-Sp--m-bn-cp khntijamb _hpw IS-mSpw Ncn-{X-ns `mK-am-Wv. 1920 Ifnem-cw-`n ka-kvXtIcf-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jn\p ]nmse 1940 Ifn Fkv ]n kn Fkv,
{K-im-em-kw-Lw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-m\w Fns\ \nc-h[n kwL-S-\-I
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h {]Nmcw t\Sn. Fm 1990 ItfmsS tad apgp-h kwL-S-\-Ifpw kmln-Xy-{]Xn-\n-[m-\-fpw h {]Xn-kn t\cnSp-Ibpw Cntm- an-hbpw A{]-kw Xsbm-bn-am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cnpp.
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Ccp]Xmw \qm--ns XpSw sXmpXs KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw hmb-\m-kwkvImchpw
{]N-cn-p-sh-nepw 1950 Ifn-emWv P\{]nb kmlnXysav IrXy-ambn \nh-Nn-m-hp
7

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4341 kmln-tXy-Xc {K--fp-apssS HmsI 10563 ]pkvX-I--fmWv ae-bm-f-n ASn--s--Xv. Fm 195060 Zi-I-n am{Xw 7462 {K- A-Sn--s-p. XpSp
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P\-{]nb B\p-Im-en-I--fn-eqsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-ns `mK-ambn amdnb
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krjv S n- n- n- . `c- W - I q- S w, Am- Z - a nI m]- \ - , kmwkv I mcnI kwLS\I,
kkwLS\I, kzImcy hyn-I, {Sp-I, hyh-kmb m]-\- Fns\
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XpS-p-p, Cy-bnse hmb-\-imem Ncn-{Xw. 1942 BIp-tm-tgpw 13000 hmb-\-im-e-Ifmbn Cy-bn (D-n-r-jvW. kn., 2007 : 14-15). kzmX-{ym-\-cw {K-imem {]m\- Icp-mnp. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sImn-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw \qdp-IW
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\mb, Ip-\mSv cma-Ir-jvW-]n-, ]\-nn tKmhn--ta-t\m, tPmk^v ap--t-cn, _mema-Wnb, kn. Dn-cmP XpS-n-bh
- cps-Sp-X
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1958- emWv tIc-f-{K-imem-kwLw ]qWmY-n \ne-hn hcp--Xv. ]\-nn tKmhn-ta-t\m {]kn-Upw sI. Zmtam-Z-c, Fw.-]n. a-Y Fn-h sshkv {]kn-Up-amcpw
]n.-F. ]Wn- sk{I--dn-bp-ambn \ne-hn h tIc-f-{K--im-em-kwLw 3000 tmfw
hmb-\-im-e-Isf {K-im-em-kw-L-n-\p-Io-gn sIm-p-h-p.
{K-im-em-{]-m\w t\XrXzw \evIp s]mXp-hm-b-\-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw hnZym-`ymk
m]-\--fn hym]-I-am-bp hmb-\-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-m--c- hni-I-e\w
sNbvXm, Cu kwkv I m- c - n\v C- g n c- p ]Xn- m- - p - I - f n ssIh am- Xncn-dn-bm Ign-bpw. AwK-Xzw, ]pkvXIw hm, hmb-\m-co-Xn-I XpS-n-bh tI{o-I-cnv
tIc-f-nse \mep-hm-b-\-im-e-I-fn \S-nb ]T-\-ns hni-Zmw-i- NphsS tNpp.
ImeSn Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. sse{_dn ({KmaoWhm-b-\-im-e), A-amen \mb-tmSv
Pn. kvamcI lb sk--dn kvIq sse{_dn (kvIq sse{_-dn), Beph bqWn-b
{InkvXy tImtfPv sse{_dn (tIm-tfPv sse{_-dn), Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]nIv sse{_dn Fo
hmb-\-im-eIsf tI{o-I-cn-mWv ]T\w \S-n-b-Xv. 1985 apX 2010 hsc-bp Imes
AwK--fpsS Fw, {]Xn-hjw hmnb ]pkvX-I--fpsS Fw, Ah-bn kmln-Xyw,
kmln-tXy-Xcw XpS-nb hn`m-K--fns]Sp--h-bpsS A\p-]m-Xw, {]Xn-Zn-\-ap ]pkvXI-hn-X-c-Ww, B\p-Im-en-I-, ]{X, d^-dkv hn`m-Kw, Icn-b ssKUkv hn`mKw,
sSen-hn-j, UnPn- sse{_-dn, Hmsse d^-dkv Fn-h-bpsS km[y-X-I, kmlntXy-Xc
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tiJ-cn--Xv. Ch-bpsS hni-Zmw-i- Xmsg -sIm-Sp-p-p.
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CXv aptm-p-t]m-Ip-p. hmp ]pkvXI
-
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BZy Zi-I-n 264 \nv 511-tepw c-mw Zi-I-n 210 \nv 759- te-pw. 200809 hj--fn Bbn-c-n-e-[nIw {K- hmn. kmlnXyw kmln-tXy-Xcw F
hn`-P\w 1985 214-51 F A\p-]m-X
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2005 699-59 Fmbn hfp. Fnepw Cu A\p-]m-X-I-W-p-I Hmtcm hjhpw ]eX-c-n amdnbpw adnpw hcpp. sam-n ]d-bm-hp Imcyw, kmln-Xy-]p-kvX-I-fpsS tass XI-cp-n F-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv. Fnepw Ap-i-X-am-\-n \nv Hcp
]Xn- m- - p - s Im- v 30 iX- a m- \ - n- t ev kmln- t Xy- X - c - { K- - - f psS hm hn- p.
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9

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CXv \n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1947 m]nXamb Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. sse{_-dn-bpsS IW-p-Ifpw nXn-hn-h-cfpw sXfn-bn-p-Xv hmb-\-m-cpsS kmn-yw sse{_-dn-bn hjw tXmdpw Ipd-ph-cpp Fp-X-s-bmWv, hnti-jnpw 1995 apX-ep Ime-v. 1995 icm-icn Hcp Znhkw
hmb-\-im-e-bn \nv hnX-cWw sNbvX ]pkvX-I--fpsS Fw 119- B-Wv. CXn F]Xp-i-X-am-\-n-e-[nIw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. 2005 BIp-tm {]Xn-Zn\w hnX-cWw
sNp icm-icn ]pkvX-I--fpsS Fw aqn-sem-m-bn-Ip-dv 42 sep-p. 2009
P\-Iob ]pkvX-I-hn-X-c-W-]-cn-]mSnhgn hon ]pkvX-I--sf-np sImSp-p coXn \Sm-n-bnpw Fw 51-sem-Xp-n.
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h Ipd-hp--mbn F hkvXpX sset{_-dn-b nco-I-cn-p-p. d^dkn\v ]pkvX-Isf B{i-bn-n-cp coXn Cv htXm-Xn s\v sknw-Kn\v hgn amdn-bXv hnZymnI- f psS hchpw kmc- a mbn Ipd- n- p- - v .
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hn`m-K-nse apgp-h Ipn-Ifpw hmb-\-im-e-bn AwK-amWv Fsm-c-h--bp--v. 1985
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1572 Dw 2006 1448Dw ]pkvX-I--fn-tep hfp. Fnepw AXv 2010 780 tep
Xmgvp. kmln-Xy--km-ln-tXy-Xc hn`m-K- Xn Fm-epw GXm-s-mtc A\p]mXw \ne-\n-p. 80-90 iX-am\w kmln-Xyw, 10-20 iX-am\w kmln-tXy-Xcw. s]mXp-hn
sse{_dn {]hn-p-Xv `mjm-km-ln-Xy-hn-`m-K--fnse A[ym-]-I-cpsS IqSn CS-s]-S-enemWv F-Xmhmw CXn\p Imc-Ww. B\p-Im-enIfp-sSbpw ]{X--fp-sSbpw Fw Xosc
Ipd-hm-Wv, tImtfPv sse{_-dn-bn. ImeSn {KmaoW hmb-\-im-e-bn t]mepw 25 B\p-Imen-Ihpw H]Xp ]{X-hp-ap--tm bp.-kn. tImtfPv sse{_-dn-bn shdpw ]Xn-s\mv
B\p-Im-en-Ihpw Ggp-]-{Xhp-ta-bp-p. AXpw 2004\p tijw. AXp-hsc 64 F-Xm-bncpp {Iaw.
Ghpw {it-b-amb hkvXp-X-I av cs---am-Wv. sse{_-dn-bn _pv d^dkns\-p--h-cp-sS (hn-Zymn-I apX A[ym-]-I hsc) F-nse Ipd-hmWv
Hv. 1985 {]Xn-Zn\w 137 t] d^-dkn-s\-n-bn-cp-p. 1997 hsc Cu \ne XpSp.
{ItaW Fw Ipdv 73-se-n-bn-cn-p-p, 2010. H ZiIw sIm-v ]Ip-Xn-bn-tesd
Ipd- h p- - m bn Cu cwK-v. Fm Hmsse d^dkv {Ian h[nphcpp. 2005
aqmbncpXv 2010 150 tev.
asmv {]Xn-Zn\w AwK- FSp-p ]pkvX-I-ns F-n-ep--mb Ipd-hmWv. 85 icm-icn 285 ]pkvX-I--fmWv hnX-cWw sN-s-n-cp--sX-n 2002 hsc Cu
\ne Gsd-psd XpSp. ]noSv Ipdv 2006 169 hsc-sb-n. 2009epw icmicn 180
11

]pkvX-I- am{X-amWv {]Xn-Zn\w hnX-cWw sN-s-Sp--Xv.

imkv{X-, km-t-Xn-I, am\-hn-I, kmaqlyimkv{X- hn-j-b--fnse hnZymn-Isf
Xcw-Xn-cnp ]Tn-m Hcp-]t Cu {]h-WX Ipsd-qSn hy-am-Ipw. kmln-Xy-hn-ZymnI ]T-\-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn FSp-p--h-bmWv taev]-d ]pkvX-I--fn `qcn-`mKhpw Fp hyw. hmb-\-tbmSpw kmln-Xy-tm-Sp-ap s]mXp-Xm-Xv]-cy-ns `mK-a
Ch-bn `qcn-]--n-sbpw sse{_dn D]-tbmKw Fw.
kvIq, tImtfPv sse{_-dn-I t]mse-b ]nIv sse{_-dn-I. kmln-Xy, hmbt\-X-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I kaq-l-_--n hcp-p am-, {Km v IqSp--Xn\pw Ipd-bp-Xn\pw A\p-k-cnv ]pkvXIw hmp--Xn hcp hyXym-kw, AwK--fpsS G-p-d-n,
Dun-X-amb AwKXz {]Nm-c-W- Fn-s\ \nc-h[n Imcy--fn ]nIv sse{_dn- I Ign c- v Zi- I - - f n h ]co- - W - \S- p- p- v . 1869 emcw- ` n FdWm-Ipfw ]nIv sse{_-dn, tIc-f-nse Xs Ghpw hepXpw kwL-Sn-Xhpw kPo-h-hpamb hmb-\-im-e-I-fn-sem-m-Wv. hmb-\m-tI-{n-X-hpw, Am-Xpw Fv c-mbn Xncn-m
Ign-bpw-hn[w {]I-Shpw \nc-c
- h
- p-amb kmwkvIm-cnI {]h-\
- Gs-Spp \Sp
Xe-n-te-p hmb-\i
- m-eI
- f
- psS ]cn-Wm-a
- ns anI DZm-lc
- W
- h
- p-amWv Fd-Wm-Ipfw
]nIv sse{_-dn.
hmp ]pkvX-I--fp-sSbpw hmb-\m-io-e-n-sbpw Imcy-sa-Sp-m, 1985 3569
AwK--fp--m-bn-cp--tm 2793 ]pkvX-I- hmnb sse{_dn 95 4595 AwK--fp-tm 3146 ]pkvXI
-
- fmWv hmn-bX
- v. 2005 AwK-f
- psS Fw 7183 Bbnpw ]pkvXIw
4156 semXp-n. 2009epw nXn am-an-. AwK- 7308 ]pkvXIw 4467.
apJy-ambpw AwK--fpsS sImgn-p-t]m-ns B[n-Iy-amWv 85-95 Imev 35694595 F coXn-bn AwKXzw kvXw`-\m-h--bn-em-n-Xv. 95-2005 Imev 5086 \nv
7183 tev CXv hf-Xm-I-s, ]e-Xcw {]Nm-c-W--fpsS ^eambpamWv. d^-dkns
Imcy-n 80 \nv 100-tep am{X-amWv Cm-e-b-f-hn h-\-hp--m-b-Xv.
B\p-Im-en-Iw, ]{Xw Fn-h-bpsS F-n 200-24 F 1985 se Fw 95 BIptm 171-21 Fmbpw 2005 164-20 Fmbpw Ipd-p. s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-bn B\p-Im-enI--fpsS F-n Ipd-hp--m-bXv CXn-s\mcp Imc-W-am-Imw. AtX-k-abw sXmgn, hnZym`ym-k, Icn-b ssKUkv {]kn-o-I-c-W- 1985 se 11-9 F-Xn \nv 1995 19-23
Fmbpw 2009 20-22 Fmbpw hfp. Ccw {]kn-o-Ic
- W
-
- f
- psS hym]-\hpw sXmgne- t \z- j n- I - f psS h- \ hpw Xs- b mWv CXn- \ p- I m- c - W w. sse{_- d n- I , Icn- b
ssKUknepw hnh-c-hn-X-c-W-nepw IqSn C-c-msc BIjn-pp.
Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]nIv sse{_dn DssS tIc-f
- nse {][m\ sse{_-dn-I ]eXpw
hmb-\bpw AwK-Xzhpw hn-n-p--Xns `mK-ambn ]e-X-c-n-ep \ho\ {ia-fpw
Ctm \S- n- h - c p- p- - v .
2011- apIme hyh--I-sfmw Cf-hp-sNbvXv (km-y-]-{Xw, \ne-hn-ep AwK-fpsS ip]mi Fn--s\) Xncn--dn-b ImUv am{Xw lmP-cm-n-bm AwKXzw
12

\evIp Hcp AwK-Xz-k-am-l-c-W-]-Xn Xs Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]nIv sse{_dn \S-m-n.

dkn-Ujy tImf-\n-If
- n hmb-\m-
- p-I cq-]o-Ic
- n-pI, hoSp-If
- n ]pkvXI
- s
- a-nv
apJy-ambpw kv{XoIsf hmb-\-imem AwK-Xzhpw hmb-\m-io-ehpw XpS-cm t{]cn-n-pI
Fn-s\ \nc-h[n ]-Xn-I sse{_dn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp-I-gnp (The Hindu,
June 26, 2010).
tImgn-tmSv Xmeqv sse{_-dn, hoSp-If
- n ]pkvXI
- s
- a-n-m amk-i
- fw \In
kv{XoIsf \nb-an-p (Im-gvN, at\m-ca \yqkv, 6.3.2011). 8000 AwK--fp tImgn-tms
tZi-t]m-jnWn hmb-\-im-e, C-_pv doU AwK-v \Ip ]Xn \S-m-n.
sse{_dn {]kn-Uns aI, kw`m-h\ sNbvX-h-bmWv C-_pv doU-dp-I (The Hindu,
June 11, 2012).
kwm-\s sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \nc-h[n hmb-\-im-e-Ifpw \S-m-p-p-v kam\-amb ]e-]--Xn-I-fpw. Fnt]mepw apXn Xe-ap-d-bns]-h-cpsS XmXv]-cytam Dmltam ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bns--h hmb-\-imem kwkvIm-c-n ImWn-p-n F-XmWv
hkvXp-X. amdn-h-cp am[y-a-`m-hp-I-Xz-fpw Zriy-kw-kvIm-chpw kmln-Xy-hm-b-\m-kw-kvImc-v t\sc Dbp shp-hn-fn-I am{Xa ChnsS {int-Xv. kmlnXyw,
kmwkvImcnIaWvUense GI_lpP\cq]ambncpp B[p\nIXbn hmb\imeI
ssIhcn kmaqlnIm\w 1990 ItfmsS ]cnWanp XpSpp FXmWv ASnm\
hkvXpX. \mSIthZnItfm kn\namXobdpItfm t]mse tIheamb Hcp IqSntc
eambncpn hmb\imeI. Hcp {]tZis hmb\mXm]cyapff BfpIfpsS(
apJyambpw BWpfpsS Xs!) cmjv{SobapssS ]eXcw BibfpsS hn\nab
km[yamIp HpIqS esa \nebnemWv Ah hnncpXv. taev]d
\mepXcw hmb\imeIfn HsmgnsI Fmnepw kmlnXyhpw AXns hmb\bpw
t\cnSp {]XnknbpsS ]meambn ImWm\mhpXv apJyambpw aqp
ImcWfmWv.
Hv, B[p\nIXbpsS {]Ya hyhlmcambncp kmlnXyn\p ]IcsatmWw CXc
kmwkvImcnI

aWvUe

cq]wsImffpIbpw

kmlnXytmSpw

hmb\tbmSpapffXns\m Xm]cytmsS hensbmcp hn`mKw Ahbntep

XncnbpIbpw sNbv X p. B[p\nI Iemcq]fmb \mSIw, kn\na, IYm{]kwKw
XpSnbhbpsS {]Nmchpw kmn[yhpw kmlnXyhmb\sbbpw Xm]cysbpw
Hcnepw {]XnIqeambn _m[nncpnsnepw sSenhnj\pw, CXc CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya,
Iemcq]fpw As\bmbncpn kaqln {]hnXv.
cv, kmlnXyn ]ccmKX hmb\mcq]smw ]pXnb cq]fpw KWfpw
DSseSpptXmsS hmb\bpsS {][m\aWvUehpw {]Yahyhlmchpsa \nebn
]ccmKX kmlnXyn\pmbncp ]Zhn shphnfn t\cnpXpSn. CtXmsSmamWv,
amdnb ]mTy]XnIfpw ]T\coXnIfpw sXmgne[njvTnX tImgvkpIfpw apw htXmXn
`mjmkmlnXy aWvUetfmSp hnapJX ]pepIbpw AXphgn ]pXnb
13

Xeapdsnepw sse{_dn D]tbmKw tIhew d^djy kz`mhntep amdpIbpw

sNpXv. ASp Ln Cu d^djy am[yawXs Iw]yqdntep amdn.
aqv, tIcfob B[p\nIXbpsS ktNX\hpw k{Inbhpamb s]mXpaWvUe
fnsemmbn \ne\n kmaqlnI CS ]eXpw hnv aebmfnbpsS Adnhv, hnt\mZmt\z
jW KmlnI aWvUentep NpcpnbXns IqSn ^eamWv kmlnXyaWvUe
ns \nmbIm]\ambncp hmb\imeIp kw`hn am. {KmaoW,
]nIv sse{_dnItfmtcmpw ]pkvXI hoSpIfnsenp ]Xn \SmpXpw
AXphgn \mfnXphsc \ne\nncp kv{XoIfpsS hmb\imem AwKXznse ]cnanXn
adnISpXpw asmcp ]mene hniZoIcntXv . \nbambpw C\n
kw`hnm\pffXv shNz sse{_dnIfntepff ]cnWmaw am{XamWv Fpt]mepw
thWsan ]dbmw.
Iment^mWnbm khIemimebpsS A- {KmtPzv sse{_dnbn, 1998
XpSn BsIbp ]pkv X IfpsS Fw 80, 000 amWv . Hcp en
F]Xn\mbncw ]pkvXIfp-mbncp sse{_dnbmWnXv. IyqdpIfpw sSenhnj
skpIfpw hn. kn BdpIfpw tNv ]pkvXIsf amn {]XnjvTnp kwkvImcw
ChnsS cq]spIgnp. ]pkvXItfbnm, shNz se{_dnIfntep
amns XpSambmWv ]e am[ya]TnXmfpw CXns\ ImWpXv. C _ppw
hoUntbm amKkn\pIfpw Hmsse ]{Xfpw krjvSn CdoUnwKv A{X {]Nmcw
t\Snbnnsnepw ]ccmKXambn m\m\amKsa \nebn ]pkv X I
n \ p - m b n c p I p I C s \ n s h c t h m s S A h k m \ n p I g n p 6.
hnt\mZam[yasa \nebnepw Acw AXns Ahkm\ ]pdfnsengnpshv
ap ]e khIemimeIfntebpw sse{_dnIp kw`hnpsIm- n cnp
LS\m]camb amw sXfnbnpp.

CXv ]mm-Xy-km-l-N-cy-n am{Xw {]k--amb

Hc-h--b FmWv ASn Zriy-am-[y-a-p P\-{]o-XnbpsS A\p-Zn\w hn-ph-cp hyXym-khpw hmb-\m-\p-`-h-ns Ghpw aq-amb D]m[n F \ne-bn \nv
kmln-Xy-n\p kw`-hn-n-cn-p XIbpw sXfn-bn-p--Xv. AtXkabw kmlntXyXc
]pkvXIfpsSbpw Zn\]{XfpsSbpw hmb\ KWyambn h[nnpap-v. 1991 BsI
]{- p ew tImn {]Nmcap- n bncp aebmfnse ham\]{XfpsS 2010 se
{]Nmcw \mev ] XpeamWv . kmlnXy {]knoIcWfpw hmb\bpw t\cnSp
{]Xnkn ]{Xnsp am{Xa, temIs ]e cmPyfn\npw `nambn
sSenhnjs\mw Xs ]{Xhpw hfcpIbmWv aebmfn.

14

hmb-\-imeI 1989 2009

hmb-\-ime

AwKXzw

Fkv. F.
Un. ]n
{KmaoW
sse{_dn
ImeSn

470 g 420
Ipd-bpp
1995- - 576
2005- - 295

\mb-tmSv 400 g550

Pn.
kvamcI
lb
sk-dn
kvq

]pkvXIw
743 g1130
IqSnbpw
Ipdpw
1994 - -2120
2003 --3080

820 g800
Ipd-bpp

1445 g780
bp.kn.
tImtfPv
Beph

2000- -130-30
1800- -134-48

2000- -219
Ipd-bpp

2202 g4467
]nIv
sse{_dn
Fd-WmIpfw

4566 g7308

(2003
8383)

ap-hm-b-\m
hn`-h-
]{Xw/
119 g42
710/33 g 928/202 amknI
{]XnZn\hnXcWw
Fw amt\mh 40%
5% g30%
an, CSbvv
Zriyam[yaw/
kmlntXyXcw Sn.hn
IY-/Xnc--YIqSpp
m]np
Ctmgn
hmb-\/ hnXcWw

t\mh 40%
Zriyam[yaw/
IY-/Xnc--Y-

285--- g1180
{]Xn-Zn\
hnX-cWw
t\mh 40%
Zriy-am[yaw
IY-/
Xnc--Y
500g700
{]Xn-Zn\
hnX-cWw
t\mh 40%
Zriy-am[yaw
IY-/Xnc--Y

kmlnXyw /
kmlntXyXcw

410/410 g450/350 ]{Xw/

amknI
[600/200g450/250] Fw amkmlntXyXcw an
IqSpp

_lp`qcn-]w
kmlnXyw

]{Xw/
amknI
5 g11
d^dkv
125-g75
(Ip-d-bpp)

_lp`qcn-]w
kmlnXyw

B\pImenIw
200 g 143
(1998 215)
]{Xw
25-g25
Ctm Sn.
hn C

3. kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw {]kn-o-I-c-W-fpw
s]mXp-k-aq-l-Iq-m-bva-I-fmbn cq]w sIm- kmln-Xy, kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-I,
kam\ kz`m-h-tmsS `c-W-IqSw Bcw-`n m]-\-, Ccp taJ-e-I-fnepw \ne-hn
h {]kn-o-I-c-W- Fnh hgn-bmWv Ign \qm--n-ep-S-\ofw tIc-f-n ae-bmf-km-ln-Xym-h-t_m-[hpw {]Nm-c-Whpw hen-sbm-c-f-hn \S--Xv. kmln-Xy-kw-_-n-bmb
kt-f-\-, ]pc-kvIm-c-, kwhm-Z-, ]T-\-, ]pkvX-I-{]-km-[-\w, ]{X-{]h\w Fn-s\ hnhn-[-cw-K--fn cq]w-sIm- kmln-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-n\v t\XrXzw
\In-b-Xv Ccw m]-\-fpw {]kn-o-I-c-W--fp-am-Wv. s]mXp-, kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-I-fn
\ne-hn h Ccw hnhn[ m]-\
- pw kwL-S\
- I
- pw {]kn-o-Ic
- W
-
- pw
15

1990-I-fpsS Hmw ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS kw`-hn-p-Xp-S-nb ASn-m-\-]-c-amb Nne am--fmWv

ChnsS hni-I-e\w sNp--Xv. \mf-Xp-hsc XpSp-t]m kao-]\
-
- fpw {]h-\
- fpw
]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hen-b-tXm-Xn ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-am-Ipp Cm-e-v. 1892 \ne-hn h
`mjm-t]m-jnWnk` kam-cw-`n `mjm-t]m-jnWn amkn-I, 1926- CS-
- n-bn-em-cw-`n kmlnXy-k-amPw (1927- CXv kakvX tIc-f-km-lnXy ]cn-j-mbn amdn), 1956- km
XpS-n-sh tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-Z-an, 1964 km Xs Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw 2001
kzX-{-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i--fp {Smbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvX Xncq Xp kvamcIw
Fnh ap\nn-bmWv Cu hni-I-e\w \S-p--Xv.
ka-kvX-tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jv
I--n hokv amnf XpS-nb `mjm-t]m-jnWn k` (1892), amfn-b-mhp amptem\ XpS-nb `mc-Xh
- n-emkw (1905), A Xp-cm t\XrXzw \evInb sImn kmlnXy
kamPw (1913), sshw km-t]m-jnWn k`-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n-em-cw-`n ka-kvX-tI-cf
kmln-Xy-ka
- mPw (1922) Fn-s\ \nc-h[n kmln-Xy-kw-LS- \
- I
- f
- psS XpSbmbn thWw
1926- sImn-bnse CS--n-bn cq]w sIm- kmln-Xy-k-am-Ps ImWm (h-k-
Fkv.-sI., 2007, 16).
B. Ip Xm kam-P-ns A[y--\pw CS-n IrjvW-cmP cm-[nIm-cn-bp-am-bn-cp-p. 1927 G{]n 24, 25, 26 Xob-Xn-I-fn \S kam-P-ns ]{-mw
kt-f-\-n-emWv 'ka-kvX-tI-cf kmln-Xy-]-cn-jv' F t]cv kzoI-cn-p--Xv. ]n.-sI.
\mcm-b-W-]n-, Dq, h-tm, A Xp-cm XpS-n-b-h B[yw hln
hnhn-[-tbm-K- kt-f-\-n \S-p. ]cn-j-ns BZy A[y--\mbn A Xpcm-s\bpw sk{I--dn-am-cmbn ]n. i-c \ym, tae-v ANyp-X-ta-t\m, CS-n
Icp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m Fn-h-scbpw sXc-s-Sp-p. Dqcpw h-tmfpw ]n.-sI. \mcm-bW-]n-bpw Ds-sS-bp--h AwK--fm-bn.
XpS-n Ipsd-mew ka-kvXtIcf-km-ln-Xy-]c
- n-j
- n khWlnpfpsS
B[n-]-Xy-am-bn-cp-p. 1934 \ne-q-cn \S Fmw hmjn-I-ktf\-n-emWv `n-PmXn-m-cmb Fgp-p-Im ]cn-j-n Hn-p--Xv. 1934 sabv 16 \v Cu hnj-b-s-p-dnv
tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n {itbamb Hcp apJ-{]-kwKw t]mepw Fgp-Xp-I-bp--m-bn
(Udayakumar, 2010: 49).
Fgp-p-Im-cp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-XX
- v]c
- c
- mb P\-f
- p-sSbpw h]-m-fn-a
- p kmlntXym--hv ]Icw 1990-I-fpsS c-mw ]Ip-Xn-bn ]cn-jv \S-p hmjn-I-]-cn]m-Sn-I-fn Ghpw {]apJw \hw-_ Hv apX-ep Hcm-gvN-m-es ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hm-cmN-c-W-am-Wv. Ggp-Zn-h-kw, Fd-Wm-Ip-f-p ]cn-jv HmUn-tm-dn-b-n sshIp-t-c-fn \S-p hnhn-[-hn-j-b-sf kw_-n-p kt-f-\--fmWv CXns apJy-]-cn]m-Sn. apIm-e--fn \nv `n-ambn Xmc-X-tay\ ipjvI-amb kZ-p-I-fmWv an-hj-fnepw Cu kt-f-\-n-ep--m-hp-I. ae-bm-f-nse Hmw-\nc Fgp-p-Imcpw \ncq-]16

Icpw ]s-Sp-p-tm t]mepw Cu Imcy-n henb am-ap--m-Im-dn-. apIm-e--fn

thZn-bnepw kZ-nepw Hcp-t]mse kmln-Xy-{]-h-I kn-ln-X-cm-bn-cp Ah amdnh-n-cn-p-p. apIm-e--fn \np `n-ambn ]cn-j-ns t\Xr-Xz-nepw \nhm-l-Ik-an-Xn-bnepap--h _lp-`q-cn-]-hpw Adn-b-s-Sp Fgp-p-Im-c FXpw {it-bam-Wv, Fp am{X-hp-a ap\nc Fgp-p-Im Hcmt]mepw Cu kan-Xn-I-fn-en FXpw
Hm-Ww. 2010se ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hm-cm-N-c-W-n \S kt-f-\--fpsS hnj-bhpw Ahbn ]s-Sp kZ-ky-cpsS Fhpw C-s\-bm-Wv.
ka-kvXtIcf-km-lnXy ]cn-jv ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hm-cm-N-c-Ww 2010, \hw-_ 17
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
1--mw Znhkw
DZvLm-S\
Znhkw
ae-bm-f-kmlnXyw Ign
Zi-I-n
]s-Sp--h
115

2- - -- mw Znhkw

3-mw Znhkw

4-mw Znhkw

5-mw Znhkw

6-- -mw Znhkw

7- -mw Znhkw

t\mh
\mSIw
IhnX
_me-km-lnXyw
kmln-XyIY
Ign Zi-I- Ign Zi-I-n Ign Zi-I- hnai\w Ign Ign Zi-I- Ign Zin
I-n
n
n
Zi-I-n
]s-Sp--h
]s-Sp--h
]s-Sp--h
]s-Sp--h ]s-Sp--h
]s-Sp--h
46
62
54
53
50
80

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2010 \hw-_-dnse kt-f-\-n Hmtcm Znh-k-sbpw ]cn-]m-Sn-bn Fnb AXnYn-I-fn {][m-\-s--hsc {in-p-I.
DZvLm-S\w Sn. ]Zva-\m-`-\m-bn-cpp. Fw. ANyp-X, Atim-I Ncp-hn, ]n.-sI.
cmP-ti-J-c Fn-s\ apXn Xe-ap-d-bnepw ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bnepw s] Fgp-p-Imcpw
kn-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-p. D Xncn-m-I-s, ap-Xn-e-[nIw Ihn-I ]s-Sp Ihn-b-c-v.
Fnpw BsI kZ-ky-cm-sb-n-b-Xv \qn--Xn-\-p-t]. kwLm-S-Icpw AXn-Yn-Ifpw IhnIfpw Ign-m ]no-Sp-Xv Gsd Ime-ambn ]cn-j-p-ambn kl-I-cn-p Nnecpw
Iptd tImtfPv hnZymn-Ifpw Ihn-I-fpsS _p-fpw am{Xw.
c-mw Znhkw _me-km-ln-Xy-s-p-dn-p kt-f-\-am-bn-cpp Ghpw ipjvIw.
BsI kZ-ky-cpsS Fw 46. IYm-k-t-f-\-n ]p\-n Ip-_vZp apX
ktmjv Gn-m\hpw C. ktmjvIpamdpw hsc-bp anI IYm-Ir-p--fp--m-bnpw
kZ-ky 62-semXp-n. Ihn-Xm-k-t-f-\-n {ioIp-am-c Xn apX Fkv. tPmk^v
hsc ]s-Sp--tm kZ-ky 80-se-n-bXv ]ntv hnai\ kt-f-\-n 52 Bbn
Ipd-p. t\mh kt-f-\-nepw kZ-ky 53 am{Xw. kt-f-\-hn-jbw \mS-I-am-b-tm
50 Dw. kwLm-S-I-cpssS icm-icn 50 t] am{X-a-S-p kZ-mWv kakvX tIc-f-km17

ln-Xy-]-cn-jv \S-nb Ghpw {][m\-s hmjn-I-k-t-f\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn ]s-SpXv.

apIm-e--fn \np `n-ambn, kmln-Xy-cw-Kp Nph-Sp-sh-bvp ]pXp-\n-cmtcm, a-c--fn hnPbw t\Sn Ihn-Xtbm IYtbm Ah-X-cn-n-p--htcm Hpw ]cnjv thZn-I-fn-se-p-n-. kmlnXyw Xosc aqey-an-m Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-I-cq-]-ambn
amdn--gn Ime-ns hnfw-_-c-amWv hjw-tXmdpw Ipd-p-h-cp kZ-ky-cpsS Cu
Fw. kmln-Xy-{]-h-Icpw Bkzm-Z-Icpw Htc coXn-bn Ccw kt-f-\--fn \nI-epp F-XmWv CXns {]Xy--X-ew. kmln-Xy-{]-`m-j-W-pw kmln-Xy-NIp-samw mkn- Zriy-Ie
- I
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Am-Z-an-bpsS ]e ]cn]mSnIfpw.
tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-Zan
ka-kvX-tI-c-f-km-lnXy ]cn-j-n \nv `n-ambn k-m {KmtmsS {]hnp kmlnXy Am-Zan hjw apgp-h \o-p \nevp kmlnXy, kmln-tXyXc ]cn]m-Sn-I-fpsS CS-am-Wv. ]pc-kvIm-c-, A\p-kva-c-W-, Iymp-I, ]pkvX-I-{]-Im-i\w
XpS-n-bh Am-Zan Bm-\p h ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fmbn \S-p--Xn-\p-]p-dsa, \mSns
\m\m-`m-K--fn Am-Zan ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-am-sb-p-p.
]pkvX-I-{]-km-[-\w, Cwo-jnepw ae-bm-f-n-ep-ap (Malayalam Literary Survey,
kmln-Xy-temIw XpS-n-b-h) {]kn-o-I-c-W- Fn-s\ \nc-h[n kmln-Xy-{]-h\-fpw Am-Zan Gs-Spp \S-p-p--v. tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv Ign-m km
DS-a--X-bn-ep Ghpw henb {]kno-I-c-W-m-]-\-amWv Am-Z-an. ]T-\-{K--,
`mjm, kmlnXy Ncn-{X- XpS-n-b-hbmWv {K-{]-kn-o-I-c-W-cw-Kv Am-Zan
{]m[m\yw sImSp-p--h. icm-icn 20 ]pkvXI
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hjhpw ]pd-p-h-cp-p.
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kmln-Xy-{]-h-I-tc-m cmjv{So-b-{]-h-I-cmWv Am-Zan `c-W-k-anXn \nb{n-p--Xv. CS-Xp, heXp km-cp-I amdn amdn hcp-tmgpw Cu nXnp am-an-.
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I Bkq-{XWw sNp--Xnepw \S-p--Xnepw
hy-amb cm{ob Nmbvhv {]I-S-am-Ip-p. cm{ob]mn-I-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-Z-m-fm
Am-Zan `cWw I-S-pw. ]pc-kvIm-c- apX ]pkvX-I--fpsS {]kn-o-I-cWw hscbph Ch \n-bn-pw. kt-f-\--fp-sSbpw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw Imcyw ]d-bm-\p-an-.
kwm-\s Ghpw anI sse{_-dn-I-fn-sem-v, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-K-th-j18

W-tI-{w, kmln-Xy-Im-c-ayq-kn-bw, amkn-Im-ti-J-cw Fn-s\ \nc-h[n khn-ti-j-X-Ifp kmlnXy Am-Z-an-bn kmlnXy kw_-n-bmb hnj-b--tf-m ]e-tmgpw
{]m[m\yw Inp-Xv ap-]-e-Xn-\p-amWv Fpw ImWmw.
kzImcyhynIfpsS kwcw`amb kmlnXy ]cnjn\pw km \nbanp
kanXn \nb{np kmlnXyAmZanpw AhcpsS kmwkvImcnI aqe[\ambpffXv
kmlnXyw am{XamWv. asmcp aWvUenepw hyhlmcnepw CSs]Sm\pff Xm]cytam
km[yXtbm Cu m]\n. Hcp kmwkv I mcnIhyhlmcsa\nebn
kmlnXyn\p hncnp AkvXnXz {]XnknI Cu m]\sf t\cnp Xs
_m[nppshmWv ChbpsS kmlnXyktf\fnse ]cnanXamb P\]mfnhpw
DffSLS\bpw sXfnbnpXv.
Hcphiv, 1990Ifn \nehnh Nen{X AmZan t]mepff m]\ Gsd
P\]mfntmsSbpw hhn]Wn, am[ya ]npWtbmsSbpw Amcmjv { S
Nent{Xmh t]mepw \Sn \ne\npp(Ccw Nent{Xmhp
ssIh P\{]nbLS\bpw \jvSamb htcWy kz`mhhpw NsNstS asmcp
hnjbamWv). adphiv, hn]Wn ]npWtbm am[ya {itbm P\]mfntam e`nm
Hmbn kmlnXyktf\ amdpp. hn]Wn ]npWbpw am[ya {ibpw e`nm
kmwkv I mcnI {ia km ^n am{Xw \ne\np AhbmWv
bYmYn CpffXv . kwkv I mchyhkmbns Fmesbpw kz`mhw
CXpXsbmbncppXm\pw. kmtXnI hnZyIp tassbpff IeIfpw CXc
kmwkv I mcnI cq]fpw P\{ibmI jnptm

hmb\bpsSbpw AXns

A\p`htemIfpsS ]phbvensbpw t\v apJwXncnm Xosc Ipdpt] am{Xta

XmdmIppffp.
kmlnXy AmZanbpsS Bm\amb Xriqcn Xs, Hmtcmhjhpw \Sp
Nen t{Xmhpw, (s]mXpthZnIfn \mSIw anhmdpw Xntcm`hnnpw)
tZiob\mStIm hpw P\]mfnw Hpw Ipdh FpIqSn ImWptmgmWv
]ccmKXkmlnXyw kwkvImcn\p ]pdmbngnpsh [mcW _esSpXv.
h[n hn]Wn, am[yaaqeyfpsS ^eambn kmlnXy{]hI ]mizhcn
sSpXpw ]pXnb IemtaJeIfn \npffh XmchcnsSpXpw CtXmSp
tNphmbntXmWv . IhnbcpIsXmv kmlnXykw_nbmb GXp
s]mXpktf\hpw P\clnXambngnncnpp, Cv.
kmlnXy]cnjv, kmlnXyAmZan XpSnb m]\fpsS kmlnXykev]w
Xsbpw B[p\nIXbpsS apgph sIp]mSpIfpapff htcWy`mhpIXzns\mamWv
\nesImffpXv FXmWv asmcp hkvXpX. P\{]nbamb kmwkvImcnIhyhlmc
am{Xw \ne\np (kwKoXw, kn\na, kvt]mSvkv......) CeIvt{SmWnIv am[yaImens
s]mXpaWvUen Ccsamcp kmlnXy`mhpIXzn\p {]XnknIfpmhpI
kzm`mhnIamWv. CXns\ adnISm m]\p apn ]ehgnIfpv. HpIn,
19

XfpsS kmlnXykev]\s P\{]nbhyhlmcaWvUefntep ]cnhnnpI

tbm Acw aWv U eIqSn kmlnXyns\mw AWn\ncpItbm sNpI.
kmlnXyAmZanbn \Sp kmbm\ Nen{X{]Zi\pw CXc Zriy, cwK
Iem]cn]mSnIpapff P\]mfnw CXn\psXfnhmWv . Asn, P\{]nb
Iemcq] t]mseXs P\{]nbamb kmaqly kahmIy XfpsS {]h\
]cn]mSnbn DsSppI. Xncq Xp]dv kmlnXy ktf\fpsS `mKambn
\Sp mkn, t^mIv, P\{]nb Iem]cn]mSnIfpw aXmflI ]cnthjtmsS
\Sp Fgpn\ncppw DZmlcWamWv. GXYnepw P\{]nbamImsX \ne\nm
\mhns Ahbntev apgph A[p\nI kmwkvImcnI hyhlmcpapmb
]cnWmans Ghpw henb DZmlcWambn amdpp, kmlnXyhpw kmlnXym]
\fpw.
Xp kvamcIw
kmlnXy Am-Z-an, km \nb-{-W-n-ep `c-W-k-an-Xn-bmWv \bn-p--sXn Xp kvamcIw 2001 apX kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap Hcp {Sns \nb-{-W-n-emWv. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h \mb-cmWv 1993 apX Xp kvamc-I-ns sNbam. 2001
{Smbn amdn-b-tmgpw Fw.Sn.v am-ap--m-bn-.
Kth-j-W-tI-{w, d^-djy sse{_dn Fo \ne-I-fn IqSn {]hn-p
Xp kvamc-I-n BZys ae-bmf kmln-Xy-ayq-knbw ASp Imev \ne-hn
hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tIc-f
- n \S-p Ghpw hn]p-ea
- mb tZio-bk
- m-ln-Xy-sk-an-\m Xp kmlntXym--h-am-Wv.
CtXm-sSm-w {][m-\-amWv ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-sbpw tIc-fob kmwkvIm-cnI taJe-I-sfbpw Ipdnv kmln-tXym--h-n \S-p kt-f-\-fpw. Ghpw {it-b-amb
kwKXn ]I \S-p kmln-Xy-k-t-f-\--fn s]mXp-hn-ep-Xv tImtfPv hnZymnI-fpsS am{Xw kmn-y-am-sW-n sshIp-t-c--fn \S-p Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn \mpIm-cpsS / s]mXp-P-\--fpsS h]-m-fn--ap--m-Ipp F-Xm-Wv. kmln-Xy-N-Itm
{]`m-j-W-tm Hcp s]mXp-k-aq-ls BIjn-m Ign-bp-n- Fw. kmlnXob kZv (Literary Audience) Fp hnfn-m-hp Hns A`m-h-amWv ]cn-j-ns
]cn-]m-Sn-If
- nepw Am-Za
- n-If
- psS ]cn-]m-Sn-If
- n-ep-sa t]mse Xp kvamc-I
- nepw {]IS-am-Ip {][m-\-h-kvXp-X. Fm \rw, Km\-ta-f, \mSIw XpS-n-b-hbvv s]mXp-k-aqls BIjn- m Ign- b p- p- a p- - v .
Xp kvamc-I-n \S-p kmln-Xy-k-t-f-\--fn {]I-S-am-Ip Hcp kz`mhw, aXm--I-co-Xn-I-tfmsS \S-p 'Fgp-- ]qP'bmWv. Fgp-mWn Fgp--nv,
kvamc-I
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, ssl--hOmb Bpw hy-am-Ip Hm-Wv. s]mXp-hn Bfp-I Hcp t{X-Zi-\n-\p-t]m-Ip at\m-`m-h-n-emWv Xp kvamc-I-n-se-p--Xv. {Sv, Xp kvamcI-ns coXn-I \S-m-p-Xpw As\ Xs-bm-Wv.
Cu kz`m-h-ns G-hpw henb {]I-S-\-th-Zn-sb \ne-bn am{X-a-, Hcp
kmwkvIm-cn-I-m-]\-sa \ne-bn Xp kvamc-I-n\p kw`hn-n-cn-p h {[phoI-cW
-
- ns IqSn sXfn-hmbn amdpp HIvtSm-_ amk-n hnP-bZ- i
- an Zn\-n ChnsS
\S-p Fgp-n-\n-cp-v.
Ambn-c-n-e-[nIw t]cmWv Hmtcm hjhpw Xp ]d-n Fgp-n-\n-cp-n\v
Cu Znhkw am{Xw Fp--Xv. (2010se IW--\p-k-cnv CXv 4500 t]cm-Wv).
c-v kwK-Xn-I-fmWv Fgp-n-\n-cp-n {]I-S-am-Ip--Xv.
Hv, `qcn-]-hpw apow A[n-hm-k--e-am-bnpw Xncq Xp ]d-n apo \ma-am-{X-am-bn-t]mepw Fgp-n-\n-cp-m-s\-m-dn-. s]mXp-hn hnP-bZ- i
- an Zn\-nse
Fgp-n-\n-cpv atX-X-c-amb Hcp NS- F-Xp-sIm--p-Xs Aln-p--fpsS {]mXn\n[yw Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. t{X- tI{o-I-cnv \S-p Fgp-n-\n-cp-n\v am[y-a \evIp {]m[m-\yhpw Cu NS-ns ssl-h-kz-`mhw Cc-n-n-p-p.
c-v, atX-X-c-ambn Fgp-n-\n-cpv \S-m Xp kvamc-Ihpw {ian-p-n-.
\m\m PmXn aX--fn s]-h 'Fgp-m-im-m-cmbn Fp-p-s-nepw NS-ns s]mXpkz-`mhw ssl-hm-Nm-c{- ]-Imcw \S-s
- -Sp Hmbn CXns\ amp-p. kvamc-I
- n-\pn
Xs-bp kc-kz-Xo-t-{X-nse ]qP, \ne-hn-f-p-Iv apnse Fgp-n-\n-cnv Fns\ Hmtcm NSpw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
kmln-Xy-n-sbpw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw atX-Xc ]mc-cyw Imp-kq-n-tD-ch
- m-Znw Fgp-n-\n-cpp NS-n Xp kvamcI {Sv ]men-p-n Fp-Xs
]d- t b- - n - b n- c n- p- p. Fw.Sn hmkptZh\mbcpsS t\XrXzhpw P\]mfnhpw aqew
henb am[ya{ibpw aXmflI LS\aqew {]Xntema]camb HcpXcw kmaqlnI]n
pWbpw Hnpt\SnsmmWv Fgpn\ncpp NSv Xp]dn \SpXv.
`mjm-]n-Xmhv Fsms ]dv Fgp--s\ Ncn-t{X-X-c-ambn m]n-s-Sp-m-\p {iafpw CtXm-sSmw hnai-\m--I-ambn ImtW-- Xm-Wv.

`mjm-t]m-jnWn
kmwkvImcnI m]\fpsSbpw kmlnXykwLS\IfpsSbpw aWvUenep
- m b Cu am-ns asmcp sXfnhv kmln-Xy-{]-kn-o-I-c-W--fpsS cwKs am--fmWv . c- p - X - e - - f n ImWmw Cu hnj-b-s. Hv, s]mXp-{]-kn-o-I-c-W--fn kmlnXy-n\p \jvS-am-bn-sm--n-cn-p {]mXn-\n[yw. (]p-kvX-I-{]-km-[-\-m-]-\--sf-pdn-p ]T-\-n ae-bm-f-nse ]pkvX-I-{]-km-[-\-nepw hnev]-\-bnepw hmb-\-bn-epsams kmln-tXy-Xc taJe kmln-Xy-ta-J-esb adn-I-S-p--Xn-s\-p-dn-p hnh-c-
t{ImUo- I - c n- p- p- - v . hmb- \ - i m- e - I - s fp- d n- p ]T- \ hpw CXp- i - c n- h - b v p- p). c- v ,
21

kmlnXy {]kn-o-I-c-W- Fp hnfn-m-hp-h Hn-s\mp Xntcm-`-hn-p-I-tbm, \ne\n-evp--h-bn Xs kmlnXy hnj-b- {Ia-n A{]-[m-\-am-Ip-Itbm sNp
Ah-.
c-m-as Xe-amWv `mjm-t]m-jnWn ap\nn ChnsS N sNp--Xv.
1992 apX 2010 hsc-bp Imev Nne L--fn Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw tImn-tbmfw
{]Nmcw hn-p `mjm-t]m-jnWn Nne L--fn ]{--m-bncw tImn hsc-bmbn
Xmgp-p.
Ghpw {it-b-am-Ip hkvXpX {]mtbW kmln-Xy-hn-j-b- am{Xw N
sNbvXn-cp `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, Cu L-n (1992-2010) htXmXn kmln-tXy-Xc hnjb--fpsS N-bn-tev amdpp F-Xm-Wv.
kn\n-a, kv{Xohm-Zw, ZfnXv hmZw, PmXn, bm{X, A\p-`-hw, cm{o-bw, tZiw, Nn{X-I-e,
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-hm-Z- Fn-s\ F{X-sb-nepw hnj-b- Ihtm-dn-bmbns
\evIp coXn `mjm-t]m-jnWn kzoI-cn-p-p. apv CXm-bn-cp-n Ah-. `mj, hymIc-Ww, `mjm-imkv{Xw, kmln-Xy-hn-ai-\w, ka-kym-]q-c-Ww, kntm-knbw Fn-s\
GXm-v ]qW-ambpw `mjm, -km-ln-Xy-tI-{n-X-am-bn-cpp 1990-I-fpsS XpSw hsc `mjmt]m-jn-Wn.
]noSv Imcy- amdn-h-p. {]Nm-c-n h[-\hp-mIp-n-s-nt]mepw kmlnXy-hn-j-b--fn Ddp-\nm `mjm-t]m-jnWn Xm]cyw ImWn-p-n-. m]-\ns kmnI Xm]-cy-s-m ChnsS {]I-Sam-Ip LSIw hmb-\-bpsS a-en-ep--mb `mhp-I-Xz-hy-Xn-bm-\-am-Wv. ]pkvX-Icw-K-s--t]mse B\p-Im-en-I-a--enepw hmb-\-bpsS ]pXnb KW- cq]w sIm-ph-cp-Xv `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn-bpsSbp
kmln-Xy-{]-kn-o-I-c-W--fp-sSbpw D-Sw s]mfns-gp-Xn.
F]-Xp-I-fn Hcp ew tImn-hsc {]Nm-c-ap--mbn-cp amXr-`qan BgvNXnp
am{Xa (Jeffrey, 2000) Ac-ew tImn-hsc {]Nmcap-mbn-cp Ipp-aw, Iem-Iu-apZn,
XpS-n-b-hbpw 90 Ifn- Bcw`n ka-Im-enI ae-bmfw, am[yaw, CymSpsU XpS-nbhbpw {]Nm- c - n h{]- X n- k - n- b mWv Cgn hj- - f n t\cnSp- - X v .
ASnm\]camb cp ImcWfmWv kmlnXyamknIIsfbpw s]mXpamknIIfnse
kmlnXyhn`mKsbpw Cuhn[samcp amntep \bnXv Fp ImWmw. ]pXnb
hyhlmc ]ccmKX kmlnXys amn {]XnjvTnpshXmWv Hmas ImcWw.
amKknhyhkmb cwKpmb s]mXpamyamWv cmas ImcWw. Hcphiv
B[p\nIm\c kmaqly, cmjv { Sob hyhlmcp ssIh ]pXnsbmcp
hmb\mkaqlhpw Acw hnjbsfpdnp cq]wsIm ]pXnb Fgppcq]fpw
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cmjv{Sobv 1990IfpsS XpSw apX ssIh kmlnXy {]thiw, A\p`hhpw
kn\nabpapssSbpff kmlntXyXc cq]pmb P\Iob hmb\mkzcq]w
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B\pImenIsmw _m[IamWv Cu \ncoWw. kmlnXyaWvUen\p]Icw
22

s]mXpaWv U eamsSXs kmwkv I mcnIhyhlmcfntep ]cImb {]thiw

\Snsbpw thWsan Cu ams hntijnnmw. ASpImewhsc
kmlnXyn\p am{Xw {]mXn\n[yapmbncp ]e hmjnIXnpIfpw kmlnXyw
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Gsd ]cky]npWtbmsS {]knoIcnsSppapv.
kmlnXyw am{Xa, cmjv{SobapssSbpff anhnjbfpw {]Xn]mZnp
B\pImenI cwKw Xs hmb\maWvUen t\cnSp {]Xnkn Hcp BtKmf
{]Xn`mkamWv . sSenhnj, Cs\v FnhbpsS t\cnpff {]`mhamWv Cu
{]Xnknp ImcWambn NqnmWnsSpXv . hmmNm\epIfpsSbpw
Cs\ns hmmam[ya km[yXIfpsSbpw ap]n ssSw, \yqkvhov XpSnb
amknII t]mepw ]nSnp\nm Ignbm Ahbnsen. CXn \yqkvhov
Cu hjamZyw ASn \nn Hmsse tPWembn amdn. Cu Hm sse kzcq]amWv
B\pImenIfpsS cwKpmb Ghpw henb CeIvt{SmWnIv hnhw.
kmlnXys DffSn \nv ]camh[n Hgnhmn ]Icw hmb\mcq]
DsmffnpI, t^mtmtPWenkns km[yXI [mcmfw D]tbmKnpI, tmKv
kmlnXyapssSbpff kmlnXyns Xs CeIvt{SmWnIv cq]sf A`nkwt_m[\
sNpI Fns\ {]Xnknbnemb B\pImenI kzoIcnp X{
Hcphiv. adphiv h\nX F B\pImenIw sXfnbnp Akm[mcWamb hn]Wn
hnPbns DZmlcWhpw.
s]mXp[mcbn hmmNm\epIpw cmjv{Sob hmIpw

t{]Itcm

hmb\mtcm Bbn e`nm kv{XoIfpsS a[yD]cnhK PohnX Xmev]cyfpsS

tamltemIw XpdnSp {]knoIcWamWv h\nX. kucyw, ssewKnIX, D]t`mKw
Fns\ {][m\ambpw aqp kahmIyfnemWv h\nXbpsS P\{]oXn
\ne\npXv . sSenhnj cwKv ht\mZNm\epIpmb {]Nmcn\p
kamcambmWv aebmfn Cu {]knoIcWhpw Cu \ne ssIhcnXv. Ghpw
{][m\s hkvXpX, ]cky kzbw Hcp am[yahn`hambn hmb\msc(ImgvNmsc
Fpw ]dbmw) BIjnpp FXmWv. sSenhnj ]ckysft]mse, ]ckyhpw
Adnhpw hnt\mZhpw Xnepff Fm AXnhcpIfpw ampt]mIp Ah
krjvSnpsImpXs h\nXsb ]npSv hoSv, ]mNIw, BtcmKyw, bm{X, hml\w
XpSnb taJeIfn aebmfnepmIp ]pXnb B\pImenI hyhkmbhpw
{itbamIpXv ChnsSbmWv. hmb\sbm ImgvN tass t\Spp Chbn FXv
hniZoIcWw Bhiyanm \ncoWambn amdpp.

23

`mjm-t]m-jnWn 1993 2010

DffShnhcw
hjw

{]Nmcw

1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
BsI

15413
15956
15264
14932
17538
19350
20806
23671
20298
15438
20335
17861
16140
14093
14517
12636
14382
15345

kmln-Xy-hn-jbw Ihtmdn kmln-tXyXc hn-jbw Ihtmdn

Fw
iX-am\w
Fw
iX-am\w
3
4
4
3
4
2
4
6
3
2
5
2
6
2
1
1
2
54

33 %
40%
40%
30%
36%
18%
29%
37%
27%
29%
45%
15%
55%
17%
8%
8%
15%

6
6
6
7
7
9
10
10
8
5
6
11
5
10
11
11
11
122

67%
60%
60%
70%
64%
82%
71%
63%
73%
71%
55%
85%
45%
83%
92%
92%
85%

4. ]pkvX-I-{]-km-[-\-cwKw
kmlnXyhm-b-\bvv s]mXphn c-p am[y-a--fm-Wp--Xv. B\p-Im-en-I-fpw
]pkvX-I-fpw. P\-{]n-b-km-lnXyw,\ne-hm-c-'ap kmlnXyw Fn-s\ c-p `mhp-IXz--fn-eq-n-bmWv 1950 I apX-senepw Cu hmb\ aptm-p-t]m-bnp-Xv. ss]nfn
hmcn-I-I F-dn-b-s-Sp \nc-h[n B\p-Im-en-I--fnepw kam--c-amb ]pkvXI-hn-]Wn-bnepw IqSn 1950 Ifn-em-cw`nv 1980- Ifn h hf t\Sn 1990 Ifn bnp XpSp--XmWv ae-bm-f-nse P\-{]nb kmln-Xy-kw-kvImcw. kn\na t]mep Ie-I-fpsS
kzm[o-\hpw {]`m-hhpw Cu kmln-Xy-`m-h\
- sb ]cphs-Sp-nbXn\p]n-n ImWmw. thdn
B\p-Im-en-I, ]pkvX-I, {]km-[-\, hmb-\m-a--e-; thdn hmb-\m-k-aq-lw, hmb-\-ime-I hgn G-hp-a-[nIw hmbn--s kmln-Xy-KWw Fn-s\ F{X-sb-nepw kz`m-h ap\nn hni-I-e\w sNt- HmWv ae-bm-f-nse Cu P\-{]n-b-km-lnXy
kwkvIm-c-ntXvv (A-Sp `mKv Cu hnjbw N sNmw).
asmcp hn-`mKw B\p-Im-en-I hgnbpw ]pkvXI hn]Wn hgn-bp-amWv \ne-hm-cs kmlnXyntbpw hmb\ ae-bm-f-n km[yam-Ip--Xv. P\-{]nb kmlnXyw,
t\mh F H cq]s am{Xw B{i-bnp \ne-\np Hm-sW-n asm kmlnXy
cq]-fpw \ne-hm-c'-s kmlnXy-hn-`m-K-n {]k--am-Wv. \mS-Iw, Ihn-X, IY Fn24

s\. Fp am{Xa-, Zi-e---W-n-\p-tIm-n-I {]Nm-c-ap B\p-Im-en-I--fmWv

P\-{]n-b-kmlnXy-ns apJy-am-[y-a-sa-n Bbnc-W-n-\p-am{Xw {]Nm-c-ap B\pIm-en-I
- f
- pw ]pkvXI
-
- ns t\cnp hnev]\
- bpw hmb-\i
- m-eh
- g
- n-bp hnX-cW
- hp-amWv
\ne-hm-c'-s kmlnXy-ns apJy-hm-b-\m-amK-. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]pkvX-I-{]-km-

[-\taJe-bnse am- Cu kmlnXy-kw-kvIm-c-ns kao-]-Ime {]h-W-X-IfpsS

Ghpw {][m-\-s Af-hp-tIm-ep-am-Wv.
]sm]Xmw \qm-n Xs Bcw-`n-p ae-bm-f-]p-kvXI{]-km-[-\-cw-Kv
km, kzImcy taJe-I-fn \ne-hn h {]km-[\
-- m-eb-fn Ghpw {]ap-J-amWv
Un.kn _pIvkv. G-hp-a-[nIw ae-bm-f-]p-kvX-I- {]kno-I-cn-p m]-\hpw B[p\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-ns s\SpwXqWpIfnsempw Cu {]km-[-\-m-]-\amWv.
1995 hsc-bp ]pkvXI
-
- f
- psS IW-m-Wv tIcf-km-lnXy Am-Za
- n-bpsS t\XrXzn ae-bm-f-{K--kqNnbn kam-l-cn-n-p--Xv. sI. Fw. tKmhn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-n
Ch-bn 6575 iX-am-\hpw kmln-Xy-{K---fm-Wv (2000:105).
1996 apX Hmtcmhjhpw samw {]kn-o-I-cn--s-Sp ae-bm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS
IWv e`ya-snepw km, kzIm-cytaJe-I-fnep {]km-[I-cpsS s]mXp\ne ]cntim-[n-m ]IpXntbmfw ]pkvX-I-sf-nepw Un.kn _pIvkntXmsW-p-Im-Wmw (hnZym`ymk {K- Hgn-sI). kmln-Xyw, sshm\n-Iw, Ncn{Xw, imkv{Xw, sXmgn,
hynXzhn-Im-kw, aXw, kn\n-a, kwKoXw, Ie, hnai\w Fn-s\ GXp taJebnepw
nXn hyXy-kvX-a. Bo-b-X, ssewKnIX, hntZi-t\m-h hnh-\w, bm{X-mhn-h-cWw, A\p-`hw XpS-nb taJe-I-fnse {K--fpsS {]kn-o-I-c-W-n kao-]-Im-e-p- m b h h[- \ - h pw, \nL- - p - , cmam- b - W w, Nne kq- k - a mlmc- , Nne hnhctImi XpS-n-b-h-bn krjvSnp-sImt-bncnp hnkva-b-I-c-amb hmjnI hnev]\bpw CXn\p-]p-dtabp ]pkvXI hn]-Wn-bnse {itbamb {]h-W-X-I-fm-Wv.
kmlnXy-{]-hI kl-I-c-W-kwLw t]mep m]-\- {]Xn-kn t\cnSpIbpw sNdp-InS kzImcy {]km-[-I ]ecpw Xntcm-`-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Un.-kn.
_pIvkns IpI IqSp-X {]IS-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fnepw Ign c-p ZiI-mev hn]-Wn-bn XctSnmsX ]nSnp \np Nne {]kn-o-I-c-W-m-]\
Un. kn. _pIvkntXn \np `n-amb Nne hmb-\m-K-W--fn {itbamb tass
t\Snbn-p--v. Henhv _pvkv XncY-I-fp-sSbpw Ne-n-{X-Km-\]T\fp-sSbpw cwKv \Snb aptw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

hntZit\m-h-ep-I-fpsS hnh\-amWv {Ko_pIvkv

t]mep m]-\-fpw Un.kn bpw Xn acw \ne-\np taJe-I-fn-semv.

1990 IfpsS XpSw sXmp-Xs Un. kn. _pIvkns ]pkvXI {]km-[-\-k-ao-]\w
ap]n-m-Xn-cp--hn[w amdn-h-cp-p--v. GXm-p ]q-ambpw kmln-Xy-]p-kvX-I- {]kno-I-cn-n-cp Un.kn _pIvkv, amdn-h-cp hmb-\m-io-e-pw ]pXnb BJym-\-K-Wpw hgn-sbmcpn kmlntXyXc a-entev {i Xncnp XpS-p-p. Fm-e25

sbpw Ghpw P\-{]nb-amb hmb-\m-cq-]-sa \ne-bn t\mh XsbmWv Un. kn.

_pIvkns {]kn-o-Ic
- W taJe-bn Hmw m\-p-Xv (]nI ImWpI) 2001 teXns
GXm- v \men- c n h- \ hv t\mh- e p- I - f psS F- n am{X- a p- m bn.
CXv Un.kn _pIv k ns am{Xw IY- b - . ae- b m- f - ] p- k v X I {]km- [ - \ - c w- K v
s]mXphn 194050 Zi-Iw-hsc IhnX, \mS-Iw, IY Fn-h-bvp-m-bn-cp tass
1950ItfmsS t\mh I-S-p-p.

18501950 Imev BsI {]kn-o-I-cn t\mh-ep-I-

fpsS Fw 725 BsW-n 195060 Zi-I-nam{Xw 974 t\mh-ep-I {]kn-o-Ir-X-am-bn.

sXmp-apZ-i-I-nt]mepw CXv 253 Bbn-cp-p.
kmlnXy{]km[\w aebmfnt\mhens aptw
hjw

IhnX

IY

\mSIw

t\mh

1941 50

628

345

257

253

195160

780

678

710

974

1961 70

723

566

620

1305

197180

623

384

560

1661

198190

1012

549

589

1675

2000- 2009

380

539

1225

Un.kn _pIvkv am{Xw

c-pZiIw app-hsc Un.-kn. _pIvkv {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp ]pkvX-I--fn `qcn-`m-Khpw
kmln-Xy-am-bn-cp-p. {]km-[-\-nepw hnev]-\-bnepw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hmb-\-bnepw kmlnXy- n\v 90- I- f psS c- m w ]Ip- X n- b n t]mep- a p- - m - b n- c p UnamUv Cn- m- X m- b n- c npp Fv kqNn-n-p-sIm-v Un.-kn. _pIvkns ]n-t-j amt\-Pcmbncp F.
cmtP-jvIp-am 2002 Xs Nne hkvXp-X-I hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I-bp--m-bn. 2001 Pq amkn Un.-kn. _pIvkv {]kn-o-I-cn ap-n-c-v ]pkvX-I--fn kmlnXyw Fv hnfnm-hp-h cs---am-Wv. Pqsse-bn {]kn-o-I-cn ap-n-aqp ]pkvX-I--fnepw cs--amWv kmlnXyw. ]noSv {]kn-o-I-cn-m env sNbvXncp Ccp-q--Xp ]pkvX-I-fn kmlnXyw Hcp Uk-\n-e-[n-I-an-. Ch-bn Hsc-w-t]mepw hnev]-\-bn Hmw
\nc-bntem c-mw-\n-c-bntem hcm-hp--h-bp-a-. s]mXpth kmln-Xy-n Ihn-Xbvpw \mSI-n\pw av hn]Wn Cm-Xm-bn--gn-n-cn-p-p. 18-mw \qm--ns XpS--n {]km-[I krjvSn kmln-Xy-cq]w Fv AetUm-Wn-sb-tm-ep--h hnfn-p t\mh-en\v
am{X-amWv Cv t`Z-s hn]-Wn-bp--Xv.
kmln-Xy-{]-km-[-\-nepw hnev]-\-bnepw IqSn Un.-kn. Ing-t-apdn sIn--Sp Cu
m]-\-n\v kmln-Xyw-sIm-v C\n ]nSn-p-\nm-\m-hn Fp Xncn--dn-bp--Xp-sIm-v
IqSn-bmWv chn Un.kn, Bv Kme-dnbpw amt\-Pvsa v ]T-\-m-]-\hpw s{_Uv BUv
t{_v ^mvsam-s-bmbn Xs _nkn-\k
- n sshhn[yw hcpnbXv. AXn-ep-]cn ]pkvXI-hn-ev]-\-bn kmln-Xy-ns ]e-a-Sv hn-gn-bp-Xv kmln-tXy-Xc IrXn-I-fmWv F
{]hWXbpw ({]-[m-\-ambpw Cwojv ]pkvX-I-) hyamWv.
26

Un.-kn. _pIvkv 2000-2009

hnj-b-hn-hcw

2000 2001 2002 2003

81 55 60 68

2004
200

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 BsI

76 145 210 181 149 1225

t\mh

IY

35 35

40 61

52

39 47 69 79

82

539

IhnX

20 25

17

42

19

35 55 65 44

58

380

]T\w

30 50

33 15

49

41

66 53 60

39

436

_me-km-lnXyw

65 31

15

17

24 82 113 70

46

472

\nL-p

23 22

16

24 31 23

18

174

30 49

42 48

29

35 20 82 63

58

456

2 3

13

10

63

PohNcn{Xw

5 17

26 26

26

29 54 66 91

101

441

10

kqw

4 3

33

11

]pcmWw/

4 6

58

-4

44

2 3

36

imkv{Xw/
sF.Sn

hyn-Xzhn-Ik\w

11

B-IY/

Bobw
12

Xnc-Y -

13

t^mIvtem

kmlnXyw / kmln-tXy-Xcw F hn`-P-\-ns ASn-m-\-n ]cn-tim-[n-ptm kmlnXy ]pkvX-I--fmWv F-n apn-ep-Xv.

kmlnXy ]pkvX-I--fn t\mh-ep-I-fmWv IqSp-X {]kn-o-I-cn-p--Xv. IY,
CXns ]IpXn-hcpw, IhnX t\mh-ens GXm-v aqn-semv. _me-km-ln-Xy-amWv Cu
Zi-I-n Gdnbpw Ipd-pw [mcmfw ASn-s Hcp hn`mKw. imkv{Xw, sF.Sn Fo
hn`m-K
- f
- ns IrXn-If
- psS Fw Ihn-Xs-- b-m-f[
- n-Ia
- m-Wv. B-IY
- , Poh-Nc
- n{Xw Fnh-bmWv CXns\mw P\-{]n-b-amb asmcp KWw.A\p-`hw' F coXn-bn Fgp-X-sSp
B-I-Y-I, tIsgp-v F coXnbn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip BI-YIfpw Poh-N-cn-{Xfpw Fnh Cmep ae-bm-f-n Ghpw {i-bm-Ijn BJym\cq]-amWv.
Cgn Zi-I-n aebm-f-]p-kvXI hn]-Wn-bn Ghpw hnp-hchp t\Snb Xnc--YI-fpsS cwK-m-Is av sNdp-InS {]km-[-I-cpsS t\w CXphsc Un. kn. _pIvkn\p--mm Ign-n-n-.
aebmf at\m-ca BtKm-f-{]-km-[-I-cmb s]Kzn\p-ambn tNv Bcw-`n {]km[\kwcw`w 2005- \ne-hn hp-sh-nepw XpSntmv {itbam-bn-. amXr-`qan
_pIvkv, ]s {itbamb t\-fp--mn aptdpIbpw sNbvXp. ssIcfn _pIvkv (Iq). Henhv, en]n (tIm-gntm-Sv), Id- v _pIvkv, {Ko_pIvkv (Xr-q) kn sF kn kn
27

(F-d-Wm-Ip-fw), Fkv. ]n. kn. Fkv (tIm--bw) ]cn-[n, Nn, {]`mXv (Xn-cp-h-\--]p-cw) XpSnb \nc-h[n ]pkvXI {]kn-o-I-c-W-m-]-\- Cpw kPo-h-ambn cwK-p--v.
km DS-a--X-bn-ep tIcf-`mjm Cnyqv, tIcf-km-lnXy Am-Z-an XpS-nb
m]-\- thsdbpw. C\nbp-ap-v \nc-h[n sNdp-InS {]km-[-\m-e-b-.
ae-bm-fn-bpsS amdn-hcp hmb-\m-ioe-ns Ghpw anI DZm-l-c-W-amWv 2011
Un kn _pIvkv {]kn-o-I-cn Fw.-Sn-bpsS 54 Xnc--Y-I F {Kw. ap {]km-[-I
Ghpw ]pXnb kn\n-a-I-fpsS t]mepw Xnc--Y-I {]kn-o-I-cnv hn]-Wn-bn-ep--m-nb
t\n\v apI-fn-emWv ap {]km-[-I-sc-sm-p Ign-bm Hcp kmlkw Un.kn GsSpXv. Bdp-hm-ey--fn-embn 7200 ]pdw hcp Cu {K-n\v 3500 cq]-bmWv hne. aebmf kn\n-a-bpsS B-IYI F hntijW-tmsS {]kns-Sp-nb Cu {Kw
ae-bm-fn-bpsS kao]-Im-e-hm-b-\-bn P\-{]oXn t\Snb c-p cq]-sf Hn--h-X-cn-n-pp. Xnc-Y
- s
- bbpw B-IY
- s
- bbpw. kn\n-aI
- f
- psS Xnc-Y ae-bm-f
- n 80 Ifn Xs
]pkvX-Icq]-n {]kn-o-Ir-X-am-bn-p-s-nepw (]--cm-P, Fw.-Sn) kmlnXy hmb-\sb \ne-bv-p-dv ImgvN-bpsS Xs hmb-\m-\p-`-h-ambn Ah- am-dp-Xv 2000 \p tijw
am{X-am-Wv. hfsc thKw t\mh-en\p ]nmse B-I-Y-bvsmw Xnc-Ybpw P\{]oXn
t\Sn, \SmsS Hcp kmln-Xy-K-W-ambn ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb\m kwkvIm-c-n CSw t\Sn.
CtXImev Un.kn _pIvkv \Ip Hcp ]ckyw Ctmgpw Un. kn. _pIvkv
F te_en Cu m]\w {]kn-o-Ic
- n-m aSn-p P\-{]nb, {]Wb, Ipmt\zjW,
slmd t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ]pXnb hn]Wn-aqeyw Cs\ tcJsSp-p-p. ""kmln-Xy-ns
\ne-\nv P\-Io-ba
- mb hmb-\I
- f
- n-emW.v hmb\sb tIcfo-bn-Sbn P\-Io-ba
- m-m\p
{]h-\- Gs-Sp-ncnp tIcf-{K--im-em-kw-L-n\pw AXnse AwK--fmb
sse{_-dn-Ipw Ah-bpsS {]h\ ey-n\v klm-b-I-am-Ip t\mh cN-\-I.
ae-bmfn hmb\-msc {K-im-e-I-fntev ASp-n B t\mh-ep-I Un kn _pIvkv,
kpJ-ap--hm-b\ F ]c--c-bn-eqsS ho-pw hmb-\-m-cn-se-n-p-p. app-hn,
], At\v, hn.Sn \-Ip-am XpS-n-b-h-cpsS P\-{]nb t\mh-ep-I ]p\x{]kn-oI-cn-p--Xns ]c-ky-am-WnXv (P-\p-h-cn, 2010 Id v _pIvkv _p-n).
t\mh hnh-\-amWv Cu Ln, {itbamb coXn-bn hmb-\-msc
t\Snsb-Sp asmcp cq]w, hntijnpw hntZit\m-h-ep-I-fpsS hnh\w. apJy-ambpw
]utem sImbvtem, Hml ]mapIv Fn-hc
- mWv amtkn-\ptijw ae-bm-fn-bpsS t\mh
`mhp- I - X zs htXm- X n kzm[o- \ n cs- - g p- p- I m ChcpsS IrXn- I p- - m b
hnh-\w hnev]-\-bn GXp ae-bmf t\mh-en-s\bpw tXmev]n-pp.
hnh-\-t\m-h-ep-Iv Cp hn]-Wn-bn-ep {]nbw a\-n-em-m Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkns
2005-2010 Imes IW-p-I klm-bn-pw. ]pXnb ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I 2005 apX 2010
hsc-bp hj--fn Un.kn {]kn-o-I-cn-Xv icm-icn 20 Fw hoX-am-Wv. ]p\x-{]-kno-I-cn-h icm-icn 100 Fw hoX-hpw. ]pXp-Xmbn hnh\w sNbvXp {]kn-o-I-cn
t\mh-ep-I-fpsS Fw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS F-n-s\m--am-Wv. ]p\x-{]-kn-o-I-cn
28

hnhn-X-Ir-Xn-IfmIs icm-icn 50 Fw hoX-hpw.

A-Sn-p tImn-If
- psS F-nepw kzm`m-hn-Ia
- m-bn-s hnev]\
- b
- nepw ]pXnb
]Xn-p-If
- psS F-nepw hnhn-Xt- \m-he
- p-I kzX-{-t\m-he
- p-Is
- f-m Gsd apnem-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ep-I Htm ct-m Fgp-p-Im-cp-tS-sXm-gn-m Bbncw-tImn am{Xw BZy-]X
- n-n A-Sn-p Un.-kn, hnhn-Xt- \m-he
- p-I GXpw IpdXv 3000 tImn A-Sn-pw. XpS]-Xn-p-If
- n-epw tImn-If
- psS Fw IqSp-Ib
-
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- np-Xs Am-bncw tImn-bmWv A-Sn-X
- v. 2010 Acp-Xn tdmbn-bpsS tKmUv Hm^v
kvtam XnMvkns hnh-\a
- m-Is Hmw]Xn-mbn A-Sn-Xv 25,000 tImn-Ifpw!
]pkvXI {]knoIcWns\mw Cu {]km[\m]\w krjvSnp asmcp
{]apJamb kmlnXyhmb\mkwkvImcw ]pkvXINIsfbmWv ASnm\ampXv. 2010
se N-bpsS LS\bpw kz`mhhpw {inm kmlnXyw, hmb\ Fnhbvp hncnp
amfpw ]pXpaIfpw a\knemIpw. {]Xn-Zn\w 7000 apX 9000 hsc kiI N-bnse-n. BsI-bp--m-bn-cp mfp-I 92. AXn ]IpXn ehpw I-S-n hnp hchnepw
]pkvX-I-fpsS F-nepw tass \ne-\nnbXv Un.-kn. _pIvkv Xs. ]pkvXI-
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F t]cn Fm-hjhpw kwL-Sn-n--s-Sp asmcp ]pkvX-I---bn BssZ-h, aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-I, a{-hm-Zn-I, D-tc-y A-hn-izm-k- {]N-cn-n-p
mfp-I XpS-n-b-h-bmWv ]Ip-Xn-tbm-fw). Krtlm-]-I-c-W- apX aX-{]-Nm-c-WkwLfpw am-[y-a-m-]-\-fpw hsc ]pkvX-I---I-fn mfp-I Xm-dm-pw. Unkn
_pIvkns N-bnepw Ccw 19 mfp-I-fp--m-bn-cp-p.
N-bn-tev P\-sf BIjn-m ]pkvXI
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- kzoI-cn-p Nne X{fpw {it-b-am-Wv. P\-{]nb kn\n-am-\-Sm-scbpw kwhn-[m-b-I-scbpw ]s-Sp-n-p
NS-p-I, kmbm---fnse kwKo-X--t-cn-I Fn-s\. Un.kn _pIvkns ko\nb am-nwKv amt\-P Pbvk ]n. amXyp \evIp hnh-ca
- \
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sIm- v H- c - t mSn cq]. CXn ]s {it- b - a m- I p c- v hkv X p- X - I - f p- v . Hv kiI-cnepw ]pkvXIw hmp--h-cnepw hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kmln-tXy-Xc {K--fn-emWv
XmXv]-cyw ImWn-p--Xv. hnp-h-c-hn Fgp-]-p iX-am-\hpw Cwojv ]pkvX-I-fn \nm-Wv. 25 iX-am-\ta ae-bmfw ]pkvX-I--fp-q. AXnXs _me-km-ln-Xyw,
]mN-Iw, Xnc-Y XpS-n-b-h-bmWv IqSp-X. Am-Z-anIv ]pkvX-I--fmWv hnp-t]mb
Cwojv ]pkvX-I--fn 40 iX-am-\hpw. ae-bm-f-n-em-Is Am-Z-anIv Fp hnfn-mhp-h ]p-i-X-am-\ta hnp-t]m-bn-p-p.
Cu ]pkvXI
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-
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sNbvXp. {]Xn-amkw icm-icn Bbncw C-_pIv doU-dp-I Xv hnm Ign-bp-p29

s--mWv Unkn _pIvkns hmZw. Ba-tkm InUn t]mse Gsd {]Nm-c-ap C_pIv doU-dp-I 2012 emWv Cybn-se-n-p-S-p-Xv. C-_p-p-Ifpw C-do-UnwKpw
Ign Hcp Zi-I-n temI-s-hn-sSbpw hmb-\sb s]mXphnepw kmln-Xy-hm-b-\sb
hnti-jn-pw kzm[o-\n-n-p--v. temI-]p-kvX-I-hn-]-Wn-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw Ctm C_p-p-I-fm-sWv Ba-tkm hy-am-p-p--v. ae-bm-f-nepw Cwojv ]pkvX-I-fpw
Npcpw Nne ae-bmfw ]pkvX-I-fpw C-_p-p-I-fmbn {]Nmcw t\Sn--gn-p. Bbn-c-W-n\p ]pkvX-I- UnPn- cq]-n Dsm-n-p C _pIv doU-dp-I 700010000 cq]bvv e`y-am-b-Xn-\m hensbmcp hn`mKw hmb-\-m Cu kmt-XnI hnZy-bntep amdp-p-ap-v. {]Xn-amkw 1000 C-_pIv doU-dp-I-sf-nepw tIc-f-n hnp-t]m-Ipp-shv Un.kn _pIvkns am{Xw IW-p-I sXfn-bn-p-p--v. hmb\ am{X-a ]pkvXI-im-eI
- f
- n-sen ]pkvXIw hmp ioehpw amdn hcp-p. Hmsse ]pkvXI
- h
- n\
tIc-f
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- m-bn-g- n-p. 5000-n-e[
- nIw IrXn-I Hmtcm amkhpw X hnpp-s-v Hmsse ]pkvX-I-hn-ev]-\-m-cmb Cp-teJ._n-kns (www.indulekha.biz)
IW-p-I Zn lnp (Pq 23, 2012) \evIp-p.
Un.kn _pIvkv \S-nb ]pkvX-I-N--bnse ]pkvX-I-hn-ev]-\--Wpw {]h-W-XIfpw sam-n ae-bm-f-]p-kvX-I-{]-km-[-\-cw-Ks {]h-W-X-I Xs-bmWv shfn-sSp-p--Xv. AXm-bXv 90-I-fpsS XpSw hsc ae-bm-f-n kmlnXy, sshm-\n-I, aX,
]pcmW {K- am{Xw A-Snpw hnpw \ne-\n {]km-[-\, hnev]\ m]-\-
Cp \ne-\n-evp-Xv apJy-ambpw Cwojv ]pkvX-I--fpsS hnev]-\-bnepw kmln-tXyXc taJ-e-I-fnse ae-bm-f-]p-kvX-I--fpsS A-Sn-bnepw hnp-h-c-hnepw IqSn-bmWv.
kmln-tXy-Xc {K--fpsS hnev]-\-bn \np-In-p em`w sIm-mWv kmln-Xy{K---fpsS A-Snbpw hnev]-\-bpw \S-p-Xv Fpw -]-d-bmw. kmln-Xy-{K-- ASn-m ap\nc Fgp-p-Im-cn \nsmgnsI {]km-[-I ]Ww hmp-p--v. ]c-am-h[n
Bbncw tImn am{Xta t\mh-en\pw Aqdv tImn am{Xta IY, IhnX (Cu c - v h n ` m K--fnepw ]pd-n-d-p sXmqdp iX-am\w {K-fpw \qdp-]p-d-n Xmsg-bmWv ),
\mS-Iw, ]T-\- XpS-n-b-hbvpw A-Sn-p-I-bp-p. AtX-k-abw hnev]-\-bp-v Fp
Icp-Xm-hp ]pXnb KW-n s] ]e {K-fpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c--W-n\v tImn-I
A-Sn-m Un.kn _pIvkv DsS-bph Xm-dm-Ip-Ibpw sNp-p.
ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-io-ehpw kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw htXm-Xn amdn-h-cp Hcp
Ime-ns sXfn-hp-I Xs-bm-Wv Cu {]h-W-X-I. hnh\ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS Imcyw
t\cs kqNn-n-p. F.-]n. sP. A_vZp Iem-ans An-n-d-Ip-I, 2000-2010 Imev
A]Xp ]Xn-p-I (Hmtcm ]Xnpw 5000tImn) ]pd-p-h-p. evao \mb-cpsS ]mN-I]p-kvX-I--fmWv Hmtcm hjhpw ]e ]Xn-p-Ifpw ]Xn-\m-bn-c--W-n\p tImn-Ifpw
hn- g n- b p asm- c n- \ w. kn sPkv a nbpsS B- I Y H hjw sIm- v ]{- v ]Xn- pI-f--Sn-p. G-hp-a-[nIw hnp-h-c-hp Bo-b-X, ssewKn-I-X, A\p-`-hw, Xnc-Y Fo
KW Hmtcmpw ]c--cm-KX kmln-Xy-hm-b-\bvpw A`n-cp-Nnpw ]pd-mWv FpIqSn Hmn-p-I. Chsb Fmw adn IS-p IW-p-I-fmWv Icn-b ssKUkv, hyn30

Xz-hn-I-k-\w, sFSn XpS-nb Am-Z-anI taJ-e-Ifn \np--Xv.

Npcp-
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- f
- n 70 iX-am-\
- n-e[
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- mbn A-Sn-pp F-sXm-gn-m
kmlnXyw ae-bm-f]
- p-kX
v I
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- c
- w-Kv Hcp kPoh kmn-ytam LS-Itam Xs-b
- .
5. P\-{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-kw-kvImcw
ae-bm-f]
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- psS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-m, Hmw t]Pn Xs t\mhepw IYbpw
Ihn-X-bp-sams {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp Imew Ah-bvp--m-bn-cpp Fp-Im-Wmw. ae-bm-fa-t\m-ca Ds-sS-bp ]{X--fpsS BZy-Imew A-s\-sbm-m-bn-cp-p. Fm ]noSv
]{X--fpsS hmm-am-[y-a-kz-`mhw B[p-\n-I-am-b-tXmsS kmlnXyw Ah-bpsS D-S--am-Xm-bn. hmcm---Xn-p-I-fn am{Xw kmln-Xy-n\v CSw Inn-h-p. Ign Hp-c-p
]Xn- m- - m bn B coXnbpw \ne- p.
1950-I-fn Zo]nI ]{X-ns Rmb-dm-gvN--Xn-n-emWv ap-p-hn-bpsS CW-{]mhp-I, ]mSm--ss]-nfn XpS-nb t\mh-ep-I A-Sn-p-h--Xv. [mcmfw hmb-\-msc
t\Sn, P\-{]nb t\mh F khn-ti-j-K-W-n\v Cu coXn hgn-sbm-cp-n. 1960-I-tfmsS
BgvN
- X
- n-p-If
- psS {]Nm-cI
- m-ea
- mbn. amXr-`qan BgvN
- X
- n-n-s\mw ae-bm-fa
- t- \m-ca, at\mcmPyw XpS-nb hmcn-I-Ifpw kmln-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-ns apJy-h-m--fmbn amdn. ]s
Am-e-v, ]nm-ev {]I-S-am-Ip--t]mse P\-{]n-b-km-ln-Xy-ns am{Xw hm-fm-bn-cp-n at\m-c-abpw at\m-cm-Py-hp-sam-pw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v 1976 sk]vXw-_ 25s
ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca BgvN--Xn-pw 1976 \hw-_ 5 s at\m-cmPyw BgvN--Xn-pw t\mp-I.
at\m-ca BgvN--Xn-ns ]{Xm-[n-] Ddq-_m-bn-cp-p. Im\w C.-sP.-bpsS t\mh
{]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp--tm Xs ]n. Ipn-cm-a \mb-cpsS Ihn-Xbpw kn. ANyp-X-tat\ms B-I-Ybpw BgvN--Xn-n-ep--v. F. IrjvW-]n--bpsS jjvTn]qn-bmWv
apJ-{]-kw-Kh
- n-jb
- w. \a-`m-h\
- , sNdp-IY
- , bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- w, h\n-Xm-cw-Kw, ^en-X_
- n-p-,
Imq-Wp-I Fn-h-]p-d-sa. ASp e-n {]kn-o-I-cn-p cN-\-I-sf-p-dn-p
Adn-bn-n \nv hy-am-Ip-Xv Hmq Dn \q-Xn-cn-m-Sn-sbpw kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sSbpw
Ihn-X-bps-sS-bp D-S--am-Wv.
at\m-cmPyw Iptd-qSn hn`-h-k---am-Wv. Sn.-F. tKm]n-\m-Y \mb-cpsS B-IY, Am sNdn-bms \a-te-J\
- w, temI-Iu-Xp-Ih
- m--I, Nn{X-IY
- m-t\m-h, sNn
tPmWn-sbpw thfq IrjvWIp-n-bp-sSbpw s]cp--Shw {io[-c-sbpw t\mh-ep-I,
anknkv _n.F^v. ho-kns bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, A\y-`m-jm-Ip-m-t\z-jW t\mh, h\nXm
]mN-I-]w-n-I, tPymXn-jw, ^en-X-_n-p- Fn--s\.
1980-I-fm-Ip-tm-tgpw Cu ssien amdn-h-p. at\m-c-a, at\m-cm-Pyw, ]uc-[z\n XpSnb hmcn-I-Ismw awK-fhpw {it-b-am-bn. ap-p-hn, Im\w C.-sP., sNn
tPm, s]cp--Shw XpS-nb t\mh-en-p-Iv ]Icw tImbw ]pjv]-\mYv, amXyp-a-w
Fn-hcpw Ipsd Ign--tm _m t_mkv, tPmbvkn Fn-hcpw tImbw tI{o-Icnv {]kn-o-I-cn P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fpsS {]ap-J-t\m-h-se-gp-p-Im-cmbn amdn. Htc kabw
31

Htm ct-m t\mh FXv Apw Bdpw t\mh-en\p hgn amdn. Hcm Xs \mepw
Apw t]cn Htc kabw t\mh-se-gp-Xn. Ipm-t\z-jW t\mh `qX, t{]X, a{-hm-Zt\m-h-ep-Iphgnam-dn. B KWn khn-tij P\-{]oXn t\Snb Fgp-p-Im-cp--m-bn.
hmcn-I-I-fpsS {]-Nmcw Ap-X-I-camw hn[w hfp. awKfw hmcn-I-bpsS Ign aqv
]Xn-m--ns hfbpw Xfbpw sXfn-bn-p IWv ImWp-I.
at\mca BgvNXnv
{]Nm-cw
ABC Period

awKfw BgvN-Xnv
{]Nm-cw 1980 2010

July Dec 2006

671436

Jan- June 2007

617648

1980-85

2 ew

July Dec 2007

666900

1985

14 ew

Jan- June 2008

632094

1986-1990

16 ew

July- Dec 2008

621628

1991-2010

5 ew

Jan- June 2009

591835

July- Dec 2009

587078

ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca BgvN--Xnpw CtX Imev GXm-v kam-\-amb hfm-\n-cpw Xfm

\ncpw Xs-bmWv {]I-Sn-n-p--Xv. at\m-ca ]s hf-bpsS ]qm-e-ns IWp-I \evIm Xm-d-. ]Icw 2006-2009 Imes IW-p-Itf e`y-am-n-bp-p. AXn{]-Im-c-amWv,
198-090 Ime-v, 30 e-n-e-[nIw tImn-I {]Nm-c-ap--m-bn-cp-p, tIm-b-p\nv {]kn-o-Ic
- n-n-cp awK-fw, at\m-ca XpS-nb \nch[n {]kn-o-Ic
- W
-
- tNp
P\-{]nb hmcn-I-Iv. AXns 85-90 Ime-am-bn-cpp {]Nm-c-ns D-L-w.
tIc-f-ns km-c-Xm-ap-t--n-sbpw kmln-Xy-n-s P\-{]n-b-h-XvI-c-W-nsbpw ]qmew krjvSn-p-sIm-v Cu hmcn-II
- \S-nb kmwkvIm-cnI CS-s]-S ]s
hmb-\-bpsS temI-p-am{Xw HXp-n-\n H-. Gsd P\-{i t\Snb kv{Xo[-\-an-m
kaq-lh
- n-hmlw t]mep ]cn-]m-Sn-I awKfw hmcn-Ib
- psS bi-p-bnb Hm-Wv. Akm[m-c-W-amb IjvS-m-S-\p-`-hn-p--h-sc-p-dnv ]Xn-hmbn {]kn-o-I-cn-p-h dntmp-I
hmbnv Ahv [\-k-lmbw \evIp hmb-\-m-cpsS h\n-c-X-s-bp--m-bn-cp-p. ss{Iw
dntmpI, ssewKn-I-X-bpsS kmn-y-ap Nn{Xo-I-c-W- XpS-n-bh Ccw hmcnI-I-fpsS P\-{]o-Xnsb \nW-bn av LS-I--fm-Wv.
Fm-bmepw 1990-I-fpsS XpSw sXmp-Xs P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bn
{]kn-o-I-cn-n-cp P\-{]nb t\mh-en-sbpw {]Nmcw Ips\ CSn-p-Xp-S-n. D]-{K-l,
kzImcy sSen-hn-j Nm\-ep-I-fpsS hc-hpw, Zqc-Zi Bcw-`n ]c--c-I-fp-amWv CXn\v
apJy- I m- c - W - a mbn Nq- n - m- W n- m- h p- Xv7. Uk IW- n\p hmcn- I - I - f p- - m - b n- c p
m\v Cn-tm at\m-c-a, awKfw F c-v hmcn-I-I am{Xw, hf t\Snb ]{Xhy-h-km-b-n-sbpw apw XW-en ]nSn-p-\n-evp Ah-bmWp-Xv.
32

Adp-]-Xp-i-X-am\w ae-bmfn IpSpw-_--fnepw sSen-hn-j ]c--c-I \nXy-Po-hn-Xns `mK-ambn amdn--gn-p-shv tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jv 2004 \S-nb
Hcp ]T-\-nse IWp-I sXfn-bn-p-p. \n-b-ambpw A-t-m {]Nmcw dnbmenn tjmI Ds-sS-bp sSen-hn-j hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iv ]nm-e-p--m-bn.
P\{]nb kmln-Xyhpw B\p-Im-en-I-hy-h-km-bhpw krjvSn Ghpw henb hnhw kmlnXy-hm-b-\-bpsS cwK-p--mb h IpXn-m-Wv. D-Xhpw htc-Wyhpw \nc-hm-c-s--Xp-sams-bmb kmln-Xy-`m-h-\sb htXm-Xn ]nXn P\-{]oXn ]nSn-p-]-n, Cu hmcn-IIfpw Ah-bnse t\mh-ep-I-fpw. ae-bm-f-n Ghpw IqSp-X kn\na \nn--s-Xpw
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abvv Ghp-a-[nIw t{]-I-cp--m-bXpw G-hp-a-[nIw kn\n-am-Xo-b--dp-I
\nn--s-Xpw CtX-Im-ep Xs-bmWv Fpw Hmm-hp--XmWv8 .
ae-bm-fn-bpsS P\-{]nb kmln-Xy-`m-hp-IX
- z-n-t\ Cu Xncn-S- nv sSen-hn-j apJyIm-c-W-ambn F-Xp-t]mse Xs {][m-\-amWv hmb-\m-kw-kvIm-c-n\v _Z-embn cq]wsIm- Zriy-kwkv-Im-c-ns ]nm-e-h-f-bpw. 1990-I-fpsS XpSw apX sSen-hnj skpI-fpsS hym]mcw htXm-Xn-ep--m-bn. 80-I-fpsS HSp-hn-em-cw-`n Zqc-Zi ]c-c-I-tf-m P\-{]oXn t\Snb 93 apX kzIm-cy-Nm-\ ]c--c-I kwt{]-j-W-am-cw-`n-p.
P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fp-sSbpw t\mh-en-sbpw hmb-\-m-cn hen-sbmcp ]pw kv{XoI-fm-bncp-p-shpw Ch Iq-tmsS sSen-hn-j-\n-tepw ]c--c-I-fn-tepw Iqdp-amdn Fpw
ImWmw.
sSenhnj ]ccIfpsS P\{]oXnp ]nnse ImcW ]ecpw ]Tnnpv.
Cbm BwKv apX ]qWna athsc. tkmWnbmenhnwKv , {_nojv
t{]InSbn \Snb Hcp ]T\w, P\{]nbkmlnXyw \Inbncp Xr]vXnIfpw
B\fpw XsbmWv ]ccIfpw Ahp \IpXv Fp Ispp.
t{]IcpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXn Cu ]ccIpff m\w, AhbpsS
hnt\mZ]cX, bmYmYyt_m[ns \nanXn, sshImcnIm\p`qXnbpsS XmZmflysS,
IYm]m{Xfpambpmp Bfl_w, {]iv\]cnlmckz`mhw, ]emb\mflIX,
hnai\mflIamb Dsmff Fns\ \nch[nbmWv ]ccI \Ip
A\p`hsfv tkmWnb hniZoIcnpp(1998: 5657). t\mh hmb\bn \nv
]ccImgvNbntep aebmfnkv{XoIpmb NphSpam-ns Ghpw {it-b-amb
kmwkvIm-cn-I-apJ ta-dXmsW-nepw kmaq-ln-I-ap-Jw, P\-{]nb kmln-Xy-c-N\-I Ah-X-cn-n-n-cp-, ASn-m-\-a-[y-hK-Po-hn-X- sSen-hn-j-\n HtmsS a[y
D]-cn-h Pohn-X-v hgn-amdn F-XmWv. Zcn-{Zcpw Iogm-f-cp-sam-s-bmb km[m-c-Wm-cpsS Zpc--Po-hn-X- Zpcn-X-I-Y-\-fpw kv{Xo[-\-an-m kaq-l-hn-hm-lhpw t]mse
Gsd P\-{i-bpw hnizm-k-hp-amn ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS ]qcn-n hmcn-I-I t\mh-epIpw Ah-cpsS PohnXw Xs hnj-b-am-n-bn-cp-p. 90-I-fpsS XpS--n sSen-hn-j
krjvSn henb am--fn-sem-v, hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-n-sbpw {]Nm-cW-X-{--fn-sem-mbn ]c--c-Isf ampI F-Xm-bn-cp-p. CtXm-sS, ASn-m-\h-Po33

hn-Xw, Zmcn-{Zyw, Iogm-f-, ZfnXv Ah--I Fn-h-sbms sSen-hn-j-\n \ns--t]mse

km[m-c-W-m-cmb a\p-jy-cpsS `mh-\m-tem-I-p-\npw A{]-Xy--am-bn. AYhm Ahv
A{]n-b-am-bn. sam-n Zriy-kw-kvIm-c-n-sbpw sSen-hn-j krjvSn Imgv-N-io-en-sbpw ASn-m-\-kz-`m-h-ambn {ItaW Cu hn]Wn PohnXw ae-bm-fn-In-S-bn
P\-{]oXn t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]c-ky-p-th--n-bmbn am[y-a- F Ah htXmsS ]c-ky--fpsS kwkvImcw kmln-Xy-n Akm-[y-am-Ip-Ibpw ]c--c-bn hfsc
thKw thcp-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-Xpw CXns `mK-ambn Nq-n-m-Wn-mw. Fmbmepw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a--fp-sSbpw Zriy-kw-kvIm- c-n-sbpw Imev ae-bm-fnbpsS hmb-\-kw-kvIm-chpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xz-fpw hgn-am-dn-sbm-gp-In-b-Xns Ghpw {]IShpw {]Xy--hp-amb sXfn-hmWv P\-{]nb hmcn-I-I-fpsS XIbpw Xntcm-`m-h-hpw.
AtXkabw, sSen-hn-j DssSbp CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a- asmcph-gnbn kmln-Xys Bcw-`-L--n B{i-bn-p-Ibpw Gs-Sp-pIbpw sNbvXp. kn\n-a,
AXns XpS--Im-epw ]noSpw kmln-Xym-\p-I-ev]-\-n ImWn Xm]cyw-t]mse
sSen-^n-enw, ]c--c-I, ^o-dp-I, A`n-ap-J- XpS-nb ]cn-]m-SnI an-Nm-\-epIfnep-ap--m-bn-cp-p. kmln-Xyhnai-\-]-cn-]mSn Xsbpw ]e Nm\-ep-Ifpw hj--tfmfw
XpSpt]m-p. 1984 2004 Imev henb am--fn-msX XpS Cu coXn hmm-Nm\ kwkvIm-c-ns hc-thmsS ASn-ap-Sn- am-dn-a-dn-p.
hmbpw hnt\m-Zhpw Hnp ]pencp coXn Xs amdn. AtXmsS hnt\m-ZNm-\epI IqSpX P\-{]nbam-IpI F Dtiy-tmsS D-S--nepw s]mXp-k-ao-]\-nepw hcpnb am-fpsS BZys ]Sn-Xs kln-Xo-b ssien-I Hgn-hm-pI
FXm-bn-cp-p. kmln-Xy-]c
- n-]m-Sn-I, sSen-^nenap-I, A`n-ap-J
- Fn-hs
- bmw \nep. 2005 AarX Nm\ XpS-an dnbm-en-ntjmIfptSXmWv ]no-Sp Imew. CtXmsS,
c-p ]Xn-m--mbn sSen-hn-j-\nse hnt\m-Z-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw sSen-hn-js P\-{]oXnbpsSbpw \sm-bn-cp ]c--c-I t]mepw {]Xn-k-n-bn-embn9. ]ns kmln-Xy-ns
Imcyw ]dbm\pt- m ? s]mSn t]mep- a n I- p - ] n- S n- m F Ah- b n- e mbn kmlnXyw. Gjyms\-nse hmb-\-ime \nn. kqcy-bnse A-chpw \np. ZqcZi-\nse
kao t]mep ]cn-]m-Sn-I am{Xw XpScpp. Hcp Nm\ dnbm-en-ntjm F \nebvv
Ihn-Xsb kw_-n-p Hcp ]cn-]mSn Bkq-{XWw sNpI t]mepap-mbn ]t ]mn\pw
\r-n\pw anan{Inpw ]mN-I
- n\pw tIma-Unpw A`n-\b
-
- n\pw apn IhnX ]nSnp
\n-tX-bn. kmlnXy]{X{]h-\ns \smbn-cp kmln-Xy-]-{Xm-[n-]-cpsS (literary editor) acWw \S-mnsm-mWv tmKv kmlnXyw cq]w sImp-Xv. sh_v
tPWep-I {]n v tPWepIp kam--c-amb Hcp kmlnXy kwkvImcw sIn-Sp-n--p-v. ae-bm-fnepw X\-Xmb hnj-btaJe-I, `mjm ssien-I, Fgp-p-I, hmb-\m Fn-h-sbms tmKv kmln-Xy-n-\p--v. CtXmSptNp ImWm-hp HmWv
C _pv kwkvImcw. kmln-Xy-apssSbp ]pkvXI
-
- f
- psS {]km-[\
- hpw hnev]\
- bpw
hmb-\bpw CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a-n \S-p coXn {]Nm-c-n-em-bn-gnp. Bbn-c-W-n\p ]pkvX-I- DsmpXpw sXc-s-Sp-phm-bnmhp-Xpw hmn
34

kqn- m- h p- - X p- a mb C _pv doU- d p- I sfpdnv kqNnnp. s]mXphn

kmlnXykwkvImcw Cuhn[w {]Xnkn t\cnSptmgpw ASn, CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a-fn kmln-Xyw ap Nne coXnIfn {]Nm-chpw {]`m-hhpw \ne-\np-pap-v.
hn]Wn Xm]-cy- ap\nn-bp kmlnXy{]Nm-c-Whpw {]kn-o-I-c-W-hpamWv Hv. lmcnt]m- ]c--c- apX UmhnntImUv hsc DZm-l-c-W- \nc-h[n. Cu
]p-kvX-I--fpsS {]km-[-I Xs \S-p A-Sn, CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a Chbvp
h {]Nmcw \Ip-p. Hm]vdmhn{^n tjmbpsS IY {]kn--am-Wv. Xs ]cn-]m-Sn-bn
Hcm-gvNbn Hcp ]pkvXIw F \ne-bn Hm]vd sXc-s-Sp-h-X-cn-n-p- cN\-I
e--W-n\p tImn-I hngnbp coXn kwPm-X-am-bn.

ae- b m- f - n Cusbmcp

irwJ-e-bn-m--Xp-sIm-mWv Ccw kwkvImcw {]_eam--Xv. ]pkvXI {]km-[\

m]-\ap amXr-`q-an, Fw. ]n hotc{Ip-am-dns ]pkvX-I-p \Ip {]Nmc-Wsamgnm ap-Zm-l-c-W- ChnsS-bn-. ]nIv dntejkv sIm-pam{Xw kmlnXyw
\ne-\np- Ah ae-bm-f-n-en Fv Icp-Xmw. apgp-h sSen-hn-j Nm\epIfpw
]nkn- npth- n \pW- ] - d v ]cn- ] mSnIfhXcnn- npw ae- b m- f - k n- \ n- a - I GXm- v
sXmqdp-i-X-am-\hpw P\w \nc-kn-p-Xv DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
aX-cmjv{Sobw ap\nn-bp kmln-Xy-{]-Nm-cW
- a
- mWv asmv. apJy-ambpw ASn
am[y-a--fmWv ae-bm-f-n Cu {]h-WX {]I-Sn-n-pXv. ]ntajy cmPy--fn
\np Cman-I-km-ln-Xy-n\v Ign Hcp Zi-I-m-e-ambn ae-bm-f-n e`n-p
{]Nmc-n\p ]nnse {]km-[\ , am[y-a X
- {- - HmpI. BtKmf P\-{]nb kmlnXy
kwkvImcw, Cy Cwojv kmlnXyw XpS-n-b-hbvp e`n-p am[ya {]Nm-chpw
kam\-am-Wv.
H- I r- X n- s Im- v tImSo- i z- c m- c pw Xmchn{K- l - - f p- a mIp Fgp- p- I m ]e- c p- . v
tNX `K-mWv Cybn \np Ghpw anI DZm-l-c-Ww. ]noSv Ch FgpXp
Hmtcm IrXnbpw hmbpw hntijhp-am-Ipw. Xmc-aq-ey-ap Fgp-p-Imp e`n-p
am[y-a-]q-P-bmWv \psS Imes {itbamb Hcp kz`m-hw. Cwojv am[y-a--fn am{Xa ae-bmf am[y-a
- f
- nepw Xmc-aq-ey-ap Fgp-p-Impw Ah-cpsS IrXn-Ipw Inp
\nc-c
- a
- mb {]mXn-\n[yw sSen-hn-j Imes kmlnXy kwkvIm-c
- f
- n-semmWv. Ip{]knn Fsmn F sNmns\ kmY-I-am-p hn[-n GsXnepw hnhm-Z-n
{]Xn-m-\s
- -nepw s]m aXn ]pkvXIw hnmw F nXn-bmWv Fgp-p-Imp-Xv. kam dpjvZnbpw sP{^n Bdpw Xoa \kvdn\pw apX B. _me-Ir-jvW]n hsc DZm-l-c-Ww.
sktkjW-enkw Fgp-p-Im-cpsS Nn{Xw {]kn-o-I-cn-p--Xnt]mepw B\pIm-en-I--fpw ]{X-fpw \ne-\npp. ae-bm-f-n Ign Hcp Zi-I-n Nne
FgppIm-cn-Ip e`n-p kNn-{X, khW {]Xn-\n-[m-\- DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
apJy-ambpw Cwojv ]{X-fpw B\p-Im-en-I-fpw tim`mtUbpsS ]nKm-an-I-fmb
Cy Fgp-p-Im-cn-Isf Is--p--Xn-\p-]n-nepw ma, Xmc-aqeyw, kmaq-ly-]-Zhn
Fnh LS-I
- Xs-bm-Wv. khntijambn AWn-bnsmcpn, ]m-e
-
- t]mepw
35

sXc-s-Spv FgppIm-cn-Isf Ah-X-cn-n-p {]kn-o-I-c-W-fpw Nm\epIfpw aebm-f-nepw hnc-f-a-. ^mj, kn\n-a, kvt]mSvkv, _nkn-\v XpS-nb taJe-I-fnse
kv{XoI-sf-tm-se Xs s{]m^j-W cwKp hnP-bn-p kv{XoI-fm-bmWv Fgp-pIm-cn-Ifpw Icp-X-s-Sp--Xv. ku-cy-ap Fgp-p-Im-cnIv e`np am[y-a-{i
Csmcp km[m-c-W-Imcyw am{X-a-mWv.
CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a-Im-es kmlnXy am[y-a-{]-h-\-ns `mhn-sbpdnv
kqN\ \Ip c- p - Z m-- l - c - W - Nq- n - m- W nv Cu N Ah-km-\n-n-mw.
2011 sk]vXw-_ HIvtSm_ amk--fn \S- c-p cmPymc kmlnXy ktf\-fmWv BZy DZm-l-c-Ww. Z lnp ]{Xw kwL-Snn The Hindu Lit for life F
tImt-hmWv Hv. \mep hjambn \S-p-h-cp tImhfw enddn s^nh asmv.
1991 apX \ne-\np Z lnp-hns enddn dnhyq F {]Xn-hmc ]wn-bpsS
Ccp]Xmw hmjn-I-ns `mK-am-bn-cpp ]{Xw Zlnbnepw sNss-bnepw \S-nb
tImthvv. kmlnXyw Pohn- X - n\pth- n F ktf\-n ]s-SpXv ]s
kmlnXy {]h-I am{X-am-bn-cp-n. cmjv{Sobw, Xotb, kn\na, ]mNIw Fo taJeI-fnse {]kn--cp-am-bn-cp-p. N-I- \on-bXpw B hgn-m-bn-cp-p. cmPym-c
{]ikvXcpw am[ya {]nbcp-amb Hcp ]w htcWy kmwkvIm-cnI {]hI Xs-bm-bncp-p tImhfw s^n-h-enepw ]s-Sp--Xv. s]bnnwKpw ayqknpw t^mIvs^nhepw
kmlnXy ktf\-n\v AI-Sntkhnp. kmlnXyw C\ntaen Hp \np Hmhn Fv Cu ktf\ sXfn-bn-p. aebm-f-nse t]mepw kaIme {]km[\, -hmb\m kwkvIm-c- sXfn-bn-p--Xp-t]m-se, ap ]e PohnX taJe-I-tfmSpw tNp\np-am{Xw aptmp-t]m-Im Ign-bp HmWv kmln-Xyw. Hw, htcWy am[y-a--fpsSbpw
kvt]mkam-cp-sSbpw ]npW-tbmsS s{]m^j-W kz`m-h-amnt- Iebpw hyhkm-b-hp-ambn AhinjvSkmlnXyw amdp-Ibpw sNp-p.
D]kwlmcw
kmln-Xyw, `mj, am[y-aw, kmaq-ly-N-cn-{Xw, kmt-Xn-I-X, hnZym-`ym-kw, P\-{]n-bkw-kvImcw, {]km-[-\-hy-h-km-bw, m]-\- Fn-s\ \nc-h[n LS-I- {]`mhw
sNep-p hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ImgvN-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-`-h--fp-sSbpw {]Xo-Xn-Isfbpw Ipdn-p Hc-t\z-j-W-ambn CXp-am-dn-bn-p-s-p Icp-Xp-p. B[p-\n-I-X, A-Sn,
hmb\ Fn-hbvv \evIp Du B[p-\n-Im-\--cX Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-pw
ImgvNpw \evIpp F H \nco--W-nHXp-p--X ta]-d ae--fpsSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-L-S-I--fp-sSbpw ]cn-Wm-a-ns hni-I-e-\w. Hmtcm-n\pw AXm-Xnt-Xmb kmaqly bpn-Ifpw kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-tXm-h--I-fp-ap--v. Fnepw 1990 IfpsS
XpSw apX BtKm-fh
- -cW
-
- n\pw cm{ob, km-n-I, kmaq-ln-I, hn]-Wn, kmtXnI, am[y-a-X-e--fn Cu Imew krjvSn {]`m-h-p-samw ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\mkw-kvIm-chpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-IX
- zhpw G-hp-a[
- nIw am-p-hn-t[-ba
- mb taJ-eI
- F
\ne-bn Ch-bpsS hni-I-e\w Nne-s]m-Xp-\n-K-a-\--fn Cu At\z- j Ws sIm- p - s N36

s-n-p-p--v. ]T-\-n-\p-kzo-I-cn Hmtcm taJ-e-bnepw 1990-2010 Ime-p--mb LS-\m]-ct- am, k-ev]\

- ]
- c
- t- am, kao-]\
- ]
- c
- tam Hs-bmb ]cn-Wm-a
- , IW-p-I, ]n-II
- ,
\nco-W
-
- , A`n-{]m-b
- Fn-h- hni-Ie
- \w sNbvsX-nt \nK-a\
-
- Cs\
kw{K-ln-mw:
1.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-bp-n-I-sf \ne-bn cq]w-sIm- hmb-\m-kwkvIm-chpw kmln-Xo-b`- m-hp-IX

- zhpw B[p-\n-Im-\
- c
- s
- ap hnh-n-m-hp L-n
(1990 IfpsS XpSw apX) htXm-Xn Xncn-Sn t\cn-Sp-p--v.

2.

B[p-\n-Im-\--c-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-bp-n-I-sf \ne-bn Cu L-n CeIvt{Sm-WnIv am[y-ak

- w-kvIm-chpw ImgvNb
- psS `mhp-IX
- zhpw hP-\{- ]o-Xnbpw kmwkvImcn-I-{]-`m-hhpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-p-p.

3.

hmb-\, kmlnXyw Fn-hsb B[p-\n-I-X-bn {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvX {]ap-J-kmwkvIm-cn-I-m-]-\--fm-bn-cpp hmb-\-im-e-I, kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-I, kmln-Xy-{]kn-o-Ic
- W
-
- , ]pkvXI
- {- ]-km-[\
- m-eb
-
- , P\-{]n-bh
- m-cn-II
- Fnh. Cu ae- Hmtcmpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-c-ambpw am[y-a-]-c-ambpw h ]cn-h-\-n-\p-hn-t[b-ambn F-XmWv 90 Ifn-em-cw-`n Ime-ns apJ-ap-{Z. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw ImgvN-bp-sSbpw {]`m-h-n-emWv Cu am- apJy-ambpw kw`hnXv Fp-hy-a
- m-p-p, Hmtcm taJ-eb
- p-sSbpw B`y-c
- L
- S- \
- bvv ssIh kz`mh-.

ae-bm-fn-bpsS hmb-\m-io-es Ccp-]Xmw \qm--ns XpSw sXmp-Xs {Ian hfn-sm--p-h \m\m-X-e--fns hmb-\-im-e-I 1990-I-fn CXmZy-ambn hmb-\-bn \npw hmb-\sb apJy-ambpw \n-bn-n-cp kmln-Xy-n
\npw hgn-am-dn-p-S
- p-p. AwK-Xzw, ]pkvXI
- w, hmb-\m-\n-c
- v, hmb-\m-kz-`m-h
- ,
hmb-\-im-e-I-fpsS AXn-Po-h-\-X-{- Fn-s\ GXpw hncNq--p-Xv amdn-hcp Zriy-`m-hp-I-Xz-n-sbpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a--fp-sSbpw {]`m-h-n hmb\pw hmb\imeIfpsS kmaqlnI]Zhnpw kmln-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-n-\p-ap--mb
oWw Xs-bm-Wv.

5.

kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-I apIm-e--fn \nv `n-ambn kmwkvIm-cn-I-m-]-\-sf \ne-bn A{]-k--ambn amdp-p, Cm-e-v. ]cnan-X-amb P\-]-m-fn-w,
kmln-Xy-hn-j-b--fn-ep s]mXp-k-aq-l-ns Ipd XmXv]cyw, cw-K, -Zr-iy-I-eI-tfm-Sp IqSn-b-Xm-Xv]cyw, hn]WnbpsSbpw am[yafpsSbpw ]npWbnmbva
Fn-h-sbms Ccw kwL-S-\-I-fpsS \ne-\n-evp-Xs {]Xn-k-n-bn-em-p-p.

6.

kmlnXy {]kn-o-I-c-W- F t]cn Hcp \qm--p-Imew \ne-\n `mjm-t]mjnWnbps-sS-bp amkn-I-I-fn apv kmln-Xy-hn-j-b- am{X-am-Wp--m-bn-cp-sX-n 1990 apX-ep Imev kmln-tXy-X-c-hn-j-b- {]m[m\yw t\Sp-p.
kmln-Xy-am-knI F t]cp-Xs Akw-KX
- a
- m-Ip Ah-b
- n-tev `mjm-t]m-jnWn
Ds-sS-bp {]kn-o-I-c-W- amdp-p.
37

7.

sXmq-dp-iX
- a
- m-\s
- a-nepw kmln-Xy-]p-kvXI
-
- am{Xw A-Sn-n-cp {]km-[\
- m-eb- kmln-Xy-n-s\m-tam AXn-e-[n-Itam {]m[m\yw CX-c-ta-J-e-Iv \evIpp. A-Sn-p IrXn-If
- psS F-n t\mh t]mep kmln-Xy-KW
-
- apnep-s- nepw hnev]-\-bnepw hn]-Wn-em-`-nepw kmln-tXy-X-c-{K-- kmln-Xy{K-
- sf _lp-Zqcw ]nn-em-p-p. amdn-hc
- p hmb-\m-io-ehpw ]pkvXIw hm
ioehpw CXn-\p-Im-c-W-am-bn. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hmb-\-bpsS Imehpw \ne-hn hp
Ign-p.

8.

Zi-e
-
- W
-
- n-\m-fp-I hmbn-n-cp P\-{]n-bk
- m-ln-Xyhpw Ah A-Sn-n-cp hmcnI-Ifpw alm-`q-cn-]-hpw \ne-p-t]m-bn. Ah-ti-jn-p cs-w Xsbpw {]Nm-cn \men-sem-mbn Npcp-n. kam-c
- a
- m-bn-s
- -bmWv sSen-hn-j\pw ]c-c
- I
- fpw
taev]d
- kmln-Xy-ns hmb-\
- msc Iog-S
- n-bXpw Fgp-]X
- p-iX
- a
- m-\t- mfw aebm-fn-IfpsS ssZ\w-Zn-\P
- o-hn-Xh
- n-t\m-Z
- ns `mK-ambn amdn-bX
- pw. kmlnXob ]mccyw
]npSv 1993 2006 Imev h P\{]oXn t\Snbncp ]cI Xsbpw
dnbmenntjmIfpsS hcthmsS Xntcm`hnp XpSpp.

9.

Bcw-`L
- -
- n kmln-XytI{nX-am-bn-\n-e\
- n sSen-hn-j cq]- anXpw Xntcm`-hn-p-Ibpw BtKm-fh
- -cW
-
- ns hn]Wn ka-hm-Iy- tass t\Sp Hcp
hmWn-Py-a--e-am-bn, Ahtijnp kmln-Xy-kw-kvImcw ASn, CeIvt{SmWnIv
am[ya--fn {i t\SpIbpw sNp-p.

10.

kmlnXyn\p- m bncp kzbw \nbtijnbpw kzX{mkvXnXzhpw

hmb\maense A[oiXzhpw dmbn, CXc am[ya, kmwkvImcnI cq]fpsSbpw
KWfpsSbpw ]npWtbmsS am{Xw kmlnXyw \ne\np Ah cq]w
sIm- n cnpp. FXmWv Cu amns ImX.
ae-bm-f
- nse hmb-\m-kw-kvIm-c
- n-sbpw kmln-Xy-`mhp-IX
- z-n-sbpw ]cn-Wm-a-

-fn CeIvt{SmWnIv am[y-a--fp-sSbpw ZriykwkvIm-c-n-sbpw {]`mhw (The impact of

Electronic media and visual culture on reading culture and literary sensibility in Malayalam) F

hnj-b
- n 2010-12 Imev \S-nb bp.-Pn.kn taP dnkv t{]mPIvSns `mK-ambn Xmdm-nb dntmns `mKn-Ik
- wt]w.
KthjW-klmbn-I : 1. Sn.-Fw. tkma-em, 2. Dunf Dn

38

IpdnpI
1.

hmsam-gn-bn \np hc-sam-gn-bn-tep kw`-hn amw apX tZi-cm-jv{S--fp-sSbpw

P\m-[n-]-Xy-n-sbpw \nan-Xn-bn hsc ASn hln ]p hni-I-e\w sNp \nch[n ]T-\- ]pdp hn-p--v. lmtcmUv Cnkv (The Bias of communication,
1951) amj aIveq-l(Gutenberg Galaxy - 1962, Understanding Media - 1964), tPmv
o\(Language & Silence, 1967), Fen-k-_v sFko(The Printing Press as
an agent of change - 1979) hm.-sP.-H-Mv (Orality and Literacy - 1982), _\-UnIvSv
BtU-gvk(Imagined communities - 1983) Fn-s\ \nc-h[n t] \m\m-X-e-fn ASn sNep-nb kzm[o\w kqva-ambn hni-I-e\w sNp-p. Cq--n
Ghpw {]kn--amWv PpK tl_am-kns The Structural Transformation of the
Public Sphere : An inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society F {Kw. (1962/1983)

2. 1851 Imf-lk
- vXn-b apX-enbm tImgn-tmSv hnZym-hn-emkw {]n BZyambn Fgp-s
- bpw Ip\ymcp-sSbpw IrXn-I A-Sn-p-sh-nepw Ahbvv hne hfsc
IqSp-Xe
- m-bn-cp-p-shpw 1852 55 Imev sImnbnse sk v tXmakv {]kn \nv
Ipw-Ip-fv Cqv AXns ]IpXn hnebvv lnp-aX {K-f
- mb cmam-bW
- hpw apw
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284 85)
3. ]sm]Xmw \qm-nemcw`np kmlnXobXmNIfpsS t{ImUoIcWn\v
Xmsgdbp {K ImWpI.
1. Norton Anthology of theory and Criticism, 2001, 4-6., 2. Raymond Williams, Keywords, 1983, 184-186. 3. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory an Introduction, 1997, 1-14.
4.

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t]cnXv.Kp_n\p apv hynIv kzambn ]pkvXIw e`yambncpn;
t{]mPIvSv Kp_n\papv sse{_dnIfpw, Atlw ]dbpp (The Hindu, April
21, 2013). BbncWnt\m ]Xn\mbncWnt\m ]pkvXI Hcp Iyqdn
Dsmnp C_pv km[yXbpw AXp krjvSnp shNz sse{_dn
km[yXbpamWv ssa kqNnnpXv.
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39

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8. Cu hnjbns hniZamb Nv 2012 sabv en `mjmt]mjnWn {]knoIcn
Xncoep Xo]nSnptm, XobdpI hoWImew F teJ\w ImWpI
9. dnbmenntjmIfpsS Bcw`tmsS (2006) {]XnZn\w 4550 ]ccI hsc kwt{]jWw
sNbvXncp aebmfnse hnt\mZNm\epI Ifwamn Nhnn. 2010 msS ]ccIfpsS
Fw 78 hscbmbn Ipdp.

{KkqNn
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Mcgraw Hill, 2001.

Ac-hn- sI.]n (F-Un) tIcf-]-T-\w, tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-v, 2006

Dn-Ir-jvW kn, {K-im-em-{]-m\w tIc-f-n, tIc-f-`mjm Cn-yq-v, 2007
tKmhn sI.-Fw. BZn-ap-{ZWw `mc-X-nepw ae-bm-f-n-epw, tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-Z-an, 1998
.......................... ]pkvXIw \qm-pI-fn-eq-sS, \psS kmlnXyw \psS kaqlw, tIcf
kmlnXy Am-Z-an, Xrq, 2002.
]c-ta-iz-c- Fkv Dq, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (thmfyw \mev), tIc-f-kh-I-em-im-e)
1990
_m_p-sN-dn-bm, tP_v sFkIv Imfn-a-Tw, m\-\n-t]w ]T-\hpw ]mT-hpw, {]`mXv
_pv lukv, 2002
cmL-h ]pXp--n, ae-bm-f-]-{X-{]-h\ Ncn-{Xw, Unkn _pIvkv, 2001
cma-Ir-jvW, C.-hn, A\p-`-h-sf BmWp t]Sn? Unkn _pIvkv, 2012
hk- Fkv.sI, kakvX tIc-f-km-lnXy]cn-j-ns Ncn{Xw, Id v _pIvkv, 2007
hnP-b Fw.-F (P-\-d FUn) \psS kmlnXyw kp-sS-k-aq-lw, thmfyw 2,3 tIc-fkm-lnXy Am-Z-an, 2002
jmPn-tP-_v, sSen-hn-j ImgvNbpw kwkvIm-chpw, lcnXw _pIvkv, 2004
................ hn]-co-X-, ]cn[n ]n-t40jkv, 2012