19 3

2002

ENGINEERING

Vol.19 No.3

MECHANICS

June 2002

1000-4750(2002)03-082-08

610031)

Kalker

Kalker Boussinesq Cerruti

1/40

U211

[1-3]

( 1(a)
)
[4]

LM ( 1(b))
LM
[4]
60kg/m
/
Kalker Hertz [5]

Kalker
Boussinesq Cerruti

2000-09-29

(5993510) (GZ9910)

(1976) ()
(1956)

2001-02-26

1:20

1:10

83

y&
i 2 = ( sin + cos ) cos[ ( 1) i i ]
v
&
&

r
+ ( i + i ) cos i
v
v
r&
&
+ {[ l 0 + ( 1) i i ] + ( 1) i i } sin i
v
v
&
sin i
1
r
i 3 = ( 1) i
+
cos[ i ( 1) i ]( 0 )
r0
r0
v

y
(b) LM

Fig.1 Wheel profiles

ri = ri ( y,), i = i ( y, ), i = i ( y, )

a i = a i ( y, ), hi = hi ( y ,), = ( y, )

(1)

(1) i = 1, 2 ri
i i
a i
hi
y
y > 0
y
y [5,
6]

[6,7]
[7]

[6]
i 1 = (1
+

ri
r0

(2c)

& , & i , &ri & , i , ri

r0 = 420 mm
l0 = 746 .5 mm
(2) ij

(a)

(2b)

d ri ri ( y, ) d y ri ( y, ) d
+

dt =
y
dt

dt

ri ( y ,) d y

y
dt

d i i ( y, ) d y i ( y, ) d
=
+

y
dt

dt
dt

i ( y,) d y

y
dt

(
y
,

) d y i ( y,) d
i =
i

dt
y
dt

dt

i ( y, ) dy

y
dt

(3)(2)

&
r0

1
{ [ i ( 1) i l0 ] cos ri sin }(
)
r0
v

(2a)

(3)

ri

i1 = (1 ) cos
r
0

1
&
r0
i
)
+ { [ i ( 1) l0 ] cos ri sin }(
v
r0

i
i 2 = sin cos[ ( 1) i ]

i
+ ri
) cos i
+ {cos cos[ ( 1) i ] + (
y
y

r
y&
i
+ ( 1) i i ] sin i }
+ [( l0 + ( 1) i )
y
y
v

sin i 1
r &
i 3 = ( 1) i
+ cos[ i ( 1) i ]( 0 )
r0
r0
v

(4)

y = 0, 1, 2, 3, L, 10 mm, = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
& / v = 0 , 0.001
L , 1 .0 o , y&1 / v = 0, 0 .005 r0

) cos

ri / y,

/ y i / y ri i y

[6] 2(a)(b)(c)
= 0.2o y& 1 / v = 0, 0. 005 r0& / v = 0 .001

y A B

84

1 : 40 1 2 y& / v = 0 0. 005

y& / v

( 2(b)) y

2(a) y 5mm

2 (b )
2 (c)

1,2

0.004

0.002
0.000
-0.002

1,2
A

i1

-0.004

1,2

-0.006
-0.008
-0.010

1,2

-0.012
0

10

y /mm

(a)

Bossinesq Cerruti

[8]
G = 82 GPa = 0. 28

A11 = 0.03183310 3 GA0

A22 = 0. 04825
10 3 GA0 0. 01289 d i
Ann ( n = 1, 2 )
A0 1
A22
d i ()



Ann Kalker

0.01

1,2
A,B

0.00

-0.01

i2

-0.02

2
B

2
-0.03
-0.04

10

y/mm

(b)
1,2

0.0002

0.0000

1,2

-1

i3 /mm

-0.0002

1,2

-0.0004

1,2

-0.0006

B
0

10

y/mm

(c)
2 (a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.2 (a) Longitudinal creepage, (b) Lateral creepage, (c) Spin

creepage

Hertz
[5]
1

C = p Im A ImJn p Jn
min
( p Jj )
2

) p J ] A0
+ [( h J q ) p J3 + (W J u J
S. T. : p 0, p b , x A
J3
J
J
c

Ao
pJ 3 = F

(5)

m n = 1, 2, 3 (
3 ) x1 x 2 x3 x3
= 1, 2 x1 x 2
p Jn J n h J
J
b J J Coulomb
q F
u J t J
W J

W J =

t [i + ( 1)
t

x3 i 3 ]vd

( = 1, 2)

(6)

( x J 1 , x J 2 ) ( x J 1 + Dx 1 ,
x J 2 + Dx 2 ) u Jm u Jm

u Jm = u m ( x J 1 , x J 2 )

441
A0 =
Dx 1 Dx 2 = 0. 75 mm 0 .65 mm () 0 .85 mm
1 . 05 mm () Dx 1 Dx 2
(5) A ImJn J n
1 ( p Jn = 1) I

Amn ( y J x I ) d y J 1 d y J 2

AIi Ji
Aii (i = 1, 2) AImIm
( m = 1, 2)

A*Ii Ji
Amm

AImIm

441

m =1

AIm Jn ( x I1 + Dx1 , x I2 + Dx 2 )

AImJm , ( I , J = 1, 2, L , M , m = 1, 2 ) (8)

(10)

J S Jn
S Jn ( x J 1 , x J 2 ) = W Jn ( x J 1 , x J 2 )
+ u n ( x J 1 , x J 2 ) u n ( x J 1 + Dx 1 , x J 2 + Dx 2 )

n = 1, 2

(11)

F1i =

441

A0 p J 1

(12)

A0 p J 2

(13)

A 0 ( p J 2 x J1 p J 1 x J 2 )

(14)

AIm Jn
(5) p Im A Im Jm p Jm (m = 1, 2, 3)

AImJm =

m =1

(9)

p Jm ( x I1 + Dx 1 , x I2 + Dx 2 )

Element J

M , m , n = 1 , 2, 3

441

u Jm = u m ( x J 1 + Dx 1 , x J 2 + Dx 2 )

(7)

y J , x I J I
Amn (
Bossinesq Cerruti ) AIm Jn
AImIm = AJn In
A ImJn = A JnIm
I , J = 1, 2, L ,

A Im Jn ( xI1 , x I2 ) p Im ( x I1 , x I 2 )

m
AIm Jn [5]
A Im Jn =

85

F2 i =

441

Mi =

441

i = 1, 2

Fi = W0 cos i W0 = 102 .9 kN f
0 .3 0 y 10mm 4 5
6 = 0.2o y& /v = 0.005 ,
r0 & /v = 0 .001
y A B

1 : 40 C 1 : 20


y

Fig.3 Rectangular mesh covering contact area

y
0 y 10mm

A*ImJm AImIm
(5) p Im q
AIm Jn p Im J t

1:40 8mm y 10mm

u Jm u Jm

m = n

A*ImJm AIm Jn

t t

86

( 4)
4mm y 8mm
1. 8 y > 5mm
2
( 5) ( 6)
y

1 : 20
( C)

y
0

B
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20

F1i /kN

B
A
C
0

10

y /mm

Fig.4 Longitudinal creep force

C

30

25

F2i /kN

20

15

10
5

0
0

10

y /mm

Fig.5 Lateral creep force

50

B
A
A

40

Mi /(kN.m)

30
20

C
C

10
0

-10
-20
0

10

y/mm

Fig.6 Spin moment

7 (a)(b) (c) = 0.1o y& /v = 0.005 ,

r0 & /v = 0 .001

1 : 40 1:20


y 1:40

1:40

80
1:20


80

1:40
1:20
1:40
Hertz [9-11]
Hertz
[12]

Hertz

1:40
7
1 : 20
1 : 40


1 : 20
1)
6
2)

8
6

4
2

0
-2
-4
-6
-8

y A B

1 : 40 C 1 : 20

y

0
-2
-4
-6

-8

-6

-4 -2

-8

-8

-6

-4

-2

x1(mm)

x 1 (mm)

1 : 40
y 7 mm

x 2 (mm)

10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-8

1 : 20

-6

-4

-2

3500

x1 ( m m )

3000

6
4

x2 (mm)

x2 (mm)

Fzmax /MPa

(a) y = 0 mm

2
0

2
0

-4

-2
-4

-6

-6

-2

-8

-8

-6

-4

-2

-8

2500
2000

1500

1000

C
0

-8 -6 -4 -2

10

10

(a)
1100
1000

Fxymax /MPa

x 2 (mm)

900

-6

-4

-2

800
700
600
500

(b) y = 5 mm

x 2 (mm)

0
-2

(b)

4
2

y /mm

8
6

400 A
300 C

x 1 (mm)

x2 (mm)

x1 ( m m )

10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-8

y /mm

x1 (mm)

2
0
-2

Fig.8 Maximum normal stress and maximum tangential stress

-4

-4
-6
-8

87

r0 & /v = 0 .001

x2 (mm)

x2 (mm)

-6
-8 -6 -4 -2 0

-8
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

x 1 (mm)

x1 (mm)

x 2 (mm)

10
8
6
4
2
0

-2
-4
-6
-8
-8

-6

-4

-2

x 1 (mm)

(c) y = 10 mm
7

8 10

Fig.7 Stick/slip areas of contact of wheel/rail

8(a)(b) = 0.2o y& /v = 0.005,

60 kg/m
/
Kalker Hertz

Kalker
Boussinesq Cerruti


/

88

1) y& / v


y
y 5mm

2)


1 : 40




a)
6
b)

[4]

WANG Futian. Railway vehicle system dynamics[M].

Beijing: China Railway Press,1994.
[5]

The

Netherlands,

Dordrecht,

Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 1990.

[6]

Jin X, Weihua Z. Analysis of creepages and their

sensitivities for a single wheelset moving on a tangent
track[J]. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 1996;
20: 128-136.

[7]

. [D].
, , 1999: 116-118 .
JIN

Xuesong.

Creep

theory

and

experimental

investigations of wheel and rail system[D]. Ph.D. Thesis,

Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 1999: 116-118.
[8]

Jin X, Wu P, Wen Z. Effects of structural elastic

deformation of wheelset/rail on creepages and creep forces
of in rolling contact[J]. In: 5th International Conference
on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Railwheel Systerms,
Tokyo, Japan, July 25-27, 2000.

. [D].
, , 1996: 126-156.

. [J]. ,
1985;6(1): 35-36.
LEI Teng. Calculation and analysis of wheel/rail contact

HUANG Wei. Research on locomotive radial bogies[D].

stresses[J]. China Railway Science.1985; 6(1): 35-36.

Ph.D. Thesis, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu,

[10] . [J]. , 1982, 4(4):

1996. 126-156.

1-15.

, . 2E

YU Zhanyou. A study of the wheel-rail contact stress[J].

[J]. , 1996,31():122-126.

Journal of the China Railway Society.1982; 4(4): 1-15.

FU Maohai, YAN Junmao. A 2E low force radial bogie of

[11] . [J].

freight car and its dynamic behavior[J]. Journal of

Southwest

Jiaotong

University,

1996;

31(Suppl.):

122-126.
[3]

Kalker J. J. Three-dimensional elastic bodies in rolling

contact[M].

[9]

[2]

. [M]. ,
1994.

[1]

.
[J]. 1986;20(1):
56-63.

, 1996;17(1): 68-76.
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[12] , . [J].
, 1998;20(2): 45-49.

YAN Junmao, SHEN Zhiyun, WANG Kaiwen. A

LIU Qiyue, WANG Xiaqiu. Numerical analysis of

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Jiaotong University, 1986, 20(1): 56-63.

CREEPAGES AND CREEP FORCES OF WHEELSET AND TRACK WITH

89

TWO TYPES OF PROFILES IN ROLLING CONTACT

WEN Ze-feng

JIN Xue-song

(State Key Laboratory of Traction Power Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031)

Abstract: The contact geometry, creepages and creep forces of wheelset/track with two types of wheel
profiles in rolling contact are investigated with numerical methods. In the analysis of the creep forces with Kalker
theory of three-dimensional elastic bodies in rolling contact with non-Hertzian form, finite element method is first
employed to determine differences of elastic displacement of wheel/rail at the contact point. The differences of
elastic displacement of wheel/rail are caused by elastic deformations of wheelset/track. Therefore, they are used
to revise the influence coefficients obtained with the formula of Boussinesq and Cerruti in Kalkers theory, so
that the effects of the structural elastic deformations are taken into account in the analysis of the present paper.
Numerical results indicate that the action behavior between a wheelset with worn profile and track is greatly
different from that of wheelset with coned profile and track under the same moving condition of wheelset. The
present results are very useful in further study on wear, rolling contact fatigue and service life of wheel/rail since
they can provide theoretical basis for adopting corresponding measures to protect wheel/rail from failure. It is
also found that rails with cant angle of 1/40 do not match a wheelset with worn profile very well. So the profile
of wheelset with worn profile that is widely used in railway field at present and the existing cant angle of rails
need to be further improved.
Key words: wheelset; track; rolling contact; creepage; creep force