SUMMARY TOPIC 1

BERNARD BLOCK: A LANGUAGE IS A SYSTEM OF ARBITRARY VOCAL AND WRITTEN SYMBOLS BY MEANS OF WHICH A SOCIAL GROUP OF PEOPLE COMMUNICATES.

PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE: (GEORGE YULE) 1. COMMUNICATIVE VS INFORMATIVE SIGNALS. 2. DISPLACEMENT. 3. ARBITRARINESS. 4. PRODUCTIVITY. 5. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION. 6. DISCRETENESS. 7. OTHER PROPERTIES.

FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE: (ROMAN JAKOBSON) 1. REFERENTIAL: CONTEXT 2. EXPRESSIVE. ADDRESSER 3. CONATIVE: ADDRESSEE 4. POETIC: MESSAGE 5. PHATIC: CONTACT 6. METALINGUAL: CODE

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE: KEY COMPETENCE: THE GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE AND THE SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE THE LANGUAGE USER DISPLAYS WHEN PRODUCING LANGUAGE. TO KNOW NOT ONLY GRAMMATICAL RULES BUT ALSO WHEN AND WHERE TO USE IT AND TO WHOM.

NOAM CHOMSKY: 1. LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE. 2. LINGUISTIC PERFORMANCE.

DELL HYMES: 1. SYSTEMATIC POTENTIAL. 2. APPROPRIACY. 3. OCURRENCE.

4. FEASIBILITY. CANALE AND SWAIN (1980): COMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE FOR 2ND LANGUAGE TEACHING. 1. GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE. 2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE. 3. PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE.

CANALE (1983) EXPANDED TO FOUR FEATURES: 1. GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE. 2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE. 3. DISCOURSE COMPETENCE. 4. STRATEGIC COMPETENCE.

BACHMAN AND PALMER (1990) : LANGUAGE COMPETENCE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL COMPETENCE: GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE. TEXTUAL COMPETENCE.

2. PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE: ILLOCUTIONARY COMPETENCE. SOCIOLINGUISTIC COMPETENCE.

WHAT KIND OF SOCIAL CONVENTIONS SHOULD WE TEACH?: SOCIO-CULTURALLY NEUTRAL ENGLISH.

SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE: WHICH COMES FIRST? HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.

SPOKEN LANGUAGE: SPEECH IS THE FACULTRY OR ACT OF EXPRESSING OR DESCRIBING THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, PERCEPTIONS BY THE ARTICULATION OF SOUNDS. GRAMMATICAL FEATURES. LEXICAL FEATURES. DISCOURSE FEATURES. PHONOLOGICAL AND PHONETIC FEATURES.

BRANCHES STUDYING SPEECH:

PHONETICS: LINGUISTIC BRANCH CONCERNED WITH THE DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS, INCLUDING THE WAY IN WHICH THEY ARE PRODUCED, TRANSMITTED AND PERCEIVED.

PHONOLOGY: LINGUISTIC BRANCH CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS INTO SOUND SYSTEMS.

WRITTEN LANGUAGE: IT IS THE REPRESENTATION OF LANGUAGE IN A TEXTUAL MEDIUM THROUGH THE USE OF A SET OF SYMBOLS, SUCH AS THE ALPHABET AND THE PUNCTUATION MARKS.

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES LEXICAL FEATURES DISCOURSE FEATURES.

BRANCHES STUDYING SPEECH:

GRAPHETICS: THE LINGUISTIC BRANCH CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF THE MAKING, TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF WRITTEN MARKS ON A SURFACE. REALIZATION OF THE GRAPHS, DIRECTION OF WRITING, TYPES OF SURFACE USED, ETC..

GRAPHOLOGY: THE LINGUISTIC BRANCH CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY OF THE GRAPHEMES WHICH ARE THE ABSTRACT WRITTEN UNITS CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING MEANING.

CLASSIFICATION OF WRITTEN SYSTEMS: 1. NON-PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: NOT A CLEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYMBOL AND THE SOUND OF LANGUAGE: PICTOGRAMS. IDEOGRAMS. LOGOGRAMS.

2. PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: CLEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SYMBOL AND THE SOUND OF LANGUAGE. THE SYLLABIC WRITING: ONE SYMBOL WHOLE SYLLABLES. THE ALPHATIC WRITING: EACH GRAPHEME REPRESENTS ONE SOUND.

COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION: THE EXCHANGE OF MEANINGS BETWEEN PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME LINGUISTIC CODE IN A SPECIFIC TIME AND PLACE.

HUMAN COMMUNICATION OCCURS ON THREE LEVELS: INTRAPERSONAL. INTERPERSONAL. PUBLIC.

COMMUNICATION THEORY ACCORDING TO SHANNON AND WEAVER (1949): SOURCE ENCODER MESSAGE CHANNEL NOISE DECODER RECEIVER FEEDBACK

CONTEXT : WHICH CAN CONDITION ANY COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION: PHYSICAL CONTEXT SOCIAL CONTEXT CULTURAL CONTEXT

CONTEXT ACCORDING TO HALLIDAY: FIELD TENOR MODE