DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

El presente documento contiene la solución de una ecuación diferencial por

medio de variación de parámetros , coeficientes indeterminados y
transformada de Laplace. Gracias al ingeniero Ricardo Lopez, profesor de
física de la universidad Tecnológica de Pereira por la solución.

Cualquier pregunta puede ser realizada a rilopez@utp.edu.o

ABSTRACT : The following document containt describe how a differential

equation can be solved by three methods: Undetermined coefficients ,
variation of parameters and Laplace Transform. Thanks to proffesor Ricardo
Lopez for the solutions, he currently belongs to physics department from
UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA DE PEREIRA .

Any question can be done to rilopez@utp.edu.co

The equation : y ' ' ( x) + 4 y ( x) = cos x

2

SOLUTION USING VARIATION OF

PARAMETERS
The solution of the homogeneous equation is : yh = C1 cos(2 x ) + C2 sin( 2 x)

y p = u1 ( x) cos(2 x) + u2 ( x) sin( 2 x )

cos(2 x) sin(2 x )
Wy1, y 2 = =2,
− 2 sin(2 x ) 2 cos(2 x)

du1 sin( 2 x) du cos(2 x)

=− cos 2 x ,      2 = cos 2 x
dx 2 dx 2

1  1 + cos(2 x )  1 1
u1 ( x) = −
2 ∫ sin(2 x)
 2
dx = cos(2 x) + 1 cos(4 x )
 8 32

cos(2 x ) cos( x)dx 1  1 + cos(2 x)  1 1

u2 ( x) = ∫ = ∫ cos(2 x) dx = ∫ cos(2 x )dx + ∫ cos (2 x) dx =
2

2 2  2  4 4
1 1 x 1 1
sin( 2 x) + ∫ (1 + cos(4 x)dx = + sin( 2 x ) +
8 8 8 8 32

y p = u1 ( x ) cos(2 x) + u2 ( x) sin( 2 x) replacing

 1 1 1 1 1
∴ y p = cos 2 (2 x) + cos(2 x) cos(4 x) + sin 2 (2 x ) + x sin( 2 x) + sin( 4 x) sin( 2 x)
8 32 8 8 32

Then grouping the terms :

1 1 1
yp = + x sin( 2 x) + cos(2 x)
8 8 32

The last one it’s exclude because it’s already in the homogeneous solution.

SOLUTION USING UNDETERMINED

COEFFICIENTS
1
y ' ' ( x) + 4 y ( x) = cos 2 x = (1 + cos( 2 x ) )
2

Auxiliary equation: r 2 + 4 = 0 r = ±2i

yh = C1 cos(2 x ) + C2 sin( 2 x)

1
D( D 2 + 4) (1 + cos(2 x) ) = 0
2
D( D 2 + 4)( D 2 + 4) y = 0            ,  D( D 2 + 4) 2 y = 0

Auxiliary equation: r ( r 2 + 4) 2 = 0 r = 0  ,  r = ±2i

Particulary equation structure:

y p ( x) = A + Bx cos(2 x ) + Cx sin( 2 x )
y ' p ( x) = B cos(2 x) − 2 Bx sin( 2 x) + C sin( 2 x ) + 2Cx cos(2 x)
y ' ' p ( x) = −3B sin( 2 x) + 4C cos(2 x ) − 4 Bx cos(2 x) − 4Cx sin(2 x)

Replacing into the differential equation :

1 1
− 3B sin(2 x) + 4C cos(2 x ) − 4 B cos(2 x) − 4Cx sin(2 x) + 4 A + 4 Bx cos(2 x) + 4Cx sin(2 x ) = + cos(2 x)
2 2
1 1 1 1
∴  A =   ,  B = 0   ,  C =     y p ( x) = + x sin(2 x)
8 8 8 8

1 1
General solution : y ( x) =C 1cos(2 x) + C2 sin(2 x ) + + x sin(2 x)
8 8
SOLUTION USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM
x + 6 x + 18 x = cos 2t , x(0) = 1  ,  x (0) = −1

m 2 + 6m + 18 = 0    m = −3 ± 3i

xh (t ) = −3t (C1 cos(3t ) + C2 sin(3t ))

x p (t ) = A cos(3t ) + B sin(3t )

s
s 2 x ( s ) − s + 1 + 6 sx ( s ) − 6 + 18 x( s ) =
s +4
2

{ } s
x( s) s 2 + 6s + 18 = s + 5 +
s +4 2

s As + B Cs + D
= 2 + 2
( s + 6s + 18)( s + 4) s + 4 s + 6 s + 18
2 2

( A + C ) S 3 + ( B + 6 A + D) S 2 + (6 B + 18 A + 4C ) S + 18 B + 4 D = 0
9
A + C = 0     ∴  C = − A  ,  18 B + 4 D = 0    D = − B  
2
9 7
B + 6 A + D = B + 6 A − B = 0   ∴  − B + 6 A = 0
2 2
14 A + 6 B = 1
7 9  12  54 7
A=     B = −    = −    C = −   
170 2  170  170 170
2 7 6 7 11 − 3t
x(t ) = − 3t cos(3t ) + − 3t sin(3t ) + cos(2t ) + sin( 2t ) − cos(3t )− 3t −  sin(3t )
3 170 170 170 170
307
163 − 3t 7 6
x(t ) =  cos(3t ) + 3 − 3t sin(3t ) + cos(2t ) + sin(2t )
170 170 170 170

SOLUTION USING THE TRADITIONAL WAY

x + 6 x + 18 x = cos(3t )        x(0) = 1  ,  x (0) = −1
m 2 + 6m + 18 = 0   ,   m = −3 ± 3i
xh (t ) = − 3t (C1 cos(3t ) + C2 sin(3t ))
x p (t ) = A cos(2t ) + B sin( 2t )
x p (t ) = −2 A sin( 2t ) + 2 B cos(2t )
x p (t ) = −4 A cos(2t ) − 4 B sin( 2t )

(−4 A + 12 B + 18 A) cos(2t ) +
(−4 A − 22 A + 18 B ) sin( 2t ) = cos(2t )

∴    14 A + 12 B = 1
− 12 A + 14 B = 0

1 12 14 1
0 14 14 − 12 0 12
A= =     ,    B = =
14 12 340 340 340
− 12 14
14 12
x(t ) = − 3t (C1 cos(3t ) + C2 sin(3t )) + cos(2t ) + sin(2t )
340 340
28 24
x (t ) = −3− 3t (C1 cos(3t ) + C2 sin(3t )) + − 3t (−3C1 sin(3t ) + 3C2 cos(3t )) − sin(2t ) + cos(2t )
340 340
14 7 163
1 = C1 + = C1 +   ,  C1 =
340 170 170
307
12 12 489 307
− 1 = −3C1 + 3C2 +   ,  3C2 = −1 − + =   ∴  C2 = 13
170 170 170 170 170
 307 
 163  7 6
x(t ) = 3− 3t
 cos(3t ) + 3 sin(3t )  + cos(2t ) + sin(2t )
 170 170  170 170
 
 