For private circulation only

Chapter 1 ENGINEERING CURVES

(A) ELLIPSE:
EXERCISE 1 A fixed point is 75mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in such a way that its distance from the fixed straight line is twice its distance from the fixed point. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 2 The major and the minor axes of an ellipse are 150mm and 100mm respectively. Find the foci and draw the ellipse by Arcs of circles method. Draw a tangent to the ellipse at a point on it 25mm above the major axis. Find out the eccentricity. EXERCISE 3 The foci of an ellipse are 90mm and the minor axis is 70mm long. Determine the length of the major axis and draw half the ellipse by Concentric circles method and the other half by oblong method. EXERCISE 4 Two fixed points A & B are 90mm apart. Trace the complete path of point P moving (in the same plane as that of A & B) in such a way that the sum of its distances from A & B is always the same and equal to 125 mm. Name the curve and find out the directrices and eccentricity. EXERCISE 5 Draw an ellipse, parabola and hyperbola on a common axis and directrix. Take the distance of focus from the directrix equal to 50 mm and eccentricity for the ellipse, parabola and hyperbola as 2/3, 1 and 3/2 respectively. Plot at least 8 points and draw tangent and normal to any one curve at suitable point. EXERCISE 6 Two points C & D are 100 mm apart. Another point P is 90mm from C and 60mm from D. Draw an ellipse passing through points C, D and P so that CD is not a major axis. Draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn and find its eccentricity. EXERCISE 7 Two points C & D are 100 mm apart. Another point P is 90mm from C and 60mm from D. Draw an ellipse passing through points C, D and P so that CD is not a major axis. Draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn and find its eccentricity. EXERCISE 8 A plot of land is in the shape of a parallelogram 24m16m, the angle between the sides being 50. Inscribe an elliptical flower bed in it. EXERCISE 9 The major axis of an ellipse is 10cm and the distance between the foci is 7cm. Draw the ellipse by Arcs of circles method. Find the eccentricity. EXERCISE 10 Three points A, B and P are lying on a horizontal line such that AB=70mm and AP=95mm. Keeping points A & B fixed, the point P starts moving in such a way that sum of its distance from fixed points always remains constant. Draw the complete path traced out by point P from its initial position. Name the curve and find out its eccentricity.

Compiled By: R. M. Joshi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DDU Nadiad. Page 1 of 19

For private circulation only EXERCISE 11 Draw an ellipse passing through the corners P & Q of an equilateral triangle PQR of 60mm sides having side PQ vertical. Corner R coincides with focus of an ellipse having eccentricity ratio of 3/4. Draw tangent and normal to the curve drawn at point Q. Use directrix focus method. EXERCISE 12 Draw an ellipse passing through 608 corner Q of 308-608 set square having smallest side PQ vertical and 45mm long. The foci of the ellipse coincides with the corners P & R of the set square. Use arcs of circles method. Find its eccentricity and also draw normal and tangent at point Q. EXERCISE 13 Two points A and B are 120mm apart. Another point P is 70mm from A and 60mm from B. Draw an ellipse passing through these points A, B and P so that AB is a major axis. Use Concentric circle method only. Draw normal and tangent to the curve at any point. Find also the eccentricity. EXERCISE 14 Draw an ellipse passing through four corners of a rhombus having diagonals equal to 120mm and 75mm respectively. Find the eccentricity of the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve at any point. Use Arcs of circles Method.

(B) PARABOLA:
EXERCISE 1 A stone is thrown form a building 5m high. It just crosses the top of a palm tree 10m high. Trace the path of the projectile if the horizontal distance between the building and the palm tree is 4m. Also find the distance of the point from the building where the stone falls on the ground. EXERCISE 2 A shot is discharged from the ground at an inclination of 60 to the ground, which is assumed to be horizontal. The shot returns to the ground at a point 110 m distance form the point of discharge. Trace the path of the shot assuming it to be parabolic. Take scale as 1:1000. EXERCISE 3 A fixed point is 75mm from a fixed straight line. Draw the locus of a point P moving in such a way that its distance form the fixed straight line is equal to its distance form the fixed point. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 4 A shot is fired from the gun, making an angle of 70 8 with horizontal and falls back on earth at a distance of 1800 metres from the point of firing. Draw the locus of shot fired using Rectangle Method and name the curve. Draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 700 metres from the firing point. EXERCISE 5 Draw a parabolic curve having base AB as horizontal, 110mm long, while its directrix MN is parallel to the base and 80mm to the top of the base. Use Tangent Method to draw the parabola and draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point on the curve.

Compiled By: R. M. Joshi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DDU Nadiad. Page 2 of 19

For private circulation only EXERCISE 6 Water comes out of an orifice fitted on the vertical side of a tank and it falls on the ground. The horizontal distance of the point where the water touches the ground is 1.6 metres when measured from the side of the tank. If the vertical distance between the orifice and the point where water touches the ground is 0.8 metres, draw the path of jet of water and name the path. Draw also the normal and tangent to the curve at any point on the curve. EXERCISE 7 In a rectangle of sides 150mm x 90mm, inscribe two parabolas such that their axes bisect each other. Find out their focus points and positions of directrix.

(C) HYPERBOLA:
EXERCISE 1 For a perfect gas, the relation between P (pressure) and V (volume) in isothermal expansion is given by the law PV=Constant. Draw the curve of isothermal expansion of an enclosed volume of the gas if 0.0566 m3 of gas correspond to a pressure of 0.355 Kg/cm 2. Name the curve & draw tangent and normal at any point. EXERCISE 2 A fixed point M is 75 mm from a fixed straight line AB. Draw the locus of a point R moving in such a way that its distance form M is always twice its distance form AB. Name the curve. EXERCISE 3 The angle between the two lines OA & OB is 75 . OA is horizontal. Draw a rectangular hyperbola passing through the point M, which is 5 cm form OA, and 6 cm from OB. EXERCISE 4 A point M is 50mm from OA and at certain distance from OB. The lines OA & OB are inclined at 1208 to each other. Draw the locus of the point M in the same plane if the product of its distances from OA & OB is always constant and equal to 2750mm 2. Name the curve drawn. Interpolate another location of M if it is (a) At a distance of 35mm from OA and (b) 30mm from OB EXERCISE 5 A fixed point F is 90mm from a fixed straight line D 1D2.Draw the locus of a point P moving in such a way that its distance from point F is always 1.5 times its distance from D 1D2.Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the same curve at any point. EXERCISE 6 The angle between two straight lines OX & OY is 65 8. OX is horizontal. Draw hyperbola passing through the point P, which is 55mm from OX and 65mm from OY. Draw also normal and tangent to the curve drawn. EXERCISE 7 In a thermodynamic system, Nitrogen gas is entrapped and hyperbolic expansion process occurs on it. During this process, the product of pressure and volume remains constant. The pressure and volume at the beginning of the process were 350 KPa and 200 litres respectively. Draw the expansion curve for this process till the gas expands up to 800 litres. Interpolate; (a) Pressure at 600 litres volume and (b) Volume at 200 KPa EXERCISE 8 The asymptotes OX & OY of a hyperbola are inclined at 130 8 to each other. A point P moves on the curve is at a distance of 55mm from OX & 30mm from OY respectively. Draw the hyperbola passing through the point P. Also draw tangent and normal to the curve drawn.

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For private circulation only

(D) CYCLOIDAL CURVES:

EXERCISE 1 A circle of 40mm diameter rolls on the straight surface without slipping for 540 of revolution in clock-wise direction. Trace the path of the point P on its circumference. Initial position of the point P is the contact point with the line on which it rolls. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve at any point on accent side. EXERCISE 2 ABCD is a square. A circle of 5cm diameter rolls without slipping on AB for half revolution & then on BC to complete the remaining half revolution. The circle rolls on the outer perimeter of the square. Trace the path of the point P situated on the circumference of the circle. Assume the point P at the top most position initially. Name the curve. EXERCISE 3 ABCD is a square. A circle of 4cm diameter rolls without slipping on AB for half revolution & then on BC to complete the remaining half revolution. The circle rolls on the outer perimeter of the square. Trace the path of the point P situated on the circumference of the circle. Assume the point P at the top most position initially. Name the curve. EXERCISE 4 A circle of 50mm diameter rolls without slip towards right on a horizontal surface by half revolution and then it rolls up a vertical surface by another half revolution. Initially the point P is at the bottom of vertical diameter of the circle. Draw the curve traced out by a point P and name it. EXERCISE 5 A circle of 50mm diameter rolls without slip towards right on a horizontal surface by half revolution and then it rolls up a vertical surface by another half revolution. Initially the point P is at the top of vertical diameter of the circle. Draw the curve traced out by a point P and name it. EXERCISE 6 Draw a curve for a disc having 50mm diameter which rolls without slipping/sliding for first half of its revolution on uphill having slope angle as 30 8 with horizontal surface, while for the remaining half, it rolls on down hill having slope angle as 20 8. Draw tangent & normal on descending side of the curve drawn at any point on it. EXERCISE 7 A circle of 40mm diameter rolls on a straight line without slipping. In the initial position, a diameter AB of the circle is parallel to the line on which the circle rolls. Draw the loci of points A & B for one complete revolution of the circle. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the any of the curves drawn at any point on it. EXERCISE 8 A circle of 30mm radius rolls on the circumference of another circle of 120mm diameter keeping outside contact. Trace locus of the point of the circumference of rolling circle for one complete revolution. The initial position of point is at the top of rolling circle. Draw also normal and tangent at any point on the ascending side. Name the curve.

Compiled By: R. M. Joshi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DDU Nadiad. Page 4 of 19

For private circulation only EXERCISE 9 A circle of 40mm diameter rolls without slipping on outer side of another circle of 90mm radius. Draw the path traced by the point P on the circumference of the rolling circle which is at the initial point of contact between the circles, when the rolling circle makes one complete rotation in anticlockwise direction. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 100mm from the centre. EXERCISE 10 Find the locus of a point on the circumference of a motorcycle wheel of 400 mm diameter for one revolution when wheel rotates on a radial surface of an arched bridge of radius 2000 mm. Draw normal and tangent to the curve at any point on it. EXERCISE 11 Prove that if the diameter of the rolling circle is half the diameter of the directing circle, the hypocycloid is a straight line. EXERCISE 12 A motor cyclist drives his motor cycle in a globe of 2metres diameter. The diameter of the motor cycle wheel is 80cm. Draw the locus of contact point on the circumference of the wheel for one revolution on the maximum diameter path in the globe. Use a suitable scale. Draw normal and tangent to the curve. EXERCISE 13 Prove that, when the diameter of rolling circle is half the diameter of the directing circle, the epicycloids will be an ellipse. EXERCISE 14 A rolling circle of 40mm dia. rolls without slipping inside another directing circle of radius 80mm. Draw the locus of a point on the circumference of rolling circle which is in contact with directing circle for one complete revolution. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at a point Q when the disc revolved for 3/4th of its complete revolution. EXERCISE 15 A circle of 35mm diameter rolls without slipping on inner side of another circle of 80mm radius. Draw the path traced by the point P on the circumference of the rolling circle, diametrically opposite to the initial point of contact between the circles, when the rolling circle makes one complete revolution in clockwise direction. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve when circle completes 2/3rd of the total rotation.

(D) INVOLUTE CURVES:

EXERCISE 1 Draw an involute of a circle of 50mm diameter. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 2 Draw an involute of a equilateral triangle of side 30mm. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 3 Draw an involute of an isosceles triangle of equal sides 60mm long. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 4

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For private circulation only Draw an involute of a square of side 40mm. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 5 Draw an involute of a rectangle having sides 30mm & 50mm respectively. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 6 Draw an involute of a pentagon of side 25mm. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 7 Draw an involute of a hexagon of side 20mm. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 8 One end of an inelastic thread, 100mm long, is attached to the circumference of a circular disc of 40mm diameter. Draw the path of the free end of the thread, if it is completely wound around the disc, keeping the thread the thread always tight. Name the curve. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 9 One end of an inelastic thread, 154mm long, is attached to the circumference of a circular disc of 40mm diameter. Draw the path of the free end of the thread, if it is completely wound around the disc, keeping the thread the thread always tight. Name the curve. Draw tangent and normal to the curve at any point. EXERCISE 10 Draw the curve traced by the end of a straight line 120mm long, which rolls without slipping on a semicircle of 80mm diameter. In the beginning, one end of the line is touching the circle and the line is perpendicular to the horizontal diameter of the semicircle. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent at any point on it. EXERCISE 11 AB is a rope 1.6m long, tied to a peg at B. keeping it always tight, the rope is wound round the pole O. Draw the curve traced out by the end A. Scale 1/10 full size.
R 25 cm 40 cm 30 O 8

160 cm

EXERCISE 12 An inelastic string, 190mm long has one of its end fixed at bottom of a composite shape made of semi-circle of 60mm dia. to the right and half-hexagon to the left. Draw the locus of another free end when the string is completely wound in counter-clockwise direction. Draw also normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 13 An inelastic string, 155mm long, initially horizontal, has one of its end fixed at corner of a composite shape made of rectangle of 20 x 50mm to the bottom and semi-circle of 50mm diameter to the top. Draw the locus of another free end when the string is completely wound in counter-clockwise direction. Draw also normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point.

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For private circulation only EXERCISE 14 Figure shows the composite plate which consists of quadrant of a circle of radius 35mm and an equilateral triangle PQR of 35mm edges. An inelastic string of 135mm in length fixed at point P, is wound around the given shape in clockwise direction. Draw the locus of free end M of the string till end M touches the given plate.
135 P In elastic string Q R 35 M

EXERCISE 15 A semi-circular disc of diameter 70mm has its diameter AB horizontal as shown in the figure. An inelastic string CD of 152.5mm long is kept parallel to AB, fixed at point C. Draw the path traced by free end D due to winding in anti-clockwise direction till it touches the semi-circular disc.
70 A B

152.5

EXERCISE 16 Figure shows a composite object. A string is already wound around the object from point B to point A. Draw the path of end A of string when it is unwound from the object from A to B keeping the end B as a fixed end. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent at any point on the curve.

B 308 A R 20

EXERCISE 17 An inelastic string ST is already wound totally on the shape given as shown if figure with one end S fixed at S. Draw the locus of other end T of the string when it is unwound completely in clockwise direction. Name the path of end T of the string and draw normal and tangent at any point. R 25
ST

60 8 R

30 8

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For private circulation only EXERCISE 18 An inelastic string PQ, 150mm long has its one end Q fixed at corner C of the composite shape as seen in the figure. Draw the locus of other free end P due to winding of the string on the given surface in clockwise direction. Name the path obtained by end P. Draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point on it.
150mm Q C P

AC=BC=50mm B AB=40mm B

(E) ARCHEMEDIAN SPIRAL CURVES:

EXERCISE 1 Draw an Archemedian spiral of one and half convolution, the maximum and minimum radii being 100mm and 20mm respectively. Draw tangent and normal at any point on the curve. Draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at a distance of 50mm from the centre of rotation. EXERCISE 2 A circular disc of diameter AB 80mm rotates with uniform angular velocity in anti-clockwise direction. The point P which is at A moves with uniform linear velocity and reaches the point B, when the disc completes one revolution, trace the locus of point P moving A to B. Name the curve. Also draw normal and tangent at any point to the curve drawn. EXERCISE 3 A circular disc of diameter AB 80mm rotates with uniform angular velocity in clockwise direction. The point P, which is at A moves with uniform linear velocity and reaches the centre of rotation and return to point A, when the disc completes one revolution, trace the locus of point P moving A to B. Draw normal and tangent at a point 30mm from the centre of rotation to the curve drawn and name the curve. EXERCISE 4 A monkey at 20m slides down from a rope. It swings 30 either sides of rope initially at vertical position. The monkey initially at top reaches at bottom, when the rope swings about two complete oscillations. Draw the path of the monkey sliding down assuming motion of the monkey and of rope as uniform. Name the curve and draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 5 A pendulum OC pivoted at O, is 120mm long. It swings 30 to the right of vertical and also 30 to the left of vertical. Insect, initially at O reaches the points C, when the pendulum completes two oscillations. Draw the path of the insect, assuming motion of insect and of pendulum as uniform. Name the curve drawn and draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 6

Compiled By: R. M. Joshi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DDU Nadiad. Page 8 of 19

For private circulation only A link AB, 12cm long, rotates about A in an anticlockwise direction. A point P on the link, 2cm away from A, moves and reaches the end B while the link has rotates through 540. Assuming the movement of the link and that of the point to be uniform, trace the locus of the point P. Name the curve. Also draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 7 A link 220mm long, swings on a pivot O from its vertical position of rest to the left through an angle of 758 and returns to its initial position at uniform velocity. During that period, a point P moving at uniform speed along the centre line of the link from a point at a distance of 20mm from O, reaches the end of the link. Draw the locus of the point P and also draw normal and tangent to the curve drawn at any point. EXERCISE 8 Draw a triangle ABC with AB=30mm, AC=40mm and BAC=458. B & C are the points on an Archemedian spiral of one convolution of which A is the pole. Find the initial line and draw the spiral. Also draw normal and tangent to that curve. EXERCISE 9 A point P moves radially outward from the centre of the circular disc to the periphery and comes back to the centre when the disc completes two revolutions. Radial movement of a point P and circular motion of the disc is assumed to be uniform. If the diameter of the disc is 140mm, plot the path traced by the point P and also draw normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35mm from the centre of rotation. EXERCISE 10 A cart wheel, 150 cm diameter, has 7 spokes connecting its rim to the hub. The wheel is rotating in the anti-clockwise direction at 80 rpm. A dust particle starts from the centre of the wheel and travels along a spoke with uniform velocity and reaches the rim after 2 seconds. Trace the path of the particle assuming suitable scale. EXERCISE 11 Draw an archemedian spiral for 1.5 convolutions. The spiral starts from the pole and its greatest radius is 90mm. Draw normal and tangent to the curve at a distance of 45mm from the centre of rotation.

Chapter 2
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For private circulation only

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

EXERCISE 1 Line AB 80 mm long is inclined at 30 to the H.P. & 458 to the V.P. Its end A is 15 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections and find out inclinations of its views with HP & VP. Locate also the traces. The other end B of the line is in second quadrant. EXERCISE 2 The distance between the end projectors of a line AB is 60 mm. The end A is in HP. And 30 mm in front of V.P. End B is 45 mm below HP. & 20 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line. Determine its true length, inclinations and traces. EXERCISE 3 A line AB, 120 mm long is inclined at 308 to H.P. & 458 to the V.P. Point C on AB, 60 mm from A is 20 mm below H.P. & 5 mm behind V.P. A is in I st quadrant while B is in the 3 rd quadrant. Draw its projections and locale its traces. EXERCISE 4 The top view of a line RS 95 mm long, measures 72 mm. Its front view is 85 mm long. End R is 20 mm below H.P. & 25 mm behind V.P. Find its inclinations with H.P. & V.P. Also locate traces. EXERCISE 5 Line PQ, 90 mm long is inclined at 308 to the H.P. while its top view makes 50 8 with XY. End P is in the V.P and 15 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections and determine inclination of the line with V.P. Also locate traces. EXERCISE 6 The front view of line AB, 120 mm long measures 80 mm. Its end A is 15 mm below H.P. & 30 mm behind V.P. The line makes 35 8 with H.P. Draw projections. Assume is to be in first quadrant. Find the inclination with the V.P. Also locate traces. EXERCISE 7 The distance between the end projections of a line PQ is 90 mm. End P is 40 mm above H.P. & 50 mm in front of V.P. End Q is in third quadrant. The F.V. & T.V. of the line makes 40 8 & 558 with XY respectively. Draw the projections of PQ. Find its true length, inclinations with H.P. & V.P. and traces. EXERCISE 8 The end A of a St. line AB is 30 mm below H.P. and 45 mm in front of V.P. The line is inclined at 308 with H.P. and its top view makes 458 with V.P. The distance between the end projectors of the line is 60 mm. Draw the projections if the point B is in third quadrant. Find out true length of the line and locate its H.T. and V.T. EXERCISE 9 The position of point R which divides a line AB, 90mm long in the proportion of (AR:RB) 2:1, is in VP and 20mm above H.P. Point A is 20mm below H.P. and 35mm behind V.P. Draw its projections and locate its traces. EXERCISE 10 The end A of line AB, 130mm long is 40mm behind V.P. and 30mm below H.P. the line is inclined at 30 to H.P. and has a point on it in both H.P. and V.P. Draw projections of line and find and and locate traces. EXERCISE 11

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For private circulation only The end A of a line AB is 20mm above HP and 35mm in front of VP. The end B is 15m behind V.P. and 25mm above H.P. The distance between the end projectors is 45mm. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length, inclination with V.P. and traces. EXERCISE 12 Draw the projections of a line PQ 100mm long. It is inclined at 45 to H.P. and 30 to V.P. The end A is in H.P. and B is in V.P. EXERCISE 13 A line VH, 70mm long, has its end V in V.P. and end H in H.P. It is inclined at 60 to H.P. and 30 to V.P. Draw its projections and find its traces. EXERCISE 14 A St. line AB is 60mm long. It is inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to V.P. Point A is 30mm above HP and 20mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections and find its traces. EXERCISE 15 A line EF, 75mm long has its end E 20mm below H.P. and 25mm behind V.P. The end F is 50mm below H.P. and 65mm behind V.P. Draw projections of line EF and find its inclinations with H.P. and V.P. EXERCISE 16 A St. line PQ is 75mm long. Its front view and top view are 65mm and 53mm long respectively. The end A is in H.P. and 40mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line and determine its inclinations with H.P. and V.P. Show its traces also. EXERCISE 17 A line AB 100m long is inclined at 45 to V.P. and its front view makes an angle of 60 with H.P. The end A is in H.P. and 40mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line and determine its inclinations with H.P. and V.P. Show its traces. Point B is in Ist quadrant. EXERCISE 18 A line AB 100mm long is inclined at 45 to V.P. and its front view makes an angle of 60 with H.P. The end A is 10mm above HP and 20mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the line and determine its traces also. Also find its inclinations with H.P. and V.P. EXERCISE 19 Three lines OA, OB & OC are 30 mm, 40 mm & 60 mm long respectively. Each line makes 1208 with the other two & the longest line being vertical. The figure is the top view of the three rods OA, OB & OC whose ends A, B & C are on the ground while point O is 100m above it. Draw the front view and determine the length of each rod and their inclinations with the ground. EXERCISE 20 The end projectors of line MN are on the same projector. The end M is 25 mm below H.P. and 40 mm behind V.P. End N is 10 mm above H.P. and 55 mm in front of V.P. determine the true length and inclinations of the line with the two reference planes. Locate its traces. EXERCISE 21 The end A of a St. line AB 120mm long is 50 mm behind V.P. and 35 mm below the H.P. The line is inclined at 30 to the H.P. and has a point C on it in both the reference planes. Draw the projections of the line AB and find its inclination with the V.P.

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For private circulation only EXERCISE 22 The F.V. of line AB 120mm long measures 80mm. Its end A is 15 mm below H.P. and 30mm behind V.P. The line makes an angle of 35 with H.P. Draw its projections assuming it to be in third quadrant. Find the inclination with the V.P. EXERCISE 23 The distance between the end projectors of a line CD is 50mm. Its end C is 10 m above H.P. and 25mm in front of V.P. End D is in the third quadrant. The line makes an angle of 45 to H.P. and its F.V. makes an angle of 60 to XY line. Obtain the projections of CD. Find its true length and inclination with the V.P. EXERCISE 24 The projectors of two points A and B are 70mm apart. The end B 60mm below H.P. is 35mm in front of V.P. and the whole line lies in the fourth quadrant. The true length of the line is 120 mm and it makes an angle of 45 with H.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 25 A room measures 8m long, 5m wide and 4m high. An electric point hangs in the centre of the ceiling and 1m below it. A thin St. line wire connecting the point to a switch kept in one of the corners of the room and is 2m above the floor. Draw the projections of the wire. Find the true length and the slope angle of the wire with the floor. EXERCISE 26 A straight road going up hill from a point A, due east to another point B, is 7 km long & has slope of 208. Another leveled (horizontal) road from B, due 60 8 North of east, to a point C is 5 km long. Determine the length & slope of the straight road joining the points A and C. EXERCISE 27 Two Pegs P & Q are fixed in each of the two adjacent sidewalls of a rectangular room which meet in the corner. Peg P is 1.4m above the floor, 1.2m from the sidewall & is protruding 0.3m from the wall. Peg Q 2m above the floor, 1m from the other side wall and is also protruding 0.3m from the wall. Find the distance between the ends of the Pegs. EXERCISE 28 Three guy ropes AB, CD and EF are tied at A, C and E on a vertical post OM, 3m high at a height of 1m, 2m and 3m from the ground respectively. The lower ends B, D and Fare tied to the points each 20cm above the ground level on pegs P, R and S respectively. If PR=140cm, RS=80cm and SP=100 cm and the post OM is situated at the centre of the triangle PRS. Find true length of each guy rope and its inclination with ground level. EXERCISE 29 A straight road going down hill from point B due west to another point A, is 4 km long and has a slope of 15. Another straight road from B due 30 west of south to a point C is also 4 km long but is on level ground. Determine the length and the slope of the straight road joining the points A and C. EXERCISE 30 A rectangular tank of 4m height has sides 3m and 5m. It is strengthened by four stay rods one at each corner, connecting the top corner to a point in the bottom 0.7m and 1.2m from the smaller and the longer sides of the tank respectively and nearest to that corner. Find graphically the length of the rod required and the angle it makes with the bottom surface of the tank.

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For private circulation only EXERCISE 31 A room is 6m long, 5m wide and 3.5m high. An electric bracket light is above the centre of longer wall and 1m below the ceiling. The bulb is 0.3 m away from the wall. The switch for the light is on an adjacent wall, 1.5m above the floor and 1m away from the other longer wall. Find graphically the shortest distance between the bulb and the switch. EXERCISE 32 Two lemons on a tree planted near compound wall of a bunglow are 1m and 1.25m above ground and 0.5m and 0.75m from a 15cm thick compound wall but on the opposite sides of it. The distance between lemons measured along the ground and parallel to the wall is 1.0m. Determine the real distance between the centers of two lemons. EXERCISE 33 Three lines OA, OB and OC are 25mm, 45mm and 65mm respectively. Each line makes 120 8 with the other two and the shortest line being vertical. The figure is the top view of three rods OA, OB and OC whose ends A, B and C are on the ground while O is 100mm above the ground. Draw the front view and determine the length of each rod and their inclinations with the ground. EXERCISE 34 Two points P & Q lie on the line of intersection of the two principle planes of projection and are 50mm apart. A point M is 62mm from Q, 55mm from P and 27mm above H.P. Draw projections of the line PM and QM.

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Chapter 3 PROJECTIONS OF PLANES

EXERCISE 1 A semi circular thin plate of 80mm diameter has its straight edge in V.P. and inclined at 45 to H.P. The surface of the plate makes 30 with V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 2 A rhombus having diagonals 60mm and 40mm is resting on the H.P. on its corner. Its plane is inclined to H.P. such that it appears in top view as a square. One of the diagonals is parallel to the H.P. and inclined at 45 to V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 3 An isosceles triangle having one side of 40mm length and two sides of 60mm length is resting on the H.P. on its smaller side. Its surface is inclined with H.P. such that its top view appears as an equilateral triangle. The side on which it rests is inclined at 45 with V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 4 A hexagonal plate of 4cm side is resting on H.P. on one of its corners such that the plate is inclined at 45 to H.P. and the top view of the diagonal passing to that corner is inclined at 30 to XY. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 5 A regular pentagon ABCDE, of 30mm sides, has its side AB in the V.P. and inclined at an angle of 30 to the H.P. The corner A is 15 mm above HP and the corner D is 20mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the plane and find its inclination with the V.P. EXERCISE 6 An equilateral triangle of 45mm long sides has an edge on the H.P. and inclined at 60 to V.P. Its plane makes an angle of 45 with H.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 7 Draw the projections of a circle of 70mm diameter having end A of the diameter AB on the H.P., the other end B is in V.P. and the surface makes an angle of 30 with H.P. and 60 with V.P. EXERCISE 8 A thin rectangular plate of size 60mm 30mm has its shorter side in V.P. and inclined at 30 to H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30mm long sides. EXERCISE 9 Draw the projections of a circle of 50mm diameter resting on the H.P. on a point A on the circumference. Its plane is inclined at 45 to H.P. and the diameter AB is making 30 with V.P. EXERCISE 10 A square lamina of 30mm sides rests on one of its corners on the V.P. Its surface is inclined at 30 to the V.P. while one of its diagonal makes 60 with H.P. and remains parallel to H.P. Draw its projections.

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EXERCISE 11

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A pentagonal plate ABCDE of 30mm sides has one of its edges on H.P. Its plane inclined at 45 to the H.P. The line joining vertex D to the midpoint of the base AB is inclined at 30 to V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 12 Draw the projections of a circle of 80mm diameter resting on the V.P. on a point on the circumference. Plane is inclined to the V.P. such that the front view of it is seen as an ellipse of minor axis 40mm. The front view of the diameter through the point A is making an angle of 45 with the H.P. Measure an angle of the plane with the V.P. EXERCISE 13 A thin regular pentagonal plate of 40mm long edges has one of its edges in H.P. and perpendicular to V.P. while its farthest corner is 40mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the plate if the edge on H.P. of plate is inclined to V.P. by 30. EXERCISE 14 An equilateral triangular plate side 50mm is resting on one of its sides in H.P. such that the plan of it is an isosceles triangle with altitude 20 mm. The side which is on H.P. is inclined to VP by 50. Draw the projections and find out the inclination of plane with H.P. EXERCISE 15 A thin triangular sheet PQR has its sides PQ=60mm, QR=48mm and RP=36mm. Draw its projections when it has its side PQ in V.P. and inclined to H.P. by 30 ,while its surface makes an angle of 45 with the V.P. Assume corner P to be 15 mm above H.P. and towards H.P. EXERCISE 16 ABC is a thin triangular plate having its edges AB, BC and CA equal to 52mm, 70mm and 40mm respectively. The edge AB rests on H.P. and makes an angle of 30 to V.P. & has its point A towards V.P. and 20mm in front of it. The plane of the plate is inclined to the H.P. at 30. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 17 A regular hexagonal sheet of negligible thickness and 30mm sides has one of its corners in V.P. and the corner opposite to it in H.P. The sheet is inclined to HP by 60 and to VP by 30. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 18 A regular hexagonal lamina, of side 30mm, has a side in both H.P. and V.P. while the lamina makes an angle of 60 with the VP. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 19 A circular disc of 50mm diameter and negligible thickness rests in H.P. on its rim such that one of its diameters is inclined at 45 to the H.P. and 30 to the VP. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 20 A regular pentagonal lamina, 25mm side, rests on one of its corners in V.P. and inclined to V.P. by 45. Draw its projections when; (a) front view of a side containing that corner makes an angle of 30 with H.P. & (b) side containing that corner makes an angle of 30 with H.P. EXERCISE 21 The top view of a square of 75mm long diagonals, having a corner in H.P., is a rhombus of diagonals as 75mm and 50mm with the longer diagonal horizontal. Find its inclination with the H.P. Draw its projections if the diagonal which is parallel to H.P is making 45 with V.P.

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For private circulation only EXERCISE 22 Draw the projections of a semi-circular plate of 70mm diameter and of negligible thickness, when its diameter is in H.P. and V.P. and surface of the plate makes an angle of 30 with H.P. EXERCISE 23 A regular pentagonal plate ABCDE of 35mm sides has it corner A in H.P. and opposite side CD parallel to both H.P. and V.P. Draw its projections when plane surface makes an angle of 45 with the HP. Assume corner A to be 50mm in front of V.P. EXERCISE 24 A plate in the form of isosceles triangle has base 40mm and altitude 70mm. It is so placed that the front view of it is seen as equilateral triangle of 40mm sides and base is inclined to H.P. by 45.

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Chapter 4 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

EXERCISE 1 A cube of 40mm edges is resting on the H.P. on one of the edges of the base with face containing that edge making 30 with the H.P. The edge on which the cube rests on the H.P. is making 30 with the V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 2 The body diagonal of a cube is 75mm long. Draw the projections of the cube when a body diagonal is perpendicular to the H.P. and (a) Plan of the other body diagonal is parallel to XY and (b) Plan of the other body diagonal is perpendicular to XY. EXERCISE 3 A cube of 60mm long edges is resting on the ground on one of its corners, with one of the body diagonals parallel to H.P. and inclined at 45 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the cube. EXERCISE 4 A cube of 60mm long edges is resting on the H.P. on one of its corners with one of the body diagonals parallel to H.P. and perpendicular to V.P. Draw the projections of the cube. EXERCISE 5 A cone, diameter of base 50mm and height 75mm is resting on the ground on the point of its periphery of the base. The axis of the cone is inclined to the H.P. by 30 and the V.P. by 45. Draw its projections when; (a) Apex is nearer to the observer. (b) Apex is away from the observer. EXERCISE 6 A cone, diameter of base 50mm and height 75mm is nailed on V.P. keeping one of its generators in V.P. and the axis of the cone makes an angle of 30 with the H.P. Draw the projections when; (a) Apex is nearer to H.P. (b) Apex is away from H.P. EXERCISE 7 A cone, diameter of base 45mm and height 55mm is resting on H.P. on a point of its periphery of base with the axis making an angle of 30 with H.P. and (a) The axis making 45 with V.P. and (b) The plan of the axis making 45 with the H.P. EXERCISE 8 A square pyramid of side of base 30mm and axis 55mm long is resting with its apex on the ground such that this point of contact of the apex on the ground is at a distance of 50 mm from the V.P. The inclined edge connecting the apex to one of the corners of the base is vertical and that triangle bounded by that vertical edge is perpendicular to V.P. Draw the front view and top view of the pyramid. EXERCISE 9

Compiled By: R. M. Joshi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DDU Nadiad. Page 17 of 19

For private circulation only A pentagonal pyramid, side 30mm and height 80mm is resting on H.P. on one of its base edges such that the triangular face containing that edge is perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P. Draw the projections of pyramid. EXERCISE 10 A pentagonal pyramid having side of base 50mm and height 75mm is resting on a corner of its base on the ground is such a way that the slant edge containing that corner makes an angle of 60 with the ground and 30 with the V.P. Draw the projections. EXERCISE 11 A tetrahedron of 75mm long edges is resting on the ground on one of the edges with slant edge containing that edge is perpendicular to H.P. The edge on which it rests on the ground makes 45 with V.P. Draw its projections. EXERCISE 12 A tetrahedron PQRS of 50mm long edges is lying in the H.P. on one of its edges PQ. The edge RS is inclined at an angle of 30 to the H.P. and 45 to the V.P. Draw the projections. EXERCISE 13 A square pyramid side of base 35mm and height 45mm is freely suspended from one of the corners of its base. Draw its projections when the axis of the pyramid makes an angle of 45 with V.P. EXERCISE 14 An equilateral triangular prism of side 40mm and axis 60mm is lying on the ground with one of its triangular faces in contact with the ground such that the axis is making 40 with V.P. and the end of the axis nearer to the V.P. is at a distance of 20 mm from V.P. Draw the projections. EXERCISE 15 A square prism side of base 40 mm and height 60mm is resting on the H.P. on one of the corners of the base with vertical edge containing that corner on which it rests on H.P. is inclined at 50 to the H.P. and 30 to the V.P. Draw the projections when; (a) Top end of the prism is nearer to V.P. (b) Top end of the prism is away from V.P. EXERCISE 16 A pentagonal prism of 25mm side of base and height 50mm rests with one of its longer edges on the H.P. such that one of the triangular faces containing the longer edges on which the prism rests is inclined at 30 to the H.P. and is nearer to the observer. The axis of the prism is inclined at 40 to the V.P. Draw the projections of the prism. EXERCISE 17 A hexagonal prism of 30mm side of base and 70mm height has one of its rectangular faces in the V.P. and the edge of the base contained by that face makes an angle of 30 with the H.P. draw the projections of the prism. EXERCISE 18 A square prism, edge of base 34mm and height 50mm is resting on H.P. on one of the edges of the base. The edge on which it rests on H.P. makes an angle of 30 with the V.P. The rectangular face containing the edge on which it rests on H.P. makes an angle of 60 with H.P. Draw the projections of the prism when; (a) Base is nearer to the V.P. (b) Base is away from the V.P.

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