Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Vidyalankar Institute

March 8, 2010

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Motivation for Coordinate Geometry

Coordinate geometry is a mixture of Geometry and Algebra, A geometrical point is represented by a algebraic values (x , y ). This gives us the power of both thinking procedures. For example : A line ax + by + c = 0 is an algebraic equation which satises all (x , y ) which we call its solution set (in Algebra) but same can be interpreted as a point lying on a line

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Transformations
Shift of origin
Invariant
Distance between two points Slope of a line

Rotation of axes about origin

Invariant
Distance between two points Distance between origin and a line

Rotation can be attained using multiplication by e i or cos sin orthonormal matrix to result rotation by sin cos angle or a point (x , y )

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Distance of point from a line

Distance of a point (x0 , y0 ) from a line ax + by + c = 0 along a direction is given by AB = ax0 + by0 + c a cos + b sin

Shortest distance of (x0 , y0 ) from a line ax + by + c = 0 is AM = |ax0 + by0 + c | a2 + b 2

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Foot of the perpendicular & Image of a point

Foot of the perpendicular from (x0 , y0 ) on the line ax + by + c = 0 y y0 x x0 = = a b ax0 + by0 + c a2 + b 2

Image of the point (x0 , y0 ) in the line ax + by + c = 0 x x0 y y0 = = 2 a b ax0 + by0 + c a2 + b 2

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear Combination of lines u=0,v=0

Linear combination of lines u = 0, v = 0 is u + v = 0 or u + kv = 0 where , R1 Linear combination u + v = 0 always passes through the intersection of the constituent lines u = 0 and v = 0

In linear combination, u & v can represent any geometrical structure.

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines are parallel

Two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are parallel i b1 c1 a1 = = a2 b2 c2
Special case : If these lines are coincident then b1 c1 a1 = = a2 b2 c2

Example Problem solving : Equation of a line parallel to 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 is 3x + 2y + c = 0 where c is identiable using another condition.

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines are non-parallel

If two lines are non-parallel then they intersect in a point, with acute and obtuse angle between them. tan = m1 m2 1 + m1 m2

where is acute angle between them

If they are coincident then = 0 and hence m1 = m2 If they are perpendicular2 then = 0 and hence m1 m2 = 1

Example Equation of line perpendicular to line ax + by + c = 0 is bx ay + c2 = 0. Just interchange the coecients a, b and replace one sign negative
2

Slope of line perpendicular to a line of slope m1 is 1/m1

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Three lines are concurrent

Three lines ai x + bi y + ci = 0 are concurrent i = a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3 =0

If they are not concurrent then they form a triangle and area of this triangle is 1 2 A= 2 C1 C2 C3 where Ci is the cofactor of ci term

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Angle Bisector, Origin, Acute angle bisector

Equation of Angle bisector a1 x + b1 y + c1
2 + b2 a1 1

a2 x + b2 y + c2
2 + b2 a2 2

Equation of angle bisector containing origin (provided c1 , c2 > 0) a1 x + b1 y + c1

2 + b2 a1 1

a2 x + b 2 y + c 2
2 + b2 a2 2

If a1 a2 + b1 b2 > 0 Obtuse angle contains the origin If a1 a2 + b1 b2 < 0 Acute angle contains the origin
Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Locus
Denition Locus is dened as path traced by a variable point moving under constraints. Mathematically, the path traced is the relationship between the
x and y coordinate of any instance taken by the locus point (variable point).

Steps to solve problems of locus

1

Let the locus point be (h, k )(we call this incoming variables) [this gives an instance for the moving point] Introduce some new variables (we call them outgoing variables) so that we proceed in the solution Find a relationship (geometrical) between the introduced variable(s) Find relation between the incoming variables (h, k ) and outgoing variables Replace (h, k ) by (x , y )
Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines - Angle bisector/Origin

Example Two lines y = x + 1 and y + 1 = 0 are given then nd equation of angle bisector containing the origin

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines - Angle bisector/Origin

Example Two lines y = x + 1 and y + 1 = 0 are given then nd equation of angle bisector containing the origin nd obtuse angle between them?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines - Angle bisector/Origin

Example Two lines y = x + 1 and y + 1 = 0 are given then nd equation of angle bisector containing the origin nd obtuse angle between them? where does the origin lie in (acute or obtuse angle)?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Two lines - Angle bisector/Origin

Example Two lines y = x + 1 and y + 1 = 0 are given then nd equation of angle bisector containing the origin nd obtuse angle between them? where does the origin lie in (acute or obtuse angle)? nd obtuse angle bisector

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Three lines
Example Given three lines 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by these three lines

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Three lines
Example Given three lines 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by these three lines Example Find the value of c such that 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y + c = 0 are concurrent using methods mentioned below Using determinant approach

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Three lines
Example Given three lines 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by these three lines Example Find the value of c such that 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y + c = 0 are concurrent using methods mentioned below Using determinant approach Using linear combination of the form u + kv = 0 and u + v = 0

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Three lines
Example Given three lines 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by these three lines Example Find the value of c such that 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and 3x + 5y + c = 0 are concurrent using methods mentioned below Using determinant approach Using linear combination of the form u + kv = 0 and u + v = 0 Try this scenario using both kinds of linear combination forms 2x + y 3 = 0, x + 4y 5 = 0 and ax + 14y 21 = 0

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point and a line

Example The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC are x y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0 respectively. If the point A is (1, 2) nd the equation of the line .

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point and a line

Example The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC are x y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0 respectively. If the point A is (1, 2) nd the equation of the line . Example If a point P (a2 , a) lies in the region corresponding to the obtuse angle between y + 2 = 0 and y = x + 1 then nd the interval where a belongs to?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point and a line

Example The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides AB and AC of triangle ABC are x y + 5 = 0 and x + 2y = 0 respectively. If the point A is (1, 2) nd the equation of the line . Example If a point P (a2 , a) lies in the region corresponding to the obtuse angle between y + 2 = 0 and y = x + 1 then nd the interval where a belongs to? Example If a point P (a2 , a) lies in the region corresponding to the acute angle between the lines 2y = x and 4y = x then nd the interval where a belongs to?
Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point & Line continued...

Problem : A ray of light is sent along the line 2x 3y = 5. After refracting across the line x + y = 1 it enters the opposite side after turning by 15 away from the line x + y = 1. FInd the equation of the line along which the refracted ray travels.

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point & Line continued...

Problem : A ray of light is sent along the line 2x 3y = 5. After refracting across the line x + y = 1 it enters the opposite side after turning by 15 away from the line x + y = 1. FInd the equation of the line along which the refracted ray travels. Diagram

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point & Line continued...

Example Find the point (x , y ) on 2x + 3y = 6 which is at Shortest distance from (3, 2)

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Point & Line continued...

Example Find the point (x , y ) on 2x + 3y = 6 which is at Shortest distance from (3, 2) Distance of 2 from (3, 2)

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Problems on Locus
Example 1 1 t + ,t t t is a variable quantity, then nd the locus of the point P If the coordinates of a variable point P be where t

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Problems on Locus
Example 1 1 t + ,t t t is a variable quantity, then nd the locus of the point P If the coordinates of a variable point P be Example The variable line x cos + y sin = 2 cuts the X and Y axis at A and B respectively. Find the locus of vertex of point P of the rectangle OAPB where O is the origin. where t

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Problems on Locus
Example 1 1 t + ,t t t is a variable quantity, then nd the locus of the point P If the coordinates of a variable point P be Example The variable line x cos + y sin = 2 cuts the X and Y axis at A and B respectively. Find the locus of vertex of point P of the rectangle OAPB where O is the origin. Example A variable line is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the coordinate axes in A and B . Show that locus of the centroid of OAB is x 2 + y 2 = 9p 2
Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

where t

Problems on Locus
Example P is any pt on the line x a = 0. If A is the point (a, 0) and PQ ,the bisector of the angle OPA, meets the x-axis in Q . Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from Q on OP is (x a)2 (x 2 + y 2 ) = a2 y 2

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Problems on Locus
Example P is any pt on the line x a = 0. If A is the point (a, 0) and PQ ,the bisector of the angle OPA, meets the x-axis in Q . Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from Q on OP is (x a)2 (x 2 + y 2 ) = a2 y 2

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Problems on Locus

Example A quadratic equation f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c R is given. For a given value of a and c we vary b such that the locus of vertex is y = g (x ) then
1 2 3 4

Is a line parallel to y axis Is parallel to x axis Is a quadratic curve Is a point

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Maxima-Minima Problems

Example A man starts from P (3, 4) and reaches Q (0, 1) touching X axis at R (, 0) such that PR + RQ is minimum then =?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Maxima-Minima Problems

Example A man starts from P (3, 4) and reaches Q (0, 1) touching X axis at R (, 0) such that PR + RQ is minimum then =? Example Consider the points A(0, 1) and B (2, 0), P is a point on the line x + y + 1 = 0. Find coordinates of point P such that |PA PB | is Maximum Minimum Also nd the max and min value attained by |PA PB |

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Transformations
Example Given a line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 in coordinate system, on shifting the origin to a new location (h, k ) if the x intercept of the line in the new coordinate system is 2 then what is its y intercept

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Transformations
Example Given a line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 in coordinate system, on shifting the origin to a new location (h, k ) if the x intercept of the line in the new coordinate system is 2 then what is its y intercept Example In the above problem, if instead of shifting the origin to a new location the system of axes is rotated about the origin by some angle with new x intercept of 2 then what is the y intercept made by the line?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Transformations
Example Given a line 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 in coordinate system, on shifting the origin to a new location (h, k ) if the x intercept of the line in the new coordinate system is 2 then what is its y intercept Example In the above problem, if instead of shifting the origin to a new location the system of axes is rotated about the origin by some angle with new x intercept of 2 then what is the y intercept made by the line? Example Through what angle should the axes be rotated so that the equation 9x 2 2 3xy + 7y 2 = 10 may be changed to 3x 2 + 5y 2 = 5?
Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear Combination
Example For a family of lines 5x + 3y 2 + (3x y 4) = 0 and x y + 1 + (2x y 2) = 0 then Equation of the straight line that belongs to both the families

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear Combination
Example For a family of lines 5x + 3y 2 + (3x y 4) = 0 and x y + 1 + (2x y 2) = 0 then Equation of the straight line that belongs to both the families Locus of the point of intersection of lines from each family intersecting at right angles to each other. Hence also derive the equation of a circle given coordinates of the end points of its diameter.

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear Combination
Example For a family of lines 5x + 3y 2 + (3x y 4) = 0 and x y + 1 + (2x y 2) = 0 then Equation of the straight line that belongs to both the families Locus of the point of intersection of lines from each family intersecting at right angles to each other. Hence also derive the equation of a circle given coordinates of the end points of its diameter. Example If a2 + c 2 b2 + 2ac = 0 then the family of straight lines ax + by + c = 0 is concurrent at the points?

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear combination continued...

Example Given the family of lines a(3x + 4y + 6) + b(x + y + 2) = 0. The line of the family situated at the greatest distance from the point P (2, 3) has equation A) 4x + 3y + 8 = 0 B) 5x + 3y + 10 = 0 C) 15x + 8y + 30 = 0 D) None

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Linear combination continued...

Example Given the family of lines a(3x + 4y + 6) + b(x + y + 2) = 0. The line of the family situated at the greatest distance from the point P (2, 3) has equation A) 4x + 3y + 8 = 0 B) 5x + 3y + 10 = 0 C) 15x + 8y + 30 = 0 D) None Example If 6a2 3b2 c 2 + 7ab ac + 4bc = 0 then the family of lines ax + by + c = 0 is concurrent at A) (2, 3) B) (3, 1) C) (2, 3) D) (3, 1)

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch

Miscellaneous Problems

Problem #1 : If
4

(xi2 + yi2 ) 2x1 x3 + 2x2 x4 + 2y2 y3 + 2y1 y4

i =1

then the points (xi , yi ) for i = 1 to 4 are A) vertices of a rectangle B) Collinear C) Concyclic D) None of these

Basic Coordinate Geometry- Session for Rankers Batch