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SIEMENS Power Generation

TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21-2003.09.09

PG G132

Power Generation
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Timeline

Since 1945 contactless governors ( Magnetic-Regulator ) Since 1931 Power and Frequency - Regulation Use of Tube-amplifiers since 1923 Pitch-governor up to 60MVA (1908) Tirill Regler (1905/06)

Since 1880 Electromechanical Governor already 8 different types, 2 from T.A. Edison Centrifugal governor (Watt, 1788)

Thury Regler (1889)

1700

1800

1900
Use of Thyristors ( THYRIPOL) (1966)

2000

First use of a Static Excitation system (1938) Use of digital Voltage Regulators ( THYRIPOL) 1987
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Excitation Systems for Synchronous Generators

Generator Output
SIPOL RG3 THYRISIEM Excitation Systems for Generators with rotating Exciters THYRIPART THYRIPOL-L Static Excitation System with Compounding Source THYRIPOL Static Excitation System Application Range Extended Application Range 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 MVA

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Power Generation
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

SIPOL - The System Solution for Low Power Output Up to 20 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits: Compact design and easy installation Short delivery time Failure monitoring through digital display Actual value displayed on digital display or as analog value User-friendly operation Spare parts support* within 24 hours Fully digital system stands for lower maintenance Compatible with generator types of all manufacturers.

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Power Generation
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

RG3 - The System Solution for Low/Medium Power Output Up to 130 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
Uninterruptible automatic transfer through diode decoupling via redundant power input facility Redundant manual channel or redundant AVR with separate power converter available through redundant power circuit facility Local and remote control for commissioning and operation Special solution for industrial purposes Profi-BusTM The interfaces can easily be adapted to customer requirements, especially for refurbishment Rotating-diode monitoring Power system stabilizer (PSS) Joint reactive power control Volts per Hertz limiter and stator current limiter

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRISIEM - The System Solution for Medium/High Power Output Up to 225 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits: Complete redundant structure Two independent controller channels including manual and automatic mode Two independent rectifier sections (2 x 100 % concept) Rectifiers can be replaced during operation of generator Complete digital controller from real-value detection up to the thyristor firing stage Complete set of limiters to ensure safe operation even at the limits of the generator Local operation panel including fault indications Power system stabilizer (PSS)
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRIPART - The System Solution for Medium Power Output Up to 1000 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits: Load-dependent: the compound excitation is fed from generator voltage as well as from generator current and supports load steps or short circuits on the generator line side. Black start capability: during start-up, the internal oscillating circuit delivers a voltage rise and builds up the field from the remanence voltage of the generator. High availability and reliability: the fundamental excitation is still supplied through passive components (transformer, reactor, capacitor, uncontrolled rectifier) even if the regulator is out of order. Small voltage gradient: normally the controlled thyristor rectifiers create relatively high voltage gradients dU/dt. The THYRIPART excitation system uses an uncontrolled rectifier, so the dU/dt is low. The strain on the field windings insulation is then lowered.
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRIPOL - The System Solution for High Power Output Up to 8000 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits: Power system stabilizer (PSS) Higher level closed-loop and open-loop controls Volts per Hertz limiter, stator current limiter Local operator panel including fault indications Full redundancy concept possible (e.g. 2 AVRs) fully controlled thyristor rectifier fully digital system from actualvalue detection up to firing pulse generation

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRIPOL up to 2000 A , 1000 V DC

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Standard THYRIPOL, 2200 A

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 3000 A ( Sidi Krir, Egypt)

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 4000 A (HPP Xingo, Brasil)

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Blockdiagramm according IEEE

Synchronous Machine Regulator

Exciter

Synchronous Machine

Power System

Excitation System Excitation Control System

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Detailed Blockdiagram

Limiters and Control Actual Value and Static

Reference

AVR

Exciter

Generator

Generator Terminals

Power System Stabilizer

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Factory Testing

Insulation Test Wiring Test Visual Inspection Parameter Setting and Verification Check of Internal PT and CT Circuits Check I/O Functional Testing by Simulation Test of Chopper Software Test

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Functional Requirements
Automatic Voltage Regulator

Better +/- 0.2% Regulation ( System according to Accuracy of PTs, typical better 0.5% ) Range from remanent up to 110% rated Generator Voltage Excitation Current Regulator Reference values setting by raise/lower or analog input

Most advanced 32bit Technology

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Functional Requirements
Modes of Control

Automatic Control Mode ( AVR ) Accuracy < +/- 0.2% Terminal Voltage Response Time < 0.03s Smooth Transfer < 0.1% change in Terminal Voltage

Manual Control Mode ( ECR ) 20% If 0 ... 110% If nom

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Functional Requirements
Auxiliary Excitation Control Features

Maximum Excitation Limiter (OEL)

- with integration mode

Ceiling Current Limiter

- undelayed

Minimum Excitation Limiter (UEL)

- with integration mode

Volts-Per-Hertz Limiter

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Follow-up Control for Manual Mode

Reactive Current Controller Power System Stabilizer ( Optional ) Loss of Exciter Diode Protection)
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Fault Analysis

Extensive Fault Supervising System For each fault is available: Fault Number and Description Fault Value Fault List Number of Faults Fault time Trace for one event
In Case of no Fault, the Operation Condition is displayed Power Generation
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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Ceiling Voltage, Ceiling Current

If Uf Ifmax IfN If0

2

Uf = Output voltage of thyristor rectifier I f = Output current of thyristor rectifier I

1 = Output current with ceiling operation 2 = Output current without ceiling operation f

Time in s

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

No-Load Limiter

E2

Ed = I1*xd U

J1

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Overexcitation Limiter

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Stator Current Limiter

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Volts per Hertz Limiter

Voltage Order 1 of one Phase

E1 = 4,44 *1*w*1*f*10-8 [V]

i.e.
FLUX is proportional to Ratio Volts/Hertz

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Volts per Hertz Limiter

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Computer Representation of AVR according IEEE 421

VS OEL VT 1 1 + sTR VREF HV Gate UEL

VS VAMAX

KFF VRMAX VR

V*)RSV

KP

KA 1 + sTA

VA KB VH VAMIN sKF 1 + sTF1 VVE < VRmin = 0 VRMIN

EfD

1 VFE > VFEmax : VAmax 1 VFE < VFE max : VAmax 2 VFE < 0 : VAmin = 0 1 + sTF2

V*)RSV : rectifier supply voltage

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Computer Representation of PSS

Brushless Excitation Systems Static Excitation Systems

VSmax K_PDG Vs VSmin

K0PDG

K1PDG

K2PDG

K3PDG

K4PDG

VSI

1
S TD_PDG

1
S Ti 1PDG

1
S Ti 2PDG

1
S Ti 3PDG

1
S Ti 4PDG

Range
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-200 ... + 199,99 % 6 ... 98304 ms

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Model - Calculation ( i.g. Design of DC Fieldbreaker )

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Generator Diagramm
Active pow er (active current) D E Max. turbine pow er C

Underexcited B

Overexcited

Operating Point

Reactive pow er (reactive current)

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Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 2003.09.09

Picture of HPP Three Gorges, China

14x 840 MVA Generators, THYRIPOL Excitation Systems

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