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Financial Institutions Center

Value Creation in Service Delivery: Relating Market Segmentation, Incentive and Operational Performance
by Zeynep Aksin Karaesmen 04-05

The Wharton Financial Institutions Center

The Wharton Financial Institutions Center provides a multi-disciplinary research approach to the problems and opportunities facing the financial services industry in its search for competitive excellence. The Center's research focuses on the issues related to managing risk at the firm level as well as ways to improve productivity and performance. The Center fosters the development of a community of faculty, visiting scholars and Ph.D. candidates whose research interests complement and support the mission of the Center. The Center works closely with industry executives and practitioners to ensure that its research is informed by the operating realities and competitive demands facing industry participants as they pursue competitive excellence. Copies of the working papers summarized here are available from the Center. If you would like to learn more about the Center or become a member of our research community, please let us know of your interest.

Franklin Allen Co-Director

Richard J. Herring Co-Director

The Working Paper Series is made possible by a generous grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

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IR3

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