A SEMINAR ON

TURBOFAN
Presented by

PRADEEP A S
 AGENDA
 Introduction
 Propulsion, Thrust
 Gas Turbines
 Turbofan engine working
 Types of Turbofan
 Parts of turbofan
 Turbofan benefits
 TURBOFAN
•Powered by gas turbine

•The combination of thrust

produced from the fan &
the exaust from the core
is more efficient

•Efficient at subsonic speeds

•Used in commercial jet
aircraft
 PROPULSION

 Jet propulsion is the thrust imparting

forward motion to an object as a reaction
to the rearward expulsion of a high
velocity liquid or gaseous stream.
 Based on Newtons third law.
 For an aircraft to move, some kind of
propulsion system is required.
 Turbofan engines serves the purpose
 THRUST

Equilibrium Reaction Action

 Thrust
•Jet – moves small mas of
gas at high velocity

•Thrust is the force which

moves the Aircraft through
the air

•Thrust is used to overcome

drag of an aeroplane

•This is generated by the

aircraft through Some kind
of propulsion system
HOW GAS TURBINE ENGINES
WORK?
Pressurised gas spins the turbine
GAS TURBINE ADVANTAGES
 Great power to weight ratio

 Considerably smaller in size

 Mechanical efficiency is high

 Rotor blades operate at high speeds.

 GAS TURBINE
DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Operate at high speeds and high
temperature
 Tend to use more fuel when they are idling

CHALLENGES

•Vibration problems are severe.

•The design of rotor blades is a complex
phenomenon
PROPULSION DEVICES
 JET ENGINE BASIC
OPERATION
 Air enters through the intake duct
 Air compressed by passage through the compressor
 Mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber

 Fuel is ignited, pressure and temperature raised.

 Some of the pressure used to turn a turbine.
 Turbine shaft drives the compressor.

 Hot high pressure air forced through a nozzle.

 The reaction force is the engine thrust.
GAS TURBINES-BRAYTON
CYCLE
 BRAYTON CYCLE
•1-2 Isentropic compression
(in a compressor)
•2-3 Constant pressure heat
addition

•3-4 Isentropic expansion

(in a turbine)

•4-1 Constant pressure heat

rejection
 Turbofan History
 In early jet engines, high velocity jet
exhaust mixing with surrounding air is
major source of noise
 In 1960’s, low-bypass-ratio turbofans
introduced
 In 1967, NASA initiates acoustically
treated nacelle program
 Engine ducts and inlets are lined with
acoustic treatments
 Flight tested on Boeing 707 and DC-8
 Acoustic treatment proven effective and
feasible
 Even greater jet noise reduction is
achieved
 With further reduction of jet noise, fan
noise becomes major noise source
 German Daimler-Benz, the very first
turbofan tested on April 1,1943
 Improved materials and twin compressors
in the Pratt & Whitney JT3C engine
 How does turbofan engine work?

• The incoming air is captured by the inlet

• The incoming air is compressed by the
compressor
• In the combustion chamber, the
Compressed air is mixed with fuel and
then ignited
• The hot exhaust gases passes through
the Core, fan turbines & then out of the
nozzle
• A turbofan gets thrust from both fan &
the core
• The ratio of air that goes around the engine
& To the air that goes through the core is
called BYPASS RATIO
 TYPES OF TURBOFAN
 Low bypass turbofan

 high bypass turbofan

 Afterburning turbofan
 Low bypass turbofan
• More fuel efficient than
basic turbojets
• A bypass flow can be
introduced if the turbine
inlet temperature is
allowed to increase
•To compensate for a
Correspondingly smaller
core flow
•Better specific fuel
consumption Can be
achieved
•Normally used in military aircraft
 High bypass turbofan
A. Low pressure spool
B. High pressure spool
C. Stationary components
1. Nacelle
2. Fan
3. Low pressure compressor
4. High pressure compressor
5. Combustion chamber
6. High pressure turbine
7. Low pressure turbine
8. Core nozzle
9. Fan nozzle
 Low specific thrust/high bypass ratio
turbofans primarily used in civilian
transport aircraft
 Multistage fan replaced by single stage
unit
 Reducing core flow increases bypass
ratio(5:1)
 AFTERBURNING TURBOFAN
•An afterburner is a combustor
located downstream of the turbine
blades and directly upstream of the
nozzle, which burns fuel from
afterburner-specific fuel injectors
•Raises the temperature of exhaust gases
by a significant amount
•Higher exhaust velocity
• USED
-To give significant thrust boost
for take off
- transonic acceleration
-combat maneuvers
•Fuel intensive