NEPAL LAW COMMISSION

www.lawcommission.gov.
np
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(

k|df0fLs/0f / k|sflzt ldlt
@)%(.#.%
;+zf]wg
u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg
ug]{ P]g, @)^^
@)^^.!).&
@)%( ;fnsf] P]g g+= !
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;dofg's"n sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g

k|:tfjgf M ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'v, zflGt / cfly{s lxtsf] lgldQ ;dfhdf cfly{s
cg'zf;g, g}ltstf / ;bfrf/ sfod /fVg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;dofg's"n
sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf] zf;gsfnsf] klxnf] jif{df
;+;bn] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 .
kl/R5]b!
k|f/lDes
!=
;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/De M -!_ o; P]gsf] gfd e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g g]kfne/ nfu" x'g]5 / g]kfnaflx/ hxfF;'s} /x] a;]sf g]kfnL
gful/s, /fi6;]js / o; P]g cGtu{t e|i6frf/ u/]sf] dflgg] s'g} sfd u/L ljb]zdf
a:g] u}/g]kfnL gful/s ;d]tnfO{ nfu" x'g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@=
kl/efiffM
kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf,
-s_
e|i6frf/ eGgfn] kl/R5]b@ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ;Dg' k5{ .
of] P]g ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn h]7 !% ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf], k|z:tL / clw/fHo zAb lemlsPsf] .
1
www.lawcommission.gov.np
-v_
l/;jt eGgfn] gubL, lhG;L jf cGo h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] nfe jf ;'ljwf

;Dg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] 3"; ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-u_
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf eGgfn] b]xfosf] ;+:yf ;Dg' k5{ M

-!_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] sDkgL,

a} jf ;ldlt jf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/f/f :yflkt
cfof]u, ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb\ /
o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yf,
-@_
g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ;+rflnt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs

cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, ljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb| /
cGo To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yf,
-#_
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% adf]lhd ul7t :yfgLo lgsfo,
-$_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f, cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yf,
-%_
pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ jf -$_ df plNnlvt ;+:yfsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs

:jfldTj ePsf] jf lgoGq0f /x]sf] jf To:tf] ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt
;+:yf,
-^_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs

;+:yf egL tf]s]sf] cGo ;+:yf .
-3_
/fi6;]js eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]

dflgg] JolQm ;Dg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] b]xfosf] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5M
-!_
/fi6klt, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf ;dIf lnPsf]
zkyaf6 jf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf;+u u/]sf] ;Df}tf

jf sa'lnot jf zt{ adf]lhd jf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo kfng ug{sf]
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 tna, eQf, kfl/>lds,
;'ljwf, x}l;ot jf cGo s'g} nfe kfpg] jf gkfpg] u/L lgo'Qm,
dgf]gLt jf lgjf{lrt JolQm,
u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ f/f ;+zf]lwt .
2
-@_
s'g} ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ jf ;dfwfg ug{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

lgo'Qm ePsf] dWo:y jf To:t} x}l;otdf lgo'Qm cGo s'g} JolQm,
-#_
k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lgo'Qm, lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt lnlSj8]6/,

;e]{o/ jf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{ JolQm,
-$_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] cGo

JolQm .
-_
/fhZj eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs

;+:yfnfO{ ltg{' jf a'fpg' kg]{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] s/, dx;"n, b:t'/, z'Ns,
/f]oN6L, hl/afgf tyf o:t} k|sf/sf] cGo /sd ;Dg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn]
To:tf] s/, dx;"n, b:t'/, z'Ns, /f]oN6L, tyf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo /sddf
nfUg] Aofh jf hl/afgf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-r_
s;'/sf] dfqf eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/ u/]sf] jf ug]{
pBf]u u/]sf] cj:yf, kl/l:ylt / To:tf] s;'/sf] ufDeLo{tf jf To:tf] s;'/
ug]{ jf ug{ pBf]u ug]{ JolQmsf] lgot, of]Uotf, cf]xbf / x}l;ot ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/g] s;'/sf] dfqf ;Dg' k5{ .
-5_
cg';Gwfg clwsf/L eGgfn] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg,

txlssft / d'2f bfo/ ug{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd clVtof/L kfPsf] lgsfo
jf clwsf/L ;Dg' k5{ .
kl/R5]b@
e|i6frf/sf] s;'/ / ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf
#=
l/;jt lng] lbg]nfO{ ;hfoM

;hfoM -!_ /fi6;]js jf /fi6;]js x'g nfu]sf] s'g}
JolQmn] cfgf] cf]xbf jf ;f] ;DaGwL s'g} sfd ug{ jf ul/lbP afkt jf gug{
jf gul/lbP afkt jf cfgf] cf]xbf jf ;f] ;DaGwL s'g} sfd ubf{ s'g} JolQmnfO{
df]nflxhf jf clgi6 ug{ jf u/fOlbP afkt jf gug{ jf gu/fOlbP afkt cfgf]
jf c s;}sf] lgldQ l/;jt lnPdf jf lng d~h'/ u/]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
l/;jt lng]nfO{ jf lng d~h'/ ug]{nfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b]xfo adf]lhd
s}b / lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf x'g]5 . l/;jt lnO;s]sf] eP ;f] l/;jt ;d]t
hkmt x'g]5 M
3
-s_ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd

-v_ kRrL;xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf
a9L krf;
xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd
-u_ krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFeGbf
a9L Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd
-3_ Ps nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd
-_ kfFr nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
bz nfv ?k}ofF;Dd
tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b

tLg dlxgfb]lv rf/
dlxgf;Dd s}b,
rf/ dlxgfb]lv 5
dlxgf;Dd s}b,
5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{
5 dlxgf;Dd s}b,
Ps jif{ 5 dlxgfb]lv
b'O{ jif{ 5 dlxgf;Dd
s}b,
b'O{ jif{ 5 dlxgfb]lv
rf/ jif{;Dd s}b,
rf/ jif{b]lv 5 jif{;Dd
s}b
-r_ bz nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L

kRrL; nfv ?k}ofF;Dd
-5_ kRrL; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf
a9L
krf;
nfv
?k}ofF;Dd
-h_ krf; nfv ?k}ofFeGbf
5 jif{b]lv cf7 jif{;Dd
a9L Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd
s}b
-_ Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofFeGbf a9L
cf7 jif{b]lv bz jif{;Dd
hlt;'s} eP klg
s}b .
-@_ /fi6;]js afx]s cGo JolQmn] s'g} /fi6;]jsnfO{ lghsf] cf]xbfsf] jf
x}l;otsf] s'g} sfd u/fpg jf gu/fpg dgfpg] p2]Zon] jf lghaf6 u/fpg jf
gu/fpg dgfOlbP afkt jf ;f] cf]xbfsf] jf x}l;otsf] s'g} sfd ubf{ s'g} JolQm
pk/ df]nflxhf jf clgi6 ug{ jf gug{ dgfpg] p2]Zon] jf df]nflxhf jf clgi6
ug{ jf gug{ dgfOlbP afkt s'g} JolQmaf6 cfgf] jf c s;}sf] lgldQ s'g}
l/;jt lnPdf jf lng d~h'/ u/]df lghnfO{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo u/L
l/;jt lnO;s]sf] eP ;f] l/;jt ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .
-#_ s;}n] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd
s'g} sfd ug{, u/fpg jf gug{, gu/fpg l/;jt lbPdf lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf
cg';f/ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g]5 .
-$_ o; bkmf cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;'/ ug{ b'?T;fxg lbg] JolQmnfO{
To;/L b'?T;fxg lbPaf6 s;'/ ePsf] jf gePsf] h];'s} eP tfklg s;'/sf] dfqf
cg';f/ lgh /fi6;]js eP ;f]xL s;'/sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ;hfo / cGo JolQm eP
To;sf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
$=
lagf d"No jf sd d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng] /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M /fi6;]jsn]

cfgf] cf]xbf jf ;f] ;DaGwL cfkm"n] u/]sf] jf ug{' kg]{ s'g} sfd sf/afxLdf
;/f]sf/ ePsf] jf x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] jf cfgf] sfof{nosf] sfd;F+u ;DaGw
ePsf] JolQm eGg] hfgL hfgL To:tf] JolQmaf6 cfgf] jf c s;}sf] nflu
=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/, jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] cg'dlt glnO{ lagf d"Nodf
jf sDtL d"Nodf s'g} dfnj:t' jf ;]jf lnPdf jf lng d~h'/ u/]df jf lng]
pBf]u u/]df lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b /
lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf u/L To:tf] j:t' lnO;s]sf] eP ;f] j:t' hkmt x'g]5 /
;]jfsf] xsdf ;]jfsf] lauf] sfod u/L lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
%=
bfg, bftJo, pkxf/ jf rGbf lng]nfO{ ;hfo M -!_ cfkm" axfn /x]sf] kb
cg';f/ ;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{ s'g} sfddf s'g} k|sf/n] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] u/L s'g}
/fi6;]jsn] s;}af6
=== === ===,
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] k"j{
:jLs[lt glnO{ cfkm"n] jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o jf c s;}f/f s'g}

k|sf/sf] bfg, bftJo, pkxf/, sf];]nL, rGbf jf s'g} lsl;dsf] nfe :jLsf/ ug]{
jf cfkm" axfn /x]sf] kb cg';f/ ;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{ sfd;+u ;DalGwt JolQm;+Fu
;fk6L lng] /fi6;]jsnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv 5 dlxgf;Dd
s}b u/L lauf] hkmt ul/g]5 .
-@_ /fi6;]jsn] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 vl/b
u/L s;};+uF pkxf/ jf sf];]nL cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ s;}af6 s'g} pkxf/ jf sf];]nL
k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] pkxf/ jf sf];]nL cljnDa cfgf] sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{'
kg]{5 . bflvnf gu/]df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;'/ u/]sf] dfgL ;hfo u/L To:tf]
pkxf/ jf sf];]nL ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .
^=
sldzg lng]nfO{ ;hfoM /fi6;]jsn] cfgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf jf

=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ s'g} j:t' jf
;]jf vl/b ubf{ jf ef8f jf lnhdf ln+bf lb+bf jf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfn] s'g} 7]Ssfkf ln+bf jf lb+bf jf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6
pTkflbt j:t' jf ;]jf laqmL ubf{ jf ef8f jf lnhdf lnbf lb+bf s'g} lsl;dsf]

u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ f/f lemlsPsf] .
5
sldzg, kfl/>lds, bnfnL b:t'/, ;'ljwf jf nfe k|fKt x'g] /x]5 eg] To:tf]
sldzg, kfl/>lds, bnfnL b:t'/, ;'ljwf jf nfe k|fKt u/]sf] ldltn] ;ft
lbgleq ;DalGwt sfof{nodf bflvnf ug{' kg]{5 . To;/L bflvnf gu/]df To:tf]
/fi6;]jsn] bkmf # adf]lhdsf] s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 / ;f]xL adf]lhd ;hfo u/L
lauf] ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .
&=
/fhZj r'xfj6 ug]{ /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M /fhZj p7fpg' kg]{ st{Jo ePsf]
/fi6;]jsn] b]xfosf] sfd u/L /fhZj r'xfj6 u/]df jf /fhZj r'xfj6 ug{
s;}nfO{ d2t k'ofPdf jf cfkm" ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ b'?T;fxg lbPdf lghn]
r'xfj6 ePsf] /fhZj /sd cg';f/ bkmf # adf]lhdsf] s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 /
;f]xL adf]lhd s}bsf] ;hfo u/L To;/L r'xfj6 ePsf] /fhZj /sdsf] bf]Aa/
hl/afgf x'g]5 M
-s_
s'g} gubL jf lhG;L /sd, b:t'/, Ogfd, as; jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] nfe
:jLsf/ u/L jf df]nflxhfdf k/L jf df]nflxhf ug]{ lgotn] s;}nfO{ s'g}
k|sf/af6 /fhZj r'xfj6 ug]{ sfddf d2t lbPdf jf s'g} JolQmaf6 s'g}
lsl;dsf] nfe jf ;'ljwf lnO{ jf glnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfnfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofO{ /fhZj c;"n gug]{ jf 36L /fhZj c;"n
ug{ jf u/fpg d2t ug]{,
-v_
k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd /fhZj lgwf{/0f ubf{ x]g{'kg]{ jf k/LIf0f ug{' kg]{

sfuhft gx]/L jf k/LIf0f gu/L jf cfjZos k|df0f ;ng gu/L 36L
/fhZj lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf u/fpg] jf /fhZj g} gnfUg] u/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf
u/fpg] sfddf d2t lbg],
-u_
p7fPsf] /fhZj k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd bflvnf gu/L lxgfldgf ug]{,
-3_
k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd /fhZj lgwf{/0f ubf{ jf j:t'sf] d"Nofg ubf{ k]z

ePsf] j:t'sf] aLhs, u'0f:t/ jf kl/df0f km/s kf/L lng' kg]{ /fhZj glnO{
;fdfg 5f]8\g] jf 5f]8\g d2t k'ofpg] .
*=
u}/sfg'gL nfe jf xflg k'ofpg] ablgotn] sfd ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M -!_ s'g}
/fi6;]jsn] cfkm" jf c s'g} JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg'gL nfe k'ofpg] jf
=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ u}/sfg'gL xflg k'ofpg]
ablgotn] b]xfosf] s'g} sfd u/]df s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv tLg
jif{;Dd s}b / lauf] v'n]sf]df lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf u/L lauf] c;"n pk/
ul/g]5 . lauf] gv'n]sf]df tLg dlxgfb]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/
?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 M
-s_
cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ubf{ jf gD;{ tof/ ubf{

k'i6\ofOFsf] cfwf/ lagf c:jfefljs lsl;daf6 a9L sfd jf
nfut b]vfpg],
-v_
lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/eGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|of]u

ug]{ jf k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt lbg] jf To:tf] ;fdu|L k|of]u
ePsf]df lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/sf] xf] egL k|dfl0ft ug]{ jf
:jLs[t lbg],
-u_
dgfl;a sf/0f lagf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ sd ug]{,

cfsf/ jf k kl/jt{g ug]{ jf lgwf{l/t zt{ tyf dfkb08
ljk/Lt lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] jf To:tf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{
u'0f:t/o'Qm, zt{ tyf dfkb08 adf]lhd ePsf] xf] egL
k|dfl0ft jf :jLs[t ug]{,
-3_
dgfl;a sf/0f lagf nfut Oli6d]6 c:jfefljs kdf

a9fO{ ;+zf]wg u/L sfd ug]{, u/fpg],
-_
'f lan, e/kfO{ agfO{ e'QmfgL lng], lbg] jf lansf] bf]xf]/f]

e'QmfgL lng] lbg],
-r_
dgfl;a sf/0f lagf cfjZos kg]{eGbf c:jfefljs kdf

a9L ;fdfg vl/b ug]{, u/fpg],
-5_
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf]

c:jfefljs d"Nofg ug]{, u/fpg],
-h_
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ u}/sfg'gL kdf cfgf] jf

csf] gfddf btf{, ef]u rng ug]{, u/fpg],
7
-_
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gfddf s'g} ;DklQ lwtf]

lng' kbf{ To:tf] ;DklQsf] jf:tljs d"NoeGbf c:jfefljs
kdf clws d"Nofg ug]{, u/fpg],
-`_
dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ u'0f:t/xLg, Dofb gf3]sf] /

c:jfefljs kdf a9L d"No lt/L vl/b ug]{, u/fpg] .
-@_ s'g} /fi6;]jsn] kbLo x}l;otaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fwg jf ;'ljwf To:tf]
x}l;ot ;dfKt ePkl5 dgfl;a sf/0f lagf lgwf{l/t ;doleq lkmtf{ gu/]df To:tf]
;fwg jf ;'ljwf lkmtf{ lnO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ Ps xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
-#_ s'g} /fi6;]jsn] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s cGo s'g} sfd
u/L ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ablgotk"j{s s'g} lsl;dn] xflg gf]S;fgL u/] jf
u/fPdf s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf jf b'j}
;hfo x'g]5 .
-$_ /fi6;]js afx]s c s'g} JolQmn] cfkm" jf c s'g} JolQmnfO{
u}/sfg'gL nfe k'ofpg] ablgotn]
=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf
;dIf u/]sf] zky, sa'lnot, ;Df}tf, 7]Ssf, nfO;]G;, k/ld6, k|lt1fkq jf

l8n/lzksf] zt{kfngf gu/]df jf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf To:tf] ;+:yfn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
lgod jf sfo{ljlw jf :jLsf/ u/]sf] zt{ pNn\3g x'g] u/L k|rlnt sfg'gf/f
lgif]lwt tj/af6 Joj;fo u/]df jf ;/sf/L jf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;'ljwf jf
clwsf/sf] b'kof]u u/]df lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf lauf]
adf]lhd hl/afgf u/L lauf] ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .
(=
unt lnvt tof/ ug]{ /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M s'g} lnvt tof/ ug]{ st{Jo
ePsf] s'g} /fi6;]jsn]
=== === ===,
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf s'g} JolQmnfO{ xflg k'ofpg] ablgotn] To:tf] s'g} lnvt
tof/ u/]df lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b /
bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .

8
!)=
unt cg'jfb ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M cg'jfb ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf] jf To:tf] sfd
ug{ tf]lsPsf] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn]
=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/,
;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ xflg k'ofpg] jf cfkm" jf c s;}nfO{

nfe k'ofpg] ablgotn] s'g} lnvt cg'jfb ubf{ unt cg'jfb ug]{, '6\7f
ljj/0f /fvL cg'jfb ug]{ jf gfd, y/, ldlt, tYo jf To:t} cGo s'/f km/s kfg]{
sfd u/]df lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b /
bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
!!=
;/sf/L sfuhft ;Rofpg]nfO{ ;hfo M ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]

sfuhftdf cgflwsf/ jf u}/sfg'gL tl/sfn] ;Rofpg], s]/d]6 ug]{, yk36 ug]{
jf x]/km]/ ug]{ /fi6;]js jf cGo JolQmnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg
dlxgfb]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
!@=
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sfuhft gf]S;fg ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M s'g}

/fi6;]jsn] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sfuhft n'sfPdf jf s'g} tl/sfn]
gf]S;fg k'ofPdf jf gi6 u/]df lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps
jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
To;/L n'sfPsf], gf]S;fg k'ofPsf] jf gi6 u/]sf] sf/0faf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg
gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d]t c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
!#=
k|Zgkqsf] uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ jf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd km]/abn ug]{nfO{

;hfo M ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffsf]
k|Zgkq lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf cufj} clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ljz]if kl/l:ylt
k/]sf] sf/0f hgfO{ vf]n]df jf vf]Ng nufPdf afx]s s'g} /fi6;]jsn] cfkm" jf
c s'g} JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg'gL nfe k'ofpg] ablgotn] s'g} klg k|sf/n] To:tf]
k|Zgkqsf] uf]klgotf e+u u/]df jf ug{ nufPdf jf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffddf km]/abn
u/]df jf ug{ nufPdf To:tf] /fi6;]jsnfO{ tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b /
kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
!$=
u}/sfg'gL Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{ /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

ug{ gkfpg]df s'g} /fi6;]jsn] cfgf] jf csf] gfdaf6 jf ;f]bf/Ldf Jofkf/
u/]df jf lnnfd a9fa9 jf 7]Ssf kfdf efu lnPdf jf s'g} kmd{ jf sDkgL jf
9
;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lx:;]bf/ ePdf s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv 5

dlxgf;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 /
To;/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt ul/g]5 .
t/, klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLaf6 ;fj{hlgs laqmLsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf]
z]o/ vl/b ug{ o; bkmfn] afwf k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!%=
gkfPsf] cf]xbf kfPF eGg]nfO{ ;hfo M s'g} /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn]
cfkm"n] gkfPsf] cf]xbf, clwsf/, x}l;ot jf ;'ljwf kfPF egL jf s'g}
/fi6;]jssf] cf]xbf, clwsf/, x}l;ot jf ;'ljwf k|of]u u/]df jf gkfPsf] cf]xbf
;DaGwL lrGx, kf]zfs jf lg:;f b]vfPdf /fi6;]jssf] cf]xbf ;DaGwL lrGx,
kf]zfs jf lg:;f xf] eGg] cn] ljZjf; u/f];\ eGg] dg;fon] To:tf] lrGx,
kf]zfs jf lg:;f h:tf] b]lvg] s'g} s'/f nufPdf jf b]vfPdf, lghnfO{ s;'/sf]
dfqf cg';f/ Ps jif{b]lv b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv Ps nfv
?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
!^=
'f ljj/0f lbg]nfO{ ;hfo M -!_ s'g} JolQmn] /fi6;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf
;f] cf]xbfdf axfn /xg] jf s'g} x}l;ot, nfe jf ;'ljwf kfpg] p2]Zon] z}lIfs
of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft, y/, 7]ufgf, gful/stf jf of]Uotf jf cGo
s'g} s'/fsf] f ljj/0f lbPdf jf ;f] ;DaGwL 'f k|df0fkq k]z u/]df
lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/
?k}ofFb]lv aL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
-@_ of] P]g jf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;DklQ ljj/0f lbg' kg]{ st{Jo ePsf
/fi6;]jsn] cfgf] gfddf jf c+zdf xs nfUg] jf Psf;uf]nsf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf
/x]sf] jf:tljs ;DklQeGbf a9fO{ jf eP /x]sf] ;DklQ n'sfO{ l5kfO{ 'f ljj/0f
lbPdf lghnfO{ Ps dlxgfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf
x'g]5 . o;/L n'sfO{ l5kfO{ /flvPsf] ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt x'g]5 .
!&=
;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg gf]S;fgL ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M s'g} /fi6;]jsn] cfgf]

cf]xbfsf] jf ;f] ;DaGwL st{Jo kfng ubf{
=== === ===,
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] nfk/afxL jf ablgot u/L lxgfldgf, xflg

gf]S;fgL jf b'kof]u u/] u/fPdf jf df;]df jf lghL k|of]udf nufPdf lghnfO{
10
s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ bkmf # adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g]5 / To;/L lxgfldgf, xflg
gf]S;fgL jf b'kof]u u/]sf] jf df;]sf] jf df:g lbPsf] ;DklQ klg lghaf6
c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 .
!*=
u}/sfg'gL bjfa lbg]nfO{ ;hfo M Hofg dfg]{, ckx/0f ug]{, ;DklQ x/0f ug]{,
OHhtdf wSsf k'ofpg], 8/, qf; jf c s'g} lsl;dsf] u}/sfg'gL bafaaf6
/fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ of] P]g cGtu{t
;hfo x'g] s;'/ ug{ nufPdf lghnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ rf/ jif{b]lv cf7
jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?k}ofFb]lv kfFr nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
!(=
unt k|ltj]bg lbg]nfO{ ;hfoM -!_ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf

n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf] s'g} /fi6;]js jf cGo JolQmn] n]vfk/LIf0f
ubf{ ablgotk"j{s sf/f]af/df gePsf s'/f b]vfpg] jf eP u/]sf tYox nf]k
u/L n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]df To:tf] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{
s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv
krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]
sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf hfFra' u/L k|ltj]bg lbg' kg]{ st{Jo
ePsf] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] To:tf] cWoog jf hfFra' u/L k|ltj]bg
lb+bf ablgot k"j{s eP u/]sf s'/f n'sfO{ l5kfO{ jf geP gu/]sf s'/f b]vfO{
k|ltj]bg lbPdf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd
s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofFb]lv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
@)=
u}/sfg'gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg] M -!_ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] dflgg] /fi6;]jsn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd k]z u/]sf]
;DklQ ljj/0f cldNbf] tyf c:jfefljs b]lvg cfPdf jf lghn] dgfl;a sf/0f
lagf cldNbf] / c:jfefljs pRr hLjg:t/ ofkg u/]df jf cfgf] x}l;oteGbf a9L
s;}nfO{ bfg, bftJo, pkxf/, ;fk6L, rGbf jf as; lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf]
;DklQ s] s:tf] ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lghn] k|dfl0ft ug{' kg]{5 /
gu/]df To:tf] ;DklQ u}/sfg'gL kdf cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ s'g} /fi6;]jsn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u}/sfg'gL kdf ;DklQ cfh{g
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To;/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] lauf] cg';f/ b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b /
11
lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf u/L To;/L cfh{g u/]sf] u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ ;d]t hkmt
ul/g]5 .
@!=
pBf]u ug]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfo M o; kl/R5]bdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s o;

P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ug{ pBf]u ug]{nfO{ To:tf] s;'/ ug]{ /fi6;]js jf
cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
@@=
dltof/nfO{ ;hfoM o; P]gdf cGoq 5'} Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s o; P]g

cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;'/sf] dltof/nfO{ To:tf] s;'/ ug]{ /fi6;]js jf cGo
s'g} JolQmnfO{ x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo x'g]5 .
t/, s;'/ ug]{ /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ To:tf] s;'/ u/] afkt
gubL, lhG;L, jf cGo s'g} ;'ljwf jf nfe pknAw u/fO{ lbg] jf cfkm"n] lng]
dltof/nfO{ s;'/ ug]{ JolQm ;/x g} ;hfo x'g]5 .
@#=
;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6 ePsf] s;'/df d'Vo eO{ sfd ug]{n] s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]
dflgg] M
s'g} kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd s;'/ dflgg] s'g} sfd
u/]df To:tf] kmd{sf] xsdf To:tf sfd ubf{sf avt ;DalGwt lx:;]bf/x /
sDkgL jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] xsdf sDkgL jf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] d'Vo eO{ sfd ug]{
clwsf/Ln]] To:tf] s;'/ u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ d'Vo eO{ sfdsfh ug]{ clwsf/L lgo'lQm x'g' cufl8 g} To:tf] sfd
eP u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf h;n] To:tf] sfd u/]sf] 5 ;f]xL JolQmn] s;'/ u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu d'Vo eO{ sfdsfh ug]{

clwsf/L eGgfn] sDkgL jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] cWoIf, ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o,
dxfk|aGws, k|aGw lgb]{zs jf ;f]xL x}l;otdf sfdsfh ug]{ kbflwsf/L ;Dg'
k5{ .
@$= yk ;hfo M ;+j}wflgs c+u jf lgsfosf kbflwsf/L, /fi6kltaf6 dgf]gog jf

lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlzi6 >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf kbflwsf/L,
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf k|d'v dxfk|aGws jf ;f] ;/xsf kbflwsf/Ln] o; kl/R5]b
u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^^ f/f ;+zf]lwt .
12
cGtu{tsf s;'/ u/]df lghnfO{ To:tf] s;'/df x'g] ;hfodf yk tLg jif{;Dd
s}b ;hfo x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b#
e|i6frf/sf] s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg, txlssft / d'2f bfo/L
@%=
cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]

ug{] M -!_ s'g} JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 5 jf ug{
nfu]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f s'g} ;"rgf jf ;|f]taf6 jf s;}sf] ph'/Laf6 cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] hfgsf/L kfPdf tT;DaGwdf cfjZos cg';Gwfg / txlssft tyf
cGo sf/afxL ug]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s'g} JolQmn] e|i6frf/
u/]sf] 5 jf ug{ nfu]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] s'g} ;|f]taf6
kfPdf To:tf] clwsf/Ln] 5fkf dfg]{, sfuhft jf dfn;fdfg a/fdb ug]{ jf dflg;
kqmfp ug]{ nufot df}sf txlssftsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@^=
k|f/lDes 5fgljgM s;}n] o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/ u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] 5

eGg] s'/fsf] ph'/L jf hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]kl5 cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;f] ljifosf]
k|f/lDes 5fglag cfjZostf cg';f/ uf]Ko kdf ug{' kg]{5 .
@&=
:ki6Ls/0f dfUg]M bkmf @^ adf]lhd k|f/lDes 5fglag ubf{ cg';Gwfg

clwsf/LnfO{ k|fKt ph'/L jf hfgsf/L tYodf cfwfl/t ePsf] eGg] nfu]df
tT;DaGwL ljj/0f pNn]v u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf JolQm;+u
k|ltlqmof jf :ki6Ls/0f dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@*= cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/M -!_ cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln]
o;
kl/R5]b
adf]lhd e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/df cg';Gwfg / txlssft ubf{ b]xfosf] clwsf/

k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_
;/sf/L lgsfo, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf, /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g}

JolQmsf] ;fy /x]sf] ;Da4 sfuhft, k|df0fsf] lnvt jf
cGo s'g} s'/f cfkm" ;dIf k7fpg jf lglZrt ;doleq k]z
ug{ nufpg],
13
-v_
e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] /fi6;]js, cGo s'g} JolQm jf

;Da4 tYosf] hfgsf/L ePsf] eGg] cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
;D]sf] JolQmnfO{ pkl:yt u/fO{ ;f]wk'5 ug]{ jf lghsf]
aofg lng],
-u_
e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQm;+Fu

:ki6Ls/0f, ;f]wk'5 jf aofg lnO;s]kl5 To:tf] JolQmnfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ vf]h]sf] avt xflh/ x'g] sfuh u/fO{
5f8\g] jf tf/]vdf /fVg] jf To:tf] /fi6;]js jf JolQm km/f/
e} a]kQf x'g;S5 eGg] dgfl;a sf/0f ePdf jf lauf] xflg
gf]S;fgL ePsf] b]lvPdf lgh;+u k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd
w/f}6L jf hdfgt dfuL tf/]vdf 5f]8\g] jf To:tf] w/f}6L jf
hdfgt glbPdf lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg],
-@_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] lglZrt ;do tf]sL s'g} lnvt jf cGo s'g} j:t'
k]z ug{ jf s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg ;DalGwt lgsfo, /fi6;]js jf cGo
JolQmnfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] jf s'g} /fi6;]js jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ pkl:yt x'g n]vL
k7fPsf]df n]vL cfP adf]lhd ug{' kg]{5 / gu/]df b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_
tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs

;+:yfn] To:tf] lnvt jf j:t' k]z gu/]df jf hfgsf/L
glbPdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt lgsfosf] d'Vo
kbflwsf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL rnfpg ;DalGwt
;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5
/ o;/L n]vL cfPdf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo jf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] tTsfn sf/afxL rnfpg' kg]{5 .
-v_
tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ;DalGwt /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g}

JolQmn] lnvt jf j:t' k]z gu/]df jf hfgsf/L glbPdf jf
pkl:yt gePdf lghnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] Ps xhf/
?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-u_
v08 -s_ jf -v_ adf]lhd ljefuLo sf/afxL jf hl/afgf

ePkl5 klg s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf,
14
/fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] n]vL

k7fP cg';f/ gu/]df ;f] lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] d'Vo
kbflwsf/L jf To:tf] /fi6;]js jf JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/L
pkl:yt u/fpg kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L u/L lghaf6 To:tf]
lnvt jf j:t' k]z u/fpg jf lghaf6 cfjZos hfgsf/L
lng ;Sg]5 . To;/L kqmfp ePsf] lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf] d'Vo
kbflwsf/L, /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] To:tf] lnvt jf
j:t' k]z gu/]df jf tT;DaGwL hfgsf/L glbPdf lghnfO{
cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;ft lbg;Dd y'gfdf /fVg cfb]z lbg
;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{
lgb]{zg lbPsf] jf hl/afgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;DalGwt lgsfosf] d'Vo kbflwsf/L
jf ;DalGwt /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] ;f] kfng ug{ g;s]sf] dgfl;a sf/0f
pNn]v u/L To:tf] sf/afxL jf hl/afgf x'g' gkg]{ egL lgj]bg lbPdf / sf/0f
;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvPdf To:tf] lgb]{zg jf hl/afgfsf] cfb]z /2 ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-$_ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd s'g} 7fpFsf] tnf;L lng] jf lng nufpg] /
To;/L tnf;L ln+bf cfjZos b]lvPsf] s'g} j:t' jf sfuhft cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
cfgf] sAhfdf lng jf To:tf] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk lng ;Sg]5 . o;/L sAhfdf
lnPsf] j:t' jf sfuhftsf] e/kfO{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
@(=
cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug]{ jf tf]Sg] M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/sf]

cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ cfgf]
dftxtsf s'g} clws[t, s'g} ;/sf/L clws[t jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] s'g}
clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug{ jf tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
t/, s'g} ;/sf/L clws[t jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] clws[t sd{rf/LnfO{
cg';Gwfg clws[t lgo'Qm ug{' jf tf]Sg' kbf{ cj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf
;DalGwt lgsfosf] d'Vo kbflwsf/L;+u k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 .
#)=
cg';Gwfg clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ cg';Gwfg clws[tsf]

sfd, st{Jo / b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
15
-s_
s;'/bf/nfO{ tTsfn lu/tf/ u/L cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{,
-v_
o; P]g cGt/utsf] s;'/df cg';Gwfg / txlssft ubf{ jf

;a'b k|df0f ;+sng ubf{ h'g;'s} sfof{no, 3/, ejg,
uf]bfd, ;jf/L ;fwg jf cGo s'g} :yfgsf] vfgtnf;L lng]
jf lng nufpg],
-u_
cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] cGo clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ .
-@_ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] o; P]g cGt/utsf] s;'/df cg';Gwfg /

txlssft ubf{ cleo'QmnfO{ aofg u/fpg], ;/hdLg d'r'Nsf tof/ ug]{ ;d]t
k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd k|x/Ln] kfP ;/xsf] clwsf/, st{Jo, ;'ljwf / bfloTj
cg';Gwfg clws[tnfO{ k|fKt x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] sfd ubf{ cleo'QmnfO{ tf/]vdf /fVg], w/f}6L jf
hdfgL lnO{ 5f8\g], w/f}6L /fVg jf hdfgL lbg g;s]df y'gfdf /fVg] ;d]t
cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/ cfjZostf cg';f/ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] k|of]u ug{
;Sg]5 .
#!=
cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] M -!_ o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/df sf/jfxL rnfO{Psf]

s'g} JolQmn] s'g} k|df0f nf]k jf gfz ug{ ;Sg] jf cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf]
sf/afxLdf afwf Jojwfg jf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] kof{Kt sf/0f ljBdfg
ePdf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] lghnfO{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd y'g'jf k'hL{ lbO{
y'gfdf /fVg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /flvPsf] JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf rf}la;
306fleq txlssft k"/f gx'g] eO{ lghnfO{ y'gfdf /fvL txlssft hf/L /fVg' kg]{
b]lvPdf cg';Gwfg clws[tn] lghnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ d'2f
x]g]{ clwsf/Laf6 cg'dlt lnP/ dfq y'gfdf /fVg' kg]{5 . ;f] adf]lhd d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L;+u cg'dlt dfUbf y'gfdf k/]sf] JolQm pk/sf] cleof]u, To;sf] cfwf/,
lghnfO{ y'gfd} /fvL txlssft ug{' kg]{ sf/0f / lghsf] aofg sfuh eO{;s]sf] eP
aofg sfuhsf] Joxf]/f :ki6 kdf pNn]v ug{' kg]{5 .
16
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dltsf] nflu d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
;dIf pkl:yt u/fOPsf] JolQmn] To;/L pkl:yt x'Fbf cfgf] zf/Ll/s hfFrsf] nflu
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt dfu]df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln]
;DalGwt sfuhftx x]/L txlssft ;Gtf]ifhgs kdf eP jf gePsf] ljrf/ u/L
;Gtf]ifhgs kdf txlssft e} /x]sf] b]lvPdf Ps} k6s jf k6s k6s u/L tL;
lbgdf ga9\g] u/L a9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Dd y'gfdf /fVg] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd y'gfdf /fVg] Dofb yk dfu ubf{ y'gfdf /x]sf]
JolQmn] rfx]df cfkm" y'gfdf /xg' gkg]{ sf/0f / cfwf/ vf]nL d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
#@=
cGo lgsfosf] ;xof]u lng ;Sg] M -!_ o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg
/ txlssftsf] l;nl;nfdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ s'g} klg
;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf s;}sf] ;xof]u dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/L
;xof]u dfu]sf avt ;xof]u ug{' To:tf] lgsfo, ;+:yf jf JolQmsf] st{Jo
x'g]5 .
-@_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] o; P]g cGtu{t e|i6frf/sf] s;'/df cg';Gwfg /
txlssft ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|x/L kmf];{sf] ;d]t d2t lng ;Sg]5 . o;/L k|x/L
sd{rf/LnfO{ sfddf nufpg' kbf{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] cfb]z k|x/Lsf]
;DaGwdf ;DalGwt k|x/L dxflg/LIfssf] cfb]z ;/x x'g]5 .
-#_ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] cfkm"eGbf tNnf] bhf{sf k|x/L clws[t jf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]u dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L cg';Gwfg clws[tn] ;xof]u dfu]df
;xof]u ug{' ;DalGwt k|x/L clws[t jf sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-$_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ nfu]sf] s;'/sf]
k|s[ltaf6 s'g} lgsfodf sfo{/t s'g} ljz]if1;+u k/fdz{ ug{' kg]{ jf To:tf] ljz]if1
;d]tnfO{ cg';Gwfg / txlssftdf ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ b]v]df lghnfO{ s'g} vf;
cjlwsf] nflu sfhdf k7fOlbg ;DalGwt lgsfo;+u dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 / o;/L dfu
eO{ cfPdf k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf] lgsfon]
;DalGwt ljz]if1 pknAw u/fOlbg' kg]{5 .
17
##=
:jtM lgnDag x'g] M s'g} /fi6;]js bkmf @* sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_,
bkmf #) sf] pkbkmf -#_ tyf bkmf #! adf]lhd y'gfdf /x]sf]df To;/L y'gfdf
/x]sf] cjlwe/ / lgh pk/ bkmf #^ adf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ePsf]df To:tf]
/fi6;]js ;f] d'2fsf] lsgf/f geP;Dd :jtM lgnDagdf /xg]5 .
#$=
;]jf lng ;Sg]

;SgM] -!_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg / txlssft tyf
tT;DaGwL cGo sf/afxL ubf{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1 jf
ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt
ljz]if1 jf ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfonfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{5 / To;/L lgo'lQm ubf{ cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] To:tf] ljz]if1 jf ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfon] ug{' kg]{ sfd, k|of]u ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/, kfng ug{' kg]{ zt{, sfo{ljlw / To:tf] ljz]if1 jf ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfon]
kfpg] kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf ;d]t pNn]v u/L ;Df}tf ug{' kg]{5 .
-#_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf]
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cfjZos k/]df k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
cg';Gwfg clwsf/Laf6 dfu ePsf] ;dofjlw;Dd sfhdf v6fpg' kg]{5 .
#%=
tfd]nLdf /fVg]
/fVg] M o; P]g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ub}{ hfFbf ;ng
ePsf k|df0fsf cfwf/df cf/f]lkt s;'/ k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] ePdf cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] tT;DaGwL ph'/LnfO{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] krf{ v8f u/L tfd]nLdf /fVg
;Sg]5 / o;/L tfd]nLdf /fVg] lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f]sf] ;"rgf cf/f]lkt JolQm /
ph'/jfnfnfO{ lbg' kg]{5 .
t/ kl5 s'g} gofF k|df0f km]nf k/]df To:tf] ph'/Lsf] ;DaGwdf k'gM
cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf] sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg o; bkmfn] s'g} afwf
k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
#^=
d'2f bfo/ ug]

ug]{ M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/sf] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf s'g} JolQm
pk/ ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 lghn] ;f] s;'/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] ljZjf;
ug{' kg]{ dgfl;a sf/0f ePdf cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf]
sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
;dIf d'2f bfo/ ug]{5 .
18
kl/R5]b$
e|i6frf/sf] lgu/fgL ;DaGwL Joj:yf
#&=
/fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb| M -!_
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf lgoGq0f
ug{ tyf e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqLsf]
k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L Ps /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s]Gb|sf] k|d'vsf] kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] s'g} clws[tnfO{ tf]Sg ;Sg]5 / ;f] s]Gb|df cfjZostf
cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;]jfsf] sd{rf/Lx /xg]5g\ .
#*= /fli6o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

clwsf/ M bkmf #& sf] pkbkmf
-!_ adf]lhd :yflkt /fli6o
;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg

x'g' kg]{ sfo{x lgoldt kdf eP gePsf] ljifodf ;"rgf ;ng ug]{,
-v_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 lgoldt

kdf x'g' kg]{ sfo{ ePsf] gkfOPdf To:tf lgsfonfO{ ;f] ljifodf ;ts{
ug]{,
-u_
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lbOPsf] ;DklQ

ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{,
-3_
e|i6frf/ x'g ;Sg] :yfg jf sfddf lgoldt lgu/fgL /fVg], 58\s] hfFr /
cGj]if0f ug]{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg],
-_
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ckgfpg' kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / tT;DaGwL

sfg'gdf s'g} ;'wf/ ug{' kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'fj
lbg],
-r_
g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ph'/L

k]l6sf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
19
-5_
e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{

s'g} ;'fj jf lgb]{zg lbg],
-h_
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/

;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f jf ;"rgf k|fKt u/L cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg],
-_
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k|fKt s'g} hfgsf/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg],
-`_
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfOkg]{ cGo sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] .
-6_
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] .
kl/R5]b%
ljljw
#(=
ljj/0f lng jf sf/f]

sf/f]af/ jf vftf /f]Ssf /fVg ;lsg] M -!_ k|rlnt sfg'gdf
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg e|i6frf/sf] s;'/df cg';Gwfg ub}{ hfFbf s'g}
JolQmsf] :jb]z jf ljb]zdf /x]sf] s'g} a} jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf sf/f]af/ ePsf] jf
vftf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] hfgsf/L s'g} ;|f]taf6 v'Ng cfPdf cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] To:tf] sf/f]af/ jf vftf /f]Ssf /fVg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ;DalGwt a} jf ljQLo ;+:yfn] To:tf] sf/f]af/ jf
vftf /f]Ssf /fVg' kg]{5 .
t/, ljb]zl:yt a} jf ljQLo ;+:yf;+u To:tf] sf/f]af/ jf vftf /f]Ssf
/fVg k/]df cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] s"6g}lts dfWod dfkm{t sf/f]af/ jf vftf
;~rfng /f]Ssf /fVg nufpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sf/f]af/ jf vftf /f]Ssf g/fVg] g]kfnl:yt
;DalGwt a} jf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k|d'vnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] krf; xhf/
-#_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfjZos 7fg]df ;fj{hlgs
kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f dfu ug{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ /f]Ssf /fVg
;Sg]5 .
$)= /fxbfgL hf/L gug{ jf /f]Ssf /fVg ;Sg] M k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s;'/sf] ufDeLo{tf, cleo'Qmn] s;'/ u/]sf] cj:yf, l:ylt /
20
s;'/sf] dfqf / s;'/ 7x/]df x'g ;Sg] ;hfosf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
s'g} cleo'QmnfO{ /fxbfgL hf/L gug]{ jf hf/L eO;s]sf] eP ;f] /fxbfgL /f]Ssf
/fVg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
$!=
:yfg 5f]8g\ aGb]h ug{ ;Sg]

;Sg] M s'g} JolQm pk/ o; P]g adf]lhd sf/afxL
rnfPsf]df To:tf] JolQmn] u/]sf] s;'/sf] ufDeLo{tf, s;'/ ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt jf
cj:yf / s;'/ 7x/]df x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf x]/L s'g} cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt lagf s'g} :yfg 5f]8\g gkfpg] u/L jf s'g} :yfgdf hfg
gkfpg] u/L cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$@= Dofb tfd]n ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/df ljb]zL JolQmsf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{'
kbf{ To:tf] JolQmsf] g]kfnleqdf s'g} lsl;dsf] sfof{no jf k|ltlglw eP To:tf]
sfof{no jf k|ltlglwsf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n ul/g]5 / To;/L tfd]n ePsf] Dofb
/Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sfof{no jf k|ltlglw gePdf To:tf] JolQmsf]
sf/f]af/ x'g] d'Vo :yfg jf lghn] :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ 7]ufgf jf sf/f]af/ ubf{sf]
avt kqfrf/sf] nflu lghn] lbPsf] s'g} 7]ufgf /x]5 eg] To:tf] 7]ufgfdf 6]n]S;,
6]lnofS; jf clen]v x'g ;Sg] b"/;~rf/sf cGo dfWod dfkm{t jf /lhi6/L u/L
x'nfs dfkm{t Dofb tfd]n ul/g]5 / To;/L tfd]n ePsf] Dofb /Ltk"j{s tfd]n
ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljb]zdf /x]
a;]sf] JolQmsf] gfddf Dofb tfd]n ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn /fHo kIf ePsf]
s'g} ;lGwdf 5'} Joj:yf ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL adf]lhd Dofb tfd]n ug{ o; bkmfn]
afwf k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
$#=
;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{M o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf]

gfddf ;"rgf k7fpFbf jf Dofb tfd]n ubf{ To:tf] JolQmsf] 7]ufgf kQf gnfuL
jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] To:tf] ;"rgf a'fpg g;lsPsf] jf Dofb tfd]n x'g
g;s]sf] s'/fsf] k|ltj]bg kg{ cfPdf k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ tL; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb lbO{ cg';Gwfg ePsf] jf d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L ;dIf d'2f bfo/ e};s]sf] eP ;f] ljifosf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f pNn]v u/L
21
pkl:yt x'g /fli6o:t/sf] ;dfrf/kqdf -ljb]zLsf] xsdf c+u|]hL b}lgsdf_

sDtLdf b'O{k6s ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/g]5 / To;/L ;"rgf k|sfzg
ePsf]df o; P]g jf cGo k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ /Ltk"j{s ;"rgf lbOPsf] jf Dofb tfd]n ePsf] dflgg]5 .
$$= ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] st{Jo M s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] k|d'vn] cfgf] jf cfgf] dftxtsf s'g} sfof{nodf e|i6frf/
ePsf] 5 eGg] s'g} hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g cfPdf tTsfn To:tf] ljifo;+u ;DalGwt
sfuhft tyf kmfOn cfgf] lhDdfdf lnO{ ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 / To:tf] ljifo;+u
;DalGwt JolQm tyf sd{rf/Lx;+u jf:tljs s'/f a'L e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]lvg]
sf/0f ePdf To:tf] sfuhft cg';Gwfg tyf txlssftsf nflu ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
$%= cjsfz k|fKt JolQm pk/ klg d'2f rnfpg ;lsg] M s'g} /fi6 ;]jsn] cfkm"
s'g} kbdf axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;Dklt jf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfsf] ;Dklt lxgfldgf jf xflg gf]S;fgL u/L
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf To:tf] JolQmn] cfgf] kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt u/]kl5
klg lgh pk/ d'2f rnfpg o; P]gdf nlvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
$^= d'2fsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ afwf gkg]{ M k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f bfo/ x'g' cufj} jf bfo/ ePkl5
cleo'Qm jf k|ltjfbLsf] d[To' ePdf klg d'2fsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ afwf kg]{
5}g .
$&= ;Dklt hkmt x'g]M s'g} JolQmn] of] P]g jf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd e|i6frf/
u/]sf] dflgg] s'g} sfo{ u/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / ;f]af6 a9] a9fPsf] cGo
;Dklt ;d]t cfgf] jf c s;}sf] gfddf /fv]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] ;DklQ
hkmt x'g]5 .
t/, To:tf] ;Dkltsf] xs s;}nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/;s]sf] / To;/L x:tfGt/0f
ubf{ y}nL sfod ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] /sd skfnL ;/x x'g]5 .
22
$*= ljb]zL JolQmsf] ;Dklt /f]Ssf /fVg cfb]z lbg] M -!_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
lbPsf] ;"rgf jf bkmf $@ adf]lhd tfd]n ePsf] Dofb adf]lhd cg';Gwfg
clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt gx'g] s'g} ljb]zL JolQmsf] g]kfn /fHoleq s'g} ;Dklt,
xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQm cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt
geP;Dd To:tf] ;DklQ, xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] tf]s]
adf]lhd oyfl:yltdf /fVg jf g]kfnaflx/ n}hfg gkfpg] u/L cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] cfb]zsf] kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf]
st{Jo x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfb]z kfng gug]{ JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Ln] Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf] cfb]z kfng gu/]sf]
sf/0faf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg, gf]S;fgL
ePsf] /x]5 eg] ;f] ;d]t lghaf6 e/fOg]5 .
$(= 'f ph"/ ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M s;}n] ph"/L lbg] dgfl;a sf/0f geO{ s;}nfO{
s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] jf b'Mv lbg] lgotn] s'g} /fi6;]js jf
JolQm pk/ 'f ph"/ lbPsf] 7x/]df lghnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[tn] kfFr xhf/
%)= ;DklQ ljj/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]
To:tf] kb wf/0f u/]sf] ldltn] / of] bkmf k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;fj{hlgs kbdf
axfn /x]sf JolQmn] of] P]g k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq / To;kl5 x/]s
cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq cfgf] jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf]
gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t jf lg:;f ;lxtsf] cBfjlws ljj/0f g]kfn
;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf
k]z ug{' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ g;Sg]
;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] To:tf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ g;Sgfsf] sf/0f ;lxt
pNn]v u/L Dofb yksf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]df ;DalGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] a9Ldf
tL; lbg;Ddsf] Dofb yk lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd yk u/]sf] Dofbleq klg ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z
gug]{ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF hl/afgf u/L lgh /
23
lghsf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf u}/sfg'gL ;DklQ /x]sf] cg'dfg u/L ;DalGwt lgsfo jf
clwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ o; bkmf adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f uf]Ko /flvg]5 .
t/ o; P]g cGtu{t cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf] l;nl;nfdf ;DklQ ljj/0f
dfu x'g cfPdf To:tf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
%!=
afwf lj/f]w ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssft ;DaGwL

sfd sf/afxLdf s;}n] afwf lj/f]w u/]df lghnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lsf] k|ltj]bgsf]
cfwf/df d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Ln] 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf
jf b'a} ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%@=
;"rgfsf] uf]KotfM -!_ e|i6frf/sf] s;'/df cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf] l;nl;nfdf

cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L jf a']sf] jf ;ng u/]sf]
k|df0fx d'2f bfo/ gx'Fb} ;fj{hlgs kdf k|s6 ug{' x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln]
pko'Qm ;D]sf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] s'g} s'/fsf] 5fglag, cg';Gwfg / txlssft
;DaGwL ljj/0f cfjZostf cg';f/ k|sfzdf Nofpg ;Sg]5 .
%#=
cg';Gwfg tyf txlssftdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL x'gM] of]

P]g sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cg';Gwfg clws[t jf cg';Gwfg tyf
txlssftdf ;+nUg cGo sd{rf/Ln] hfgL hfgL s'g} JolQmnfO{ b'Mv lbg] lgotn]
s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL ul/g]5 .
%$= s}bd} a:g' kg]{ M k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g
cGtu{tsf] s;'/df cbfntaf6 s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmn] s}bd} a:g' kg]{5 .
%%=
;hfosf] dfubfaLdf 5"6 x'g ;Sg] M o; P]g adf]lhdsf] cg';Gwfgsf] sfd

sf/afxLdf ;xof]u ug]{ cleo'QmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] cfgf] ;fIfLsf] kdf
k|:t't u/L lghnfO{ ;hfosf] dfubfaLdf k"0f{ jf cf+lzs 5"6 lbg ;Sg]5 .
t/ lghn] u/]sf] ;xof]u cGo ;a'b jf k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft gePdf jf lghn]
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf cg';Gwfg clwsf/LnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u k|lts"n x'g] u/L
24
aofg lbPdf o; P]g jf k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg

lghpk/ k'gM d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
%^=
sf/afxL gx'g]M k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg e|i6frf/

ePsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] ljifodf sfg'gL sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg jf e|i6frf/ x'g
glbg] u/L ;"rgf lbg] /fi6;]jsnfO{ lghn] u/] jf k'ofPsf] ;xof]u afkt
lghsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg'g cg';f/ uf]kgLotf e u/]sf] cfwf/df sf/afxL
x'g] 5}g .
%&=
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgM -!_ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg

u/L o; P]g adf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ;a} jf s]xL clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g}
clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/Ln] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln]
clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/L ;f]
k|of]hgsf nflu cg';Gwfg clwsf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
%*= k'/:sf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/df tT;DaGwL
df}sf txlssft, cg';Gwfg jf cGo ;a'b k|df0f ;ngsf] sfddf cg';Gwfg
clwsf/LnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] JolQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] plrt k'/:sf/
lbg ;Sg]5 .
%(=
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf ljz]if Joj:yf M k|rlnt sfg'gdf h'g;'s} s'/f

n]lvPsf] eP tfklg o; P]g cGtu{t bfo/ x'g] jf ePsf] d'2fdf b]xfosf s'/fdf
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_
s'g} /fi6;]js jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] o; P]g cGtu{t s;'/ dflgg] s'g} sfd
u/]sf] jf To:tf] sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cGo k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd s;'/
dflgg] s'g} sfd ;d]t u/]sf] /x]5 eg] lgh pk/ cGo k|rlnt
sfg'gadf]lhd 5'} d'2f rnfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-v_
s'g} /fi6;]js jf cGo JolQmn] o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/ dflgg] s'g} sfd
ubf{ jf To:tf] sfd ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s'g} JolQmsf] xs, ;DklQ jf ;/f]sf/
25
pk/ klg k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] JolQmn] 5'} d'2f bfo/ ug{
afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-u_
o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/df s'g} JolQm pk/ d'2f bfo/ ePsf]df To:tf]
d'2fsf] k|df0f a'b} hfFbf cGo JolQm pk/ ;d]t d'2f bfo/ ug{' kg]{ b]lvPdf
To:tf] JolQm pk/ 5'} cleof]ukq bfo/ ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-3_
s'g} /fi6;]js jf cGo JolQmn] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{

u}/sfg'gL xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf]df ;f] c;'n pk/ ug{ lgh pk/ 5'} d'2f
bfo/ ePsf]df o; P]g cGtu{t s;'/df 5'} d'2f rnfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-_
s'g} /fi6;]js jf JolQm pk/ o; P]g cGtu{t d'2f bfo/ ePsf]df To:tf]
/fi6;]js jf JolQm pk/ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ k'Ug uPsf]
xflg, gf]S;fgL e/fpg ;lsg] s'g} sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]5 eg] ;f]xL sf/0fn]
dfq o; P]g cGtu{t d'2f rnfpg afwf k'Ug] jf ;f]xL sf/0fn] d'2f vf/]h
x'g] 5}g .
-r_
^)=
o; P]g cGtu{tsf] d'2f lkmtf{ lng jf ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
;'/fsL / To;sf] ljj/0f uf]Ko /flvg]

/flvg] M o; P]g cGtu{tsf] s;'/ u/]sf] jf ug{
nfu]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;"rgf lbg] ;'/fsLsf] gfd / 7]ufgf lghn] rfx]df uf]Ko
/flvg]5 .
^!=
a]jfl/;] dfnj:t' g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g] M -!_ o; P]g cGtu{tsf] ;hfo x'g]
s;'/l;t ;DalGwt dfnj:t'sf] wgL kQf gnfu]df cg';Gwfg clwsf/Ln] sAhf
u/]sf] dfnj:t'sf] s'g} xsbf/ eP xsbfaL ug{ cfpg k}+tL; lbgsf] Dofb lbO{
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ug{' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Dofbleq xsbfaL gk/]df jf xsbfaL k/] klg
kof{Kt k|df0fsf] cefjdf xsbfaL k'Ug] gb]lvPdf To:tf] dfnj:t' a]jfl/;L dfnj:t'
dfgL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] x'g]5 .
^@=
dfnj:t' lnnfd ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/sf
;DaGwdf sAhf ul/Psf] s'g} dfnj:t' nfdf] ;do;Dd sAhfdf /fVbf lvof
nflu jf c s'g} kl/aGbaf6 6"6km"6 jf gf]S;fg x'g ;Sg] b]lvPdf jf ;8L unL
hfg] ePdf jf k'/fgf] eO{ d"No 36\g hfg] ePdf jf a]jfl/;] ePdf jf :yfg
26
cefjsf] sf/0fn] ;Def/ ug{ g;Sg] jf /fVg g;lsg] ePdf k|rlnt

sfg'gadf]lhdsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L To:tf] dfnj:t' lnnfd laqmL ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lnnfd laqmLaf6 k|fKt /sd w/f}6L vftfdf hDdf
ul/g]5 . To:tf] dfnj:t' ;DalGwt wgLnfO{ lbg] 7x/ ePsf]df lnnfd laqmLaf6
k|fKt /sd dfq lkmtf{ kfpg]5 .
^#=
afwf gkg]{ M cGo k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd cGo s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ k|fKt
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg / txlssft tyf cGo sf/afxL jf d'2f
bfo/ ;DaGwL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ o; P]gdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
^$= lgod agfpg ;Sg] M o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos lgodx agfpg ;Sg]5 .
^%=
;+zf]wg, vf/]hL / arfp M -!_
/fhZj r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_
P]g, @)%@ sf],

-s_
bkmf @ sf] v08 -u_ llsPsf] 5 .
-v_
bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ llsPsf] 5 .
-u_
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -$_ df /x]sf jf sd{rf/L eGg]

zAbx llsPsf 5g\ .
-3_
bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -@_ llsPsf] 5 .
-_
bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -@_ llsPsf] 5 .
-r_
bkmf @# sf] pkbkmf -@_ llsPsf] 5 .
-5_
7fpF 7fpFdf k|of]u ePsf jf e|i6frf/ eGg] zAbx

llsPsf 5g\ .
-h_
bkmf %, kl/R5]b$ / bkmf @% vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .

-#_ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd sf/afxL o;} P]g
adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
27

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e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(

@)%( ;fnsf] P]g g+= !

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf ;DaGwdf ;dofg's"n sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g

e|i6frf/ eGgfn] kl/R5]b@ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ;Dg' k5{ .

l/;jt eGgfn] gubL, lhG;L jf cGo h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] nfe jf ;'ljwf

;fj{hlgs ;+:yf eGgfn] b]xfosf] ;+:yf ;Dg' k5{ M

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] sDkgL,

g]kfn ;/sf/f/f ;+rflnt jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% adf]lhd ul7t :yfgLo lgsfo,

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] C0f, cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yf,

pkv08 -!_, -@_, -#_ jf -$_ df plNnlvt ;+:yfsf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs

/fi6;]js eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf]

/fi6klt, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf ;dIf lnPsf]

zkyaf6 jf g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf;+u u/]sf] ;Df}tf

s'g} ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ jf ;dfwfg ug{ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lgo'Qm, lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt lnlSj8]6/,

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] cGo

/fhZj eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs

cg';Gwfg clwsf/L eGgfn] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg,

l/;jt lng] lbg]nfO{ ;hfoM

-s_ kRrL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd

tLg dlxgf;Dd s}b

-r_ bz nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L

lagf d"No jf sd d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng] /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M /fi6;]jsn]

=== === ===,

g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] k"j{

:jLs[lt glnO{ cfkm"n] jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:o jf c s;}f/f s'g}

sldzg lng]nfO{ ;hfoM /fi6;]jsn] cfgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf jf

k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd /fhZj lgwf{/0f ubf{ x]g{'kg]{ jf k/LIf0f ug{' kg]{

p7fPsf] /fhZj k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd bflvnf gu/L lxgfldgf ug]{,

k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd /fhZj lgwf{/0f ubf{ jf j:t'sf] d"Nofg ubf{ k]z

cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ubf{ jf gD;{ tof/ ubf{

lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/eGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|of]u

dgfl;a sf/0f lagf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ sd ug]{,

dgfl;a sf/0f lagf nfut Oli6d]6 c:jfefljs kdf

'f lan, e/kfO{ agfO{ e'QmfgL lng], lbg] jf lansf] bf]xf]/f]

dgfl;a sf/0f lagf cfjZos kg]{eGbf c:jfefljs kdf

;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf]

;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ u}/sfg'gL kdf cfgf] jf

;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gfddf s'g} ;DklQ lwtf]

dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ u'0f:t/xLg, Dofb gf3]sf] /

=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf

;dIf u/]sf] zky, sa'lnot, ;Df}tf, 7]Ssf, nfO;]G;, k/ld6, k|lt1fkq jf

=== === ===,

g]kfn ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfo jf

=== === ===, g]kfn ;/sf/,

;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfnfO{ xflg k'ofpg] jf cfkm" jf c s;}nfO{

;/sf/L sfuhft ;Rofpg]nfO{ ;hfo M ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf]

;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] sfuhft gf]S;fg ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M s'g}

k|Zgkqsf] uf]kgLotf e+u ug]{ jf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd km]/abn ug]{nfO{

u}/sfg'gL Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{ /fi6;]jsnfO{ ;hfo M k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] lx:;]bf/ ePdf s;'/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tLg dlxgfb]lv 5

;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg gf]S;fgL ug]{nfO{ ;hfo M s'g} /fi6;]jsn] cfgf]

=== === ===,

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] nfk/afxL jf ablgot u/L lxgfldgf, xflg

unt k|ltj]bg lbg]nfO{ ;hfoM -!_ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf

u}/sfg'gL ?kdf ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] dflgg] M -!_ k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd

pBf]u ug]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfo M o; kl/R5]bdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s o;

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