National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Fourth Semester Mechanical Subject: Applied Thermodynamics Assignment PART-A (M11+M21 Batches)

1. a) Steam is supplied; dry saturated at 40 bar to a turbine and the condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. If the plant operates on the Rankine cycle, calculate, per kilogram of steam: (i) The work output neglecting the feed-pump work; (ii) The work required for the feed pump; (iii) The heat transferred to the condenser cooling water, and the amount of cooling water required through the condenser if the temperature rise of the water is assumed to be 5.5K; (iv) The heat supplied; (v) The Rankine efficiency; (vi) The specific steam consumption b) For the same steam condition calculate the efficiency and the specific steam consumption for a Carnotcycle operating with wet steam. (986kj, 4kj, 1703kj, 74kg,2685kj,36.6%, 3.67kg/kWh;42.7%,4.92kg/kWh) 2. A Steam plant operates with an initial pressure at 20 bar and temperature 400 0C,and exhaust to a heating system at2 bar. The condensate from the heating system is return to the boiler plant at 65 0C and the heating system utilizes for its intended purpose 90% of the energy transferred from the steam it receives. The turbine efficiency is 70%. (a) what fraction of the energy supplied to the steam plant serves a useful purpose? (b) if two superate steam plants had been set up to produce the same useful energy, one to generate heating steam at 2 bar, and the other to generate power through a cycle working between 20 bar, 400 0C and 0.07 bar , what fraction of the energy supplied would have served a useful purpose? (91.2%,64.5%.) 3. 3 A generating station is to give a power output of 200MW. The superheat outlet pressure of the boiler is to be 170 bar and the temperature 600oC. After expansion through the first-stage turbine to a pressure of 40 bar, 15% of the steam is extracted for feed heating. The remainder is reheated at 600 oC and is then expanded through the second turbine stage to a condenser pressure of 0.035 bar. For preliminary calculations it is assumed that the actual cycle will have an efficiency ratio of 70% and that the generator mechanical and electrical efficiency is 95%. Calculate the maximum continuous rating of the boiler in kilograms per hour. (632000kg/h) 4 A steam turbine is to operate on a simple regenerative cycle. Steam is supplied dry saturated at 40 bar, and is exhausted to a condenser at 0.07 bar. The condensate is pumped to a pressure of 3.5 bar at which it is mixed with bleed steam from the turbine at 3.5bar. The resulting water which is at saturation temperature is then pumped to the boiler. For the ideal cycle calculate, neglecting feed-pump work, (i) the amount of bleed steam required per kilogram of supply steam; (ii)the cycle efficiency of the plant; (iii)the specific steam consumption. (0.1906;37%;4.39kg/kWh) 5 A nuclear power plant has an upper temperature limit of 450 oC because of metallurgical considerations in the reactor vessel. In one particular installation the following design information is supplied: Upper pressure limit: 10.00MPa Feedwater heaters: Two, closed, condensate from first trapped to second, condensate from second pumped to boiler Extraction pressures: 3.5 MPa and 1.0MPa Reheat: Reheat to 450oC after each extraction Condenser temperature: 35oC Turbine efficiencies: 90 percent Power output: 500 000 kW Calculate the mass flow of steam required in the boiler, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and waste heat which must be dissipated in the condenser.

PART-B (M12+M22 Batches) 1. (a) Steam is supplied; at 40 bar and 350 0 C to a turbine and the condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. If the plant operates on the Rankine cycle, calculate, perkilogram of steam: (i) The work output neglecting the feed-pump work; (ii) The work required for the feed pump; (iii) The heat transferred to the condenser cooling water, and the amount of cooling water required through the condenser if the temperature rise of the water is assumed to be 5.5K; (iv) The heat supplied; (v) The Rankine efficiency; (vi)The specific steam consumption (1125 KJ, 4kj,1857kj,80.7kg,2978kj,37.6%, 3.21kg/kWh) 2. Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 40 bar and 350 oC.It expands in the first turbine until it is just dry saturated, then it is re-heated to 350oC and expanded through the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. The isentropic efficiencies are 84% and 78% respectively in the first stage and the second stage expansion, calculate the work output and the heat supplied per kilogram of steam for the plant, assuming ideal processes and neglecting the feed-pump term. Calculate also the cycle efficiency, the specific steam consumption and wetness of the steam leaving the turbine.(1028kj,331kj,31.1%,3.5kg/kWh) 3. In a nuclear power plant saturated steam at 30 bar enters a h.p. turbine and expands isentrophically to a pressure at which its quality is 0.841. At this pressure the steam is passed through a moisture superator which removes all the liquid. Saturated vapour leaves the superator and is expanded isentrophically to 0.04 bar in i.p. turbine, while the saturated liquid leaving the superator is returned via a feed pump to the boiler the condensate leaving the condenser at 0.04 bar is also returned to the boiler via a second feed pump. Calculate the cycle efficiency and turbine outlet quality taking in to account the feed pump term. Recalculate the same quantities for a cycle with the same boiler and condenser preasures but without moisture seperation. (35.5%,0.824;35%;0.716. In a regenerative steam cycle employing three closed feed heaters the steam is supplied to the turbine at 42 bar and 500oC and is exhausted to the condenser at 0.035 bar. The bleed steam for feed heating is taken at pressures of 15, 4 and 0.5 bar. Assuming ideal processes and neglecting pump work, calculate: (i) the fraction of the boiler steam bled at each stage; (ii) the power output of the plant per unit mass flow rate of boiler steam; (iii) the cycle efficiency. (.0952,.0969,0.0902; , 1133.6Kw per kg/s;43.6%) In modern steam power plants it is common practice to use supercritical pressures in the boiler. Consider an ideal cycle with steam leaving the boiler at 40 MPa and 800oC. Five closed feedwater haters are employed with extractions at 8.0 MPa, 1.5 MPa, 800kPa, and 100 kPa. Discharge from the turbine is at 8 kPa. Assume an isentropic turbine and the condensate from the last heater is pumped to the boiler. Calculated the thermal efficiency of the cycle. What power output maybe obtained with a flow rate of 500 000 kg/h?

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PART-C (M13+M23 Batches) A Simple steam power cycle uses solar energy for the heat input.Water in the cycle enters the pump as a saturated liquid at 400C,and is pumped to 2 bar. It then evaporates in the boiler at this pressure, and enters the turbine as saturated vapour. At the turbine exhaust the conditions are 40 0C and 10% moisture. The flow rate is 150kg/hr. Determine (a) the turbine isentropic efficiency,(b) The net work out put,(c) The cycle efficiency, and (d) The area of solar collected needed if the collectors pick up 0.58 kW/m2. (c)2.78%;(d)18.2m 2. Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 40 bar and 350 oC. It expands in the first turbine until it is just dry saturated, then it is re-heated to 350oC and expanded through the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. Calculate the work output and the heat supplied per kilogram of steam for the plant, assuming ideal processes and neglecting the feed-pump term. Calculate also the specific steam consumption and the cycle efficiency. (1290kj;3362kj,2.79kg/kWh;38.4%) Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 40bar and 500 oC.In the first stage the steam expands isentropically to 3.0 bar at which pressure 2500 kg/h of steam is extracted for process work. The remainder is reheated to 500oC and then expanded isentropically to 0.06 bar. The by-product power from the plant is required to be 6000KW.Calculate the amount of steam required from the boiler, and the heat supplied. Neglect feed-pump terms, and assume that the process condensate returns at the saturation temperature to mix adiabatically with the condensate from the condenser. (11950kg/h;, 15880Kw) The net power out put of an ideal regenerative-reheat steam cycle is 80MW. Steam enters the h.p.turbine at 80 bar,5000C and expands till it becomes saturated vapour. Some of the steam then goes to and open feed water heater and the balance is reheated to 4000C, after which it expands in the I.p. turbine to 0.07 bar. Compute (a) the reheat pressure, (b) the steam flow rate to the h.p.turbine, and (c) the cycle efficiency .Neglect pump work. (6.5 bar, 58.4kg/s,43.7%) One proposal for power production would obtain methane gas from off-shore geothermal sources to fuel a hybrid gas-turbine steam power cycle. The plant is to be installed on an offshore platform so that heat rejection can be to the ocean. The following conditions are assumed to apply: Inlet to compressor: 1 amt, 20oC ; Compression ratio: 10:1 Temperature at inlet to gas turbine: 1400 K; Inlet to steam turbine : 6.0 MPa, 320oC o Condensing temperature for steam: 15 C; Compressor efficiency: 87 percent Gas-turbine efficiency: 90 percent; Steam-turbine efficiency: 92 percent Calculate the thermal efficiency for the hybrid cycle, the flow rate of air and steam required for a power output of 500 MW, and the heat rejected to the ocean for this power level. If the fuel supplies 38kJ/liter at 1 atm, 20oC, calculate the flow rate required at 10atm, 50oC, to produce the required power output.

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