Trigonometry was first supposed to be used by Indians for astronomical calculations and architecture.

Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya, which literally means "half-chord". For simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jaib, meaning "pocket" or "fold (in a garment)". (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word.) Later in the 12th century, when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he replaced the Arabic jaib with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means "cove" or "bay"; thence comes the English sine. Alphabetic code has been used by him to define a set of increments. If we use Aryabhata's table and calculate the value of sin (30) which 0.5; the value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher Though its authorship is unknown, the Surya Siddhanta (c. 400) contains the roots of modern trigonometry This ancient text uses the following as trigonometric functions for the first time: Sine (Jya). Cosine (Kojya). Inverse sine (Otkram jya). It also contains the earliest uses of: Tangent. Secant.

Later Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata made references to this text, while later Arabic and Latin translations were very influential in Europe and the Middle East. Aryabhatta made several contributions to trigonometry : Introduced the trigonometric functions.

Defined the sine (jya) as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord. Defined the cosine (kojya). Defined the versine (utkrama-jya). Defined the inverse sine (otkram jya). Gave methods of calculating their approximate numerical values.

 Contains the earliest tables of sine, cosine and versine values, in 3.75 intervals from 0 to 90, to 4 decimal places of accuracy. ( Contains the trigonometric formula ) ( ) ( )

Aryabhata's differential equations were elaborated in the 10th century by Manjula (also Munjala), who realised that the expression could be approximately expressed as He understood the concept of differentiation after solving the differential equation that resulted from substituting this expression into Aryabhata's differential equation.

Varahamihira (505587) produced the Pancha Siddhanta (The Five Astronomical Canons). He made important contributions to trigonometry, including sine and cosine tables to 4 decimal places of accuracy and the following formulas relating sine and cosine functions: ( ) ( )
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Bhaskara II (11141185) was a mathematician-astronomer who wrote a number of important treatises, namely the Siddhanta Shiromani, Lilavati, Bijaganita, Gola Addhaya, Griha Ganitam and Karan Kautoohal. A number of his contributions were later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe. His trigonometrically contributions include:

Developments of spherical trigonometry. Trigonometry formulas Gave proof of Pythagorean theorem.

The Kerela School of mathematics contributed with applications of ideas from (what was to become) differential and integral calculus to obtain (TaylorMaclaurin) infinite series for , sine and cosine and arctan The Tantrasangraha-vakhyagives the series in verse, which when translated to mathematical notation, can be written as:

where, for r = 1, the series reduces to the standard power series for these trigonometric functions, for example:

and