Русская и украинская дипломатия в Евразии 50-е годы XVII века

:
50 XVII
2000

(Open 971482)

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ISBN 5767600000
, 2000
, 2000

To the memory of our colleague
Lev Zaborovsky
Introductory notes
The present collection of papers was prepared in the framework of INTAS

international project Russian and Ukrainian Diplomacy in Eurasia: the
Fifties of the 17th century, which pooled together researchers from Russia,
Austria, Denmark and Sweden. The projects objective is to coordinate efforts
of the scholars from various countries in studying the international relations
in Central Eurasia through the 5th decade of the 17th century with special
focus on interrelation between international politics in various parts of the
region and on genesis of Eurasian entity in the field of international relations.
In the second half of the 5th decade of the 17th century the whole central
part of Eurasia became a theater of large&scale international conflicts, which
involved not only the countries of the region, but many other West European
and Asian powers as well. The events of these years had a deep effect on the
future fortunes of the countries and peoples involved. Intensive military
clashes, social disturbances and sudden changes in political sovereignty over
numerous territories accompanied the historical developments of that time.
An important role in those was played by Russia and another newborn political
entity, which took shape in the course of these clashes i. e. Ukraine.
The dramatic events of the 5th decade of the 17th c. have been attracting
historians since long ago. However existing studies of these events are
aggravated by historical myths, cliches and wrong approaches. For example,
East&European (and especially Russian) political history was treated
separately from the political process in the rest of Europe. International
relations in Europe and in Asia were also studied in isolation from each other.
On the other hand, through the Socialist period Russian historiography was
dominated by obligatory ideological approaches, which made the balanced
study of the problem hardly achievable, while the revision of this Marxist
approach in post&Soviet historiography of the new independent states brought
into life some nationalistic interpretations. It is this situation with the studies
of international relations in the middle of the 17th century that makes a
coordination of the efforts of researches from various countries especially
important.
Another vital condition of transition from fragmentary studies of isolated
historical episodes of the political history of that time to a complex integral
research is an involvement of new sources. That is why the work with
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Introductory notes
unpublished materials on mid 17th century international relations in Eurasia

which are preserved in Russian and West European archives became a special
priority of the INTAS project. It is understood, that a number of academically
sound collections of the sources on the mid 17th century diplomatic activities
related to the conflicts between Poland, Russia and Ukraine already exists.
However, a considerable body of documents from Russian and West European
archives remains unpublished and unused by scholars. That is especially true
for the documents reflecting Russian and Ukrainian part in the international
crisis of mid 17th century, because our knowledge of these documents is far
from being adequate to the actual role played by these countries. The major
part of the sources on Russian and Ukrainian diplomacy of that time is not
published yet, and in too many cases scholars are not even aware of their
existence. For instance, numerous documents on the topic preserved in Russian
State Archives of Old Acts were underestimated by Russian scholars and are
hardly known to researchers from abroad. On the other hand, for many years
Russian scholars were unable to work in West European archives and had to
limit themselves to the usage of what was selected and published by their
foreign colleagues. A complete inventory of archival materials on the subject
and publication of the corpus of unpublished documents are needed to improve
this situation. The international INTAS project Russian and Ukrainian
Diplomacy in Eurasia: the Fifties of the 17th century was initiated to fulfill
this task, thus providing scholars with an adequate material to research the
international relations of that time.
The present collection of papers is mainly based on the materials
contributed by the participants of the project for the Round Table, which was
organized in Moscow on June 1&2, 1999. The papers summarize results of
the research of various aspects of the international situation in Central Eurasia
through the 5th decade of the 17th century by various national historiographies
and single out the related collections in Russian, Austrian, Swedish and
Danish archives. The approach of the authors varies from general essays to
detailed descriptions of specific archival collections. However all the papers
are inspired by the general purpose of showing the significance and perspectives
of expanding the corpus of the sources to be used for the study of Russian and
Ukrainian diplomacy in the wider context of the mid 17th century international
relations in the whole Eurasian region.
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Introductory notes
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5th decade of the 17th century in the history of international relations in the central part
of eurasia and the problem of publication of sources on russian and ukrainian diplomatic
activity of the time.
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1661 . ., 1998.
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); 1656 . 2 ( ,
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Gawlik M. Projekt unii rosyjskopolskiej w drugiej poowie XVII w. // Kwartalnik historyczny.
1909. 1/2; Kubala L. Wjna brandenburska i najazd Rakoczego w roki 1656 i 1657 // Szkice
Historyczne. Serya V. Lww, 1917; Wjcik Z. Polska i Rosja wobec wsplnego niebezpieczenstwa
szwedzkiego w okresie wojny plnocnej. 16551660. . 1. Warszawa, 1957.
15
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23
. : .. i i 50 i XVII i.
i i. , 1998. . 179184.
24
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27
. . 2, 3. 1656 . 4, 6; 1657 . 1; 1658 . 1.
28
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// . 1900 . 69.
29
Hirsch H. Die ersten Anknvpfingen zwischen Brandenburg und Russland unter dem grossen
Kurfvrsten. T. 1. Berlin, 1885; Forstreuter K. Preussen und Russland von Anfdngen des Deutschen
Orden bis zum Peter der Grossen. BerlinFrancfurt, 1955.
30
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. . II. 16331673. ., 1968.

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38
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XVII . // .. . ., 1994.
. 3340, 6070.
31
B.N. Florea
(Moscow)
5TH DECADE OF THE 17TH CENTURY

IN THE HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
IN THE CENTRAL PART OF EURASIA AND
THE PROBLEM OF PUBLICATION OF SOURCES
ON RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN DIPLOMATIC
ACTIVITY OF THE TIME.
Summary
The paper gives a brief characteristic to the corpus of sources from various series
of the Russian State Archives of Old Acts containing information on Russian
politics towards its Northern, Western and Southern neighbors through the late
fifties of the 17th century, when the whole central region of Eurasia was involved
in a major international conflict, provoked by the unification of Russia and
Ukraine. The paper also identifies the circle of problems in the history of Russian
and Ukrainian foreign politics of that time, to which the publication of these
sources will bring a new light.
A special focus is made on the Russian State Archives of Old Acts materials
on the relations between Russia and Poland in the second half of the 5th decade of
the 17th century. The importance of the publication of these materials for the
study of triangular relations between Russia, Poland and Ukraine is demonstrated.
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26
L.V. Zaborovsky
The last opportunity for peacemaking: B.a. repnins negotiations in lvov in 1653
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L.V. Zaborovsky
The last opportunity for peacemaking: B.a. repnins negotiations in lvov in 1653
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L.V. Zaborovsky
(Moscow)
THE LAST OPPORTUNITY

FOR PEACEMAKING:
B.A. REPNINS NEGOTIATIONS
IN LVOV IN 1653
Summary
The paper analyzes an attempt to stop the war between Rzech Pospolita and
Ukraine, undertaken by the Russian government in 1653. Russia suggested
becoming a guarantor of a peace between Rzech Pospolita and Ukraine. To make
this peace possible, Russian diplomats were prepared to urge certain concessions
from Ukraine. However Rzech Pospolita rejected all the Russian initiatives, thus
making a largescale military conflict in Eastern Europe inevitable. The paper is
based on a vast unpublished material from the Russian State Archives of Old Acts.
31

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. 154, 160.
3
Wjcik Z. Zmiana w ukadzie si politycznych w Europie ~rodkowowschodniej w drugiej poowie
XVII wieku. // Kwartalnik Historyczny. LXVII. 1. 1960. S. 2557.
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. XVIXVII . , 1978. . 396.

. , XVII . , 1981. . 31.
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XVII, 11. Ex parte vero serenissimae reginae regnique Sueciae omnes eius foederati et adhaerentes,
imprimus rex Christianissimus, tum electores, principes, status, libera et immediata imperii nobilitate
comprehensa, et civitates Anseaticae, item rex Angliae, rex et regna Daniae Norvegiaeque cum
annexis provinciis ut et ducatu Schleswicensi, rex Poloniae, rex et regnum Lusitaniae, magnus dux
Muscoviae, respublica Veneta, foederatum Belgium, Halvetii Rhetique et princeps Transylvaniae. /
/ Instrumenta Pacis Westphalicae. Die Westfdlischen Friedensvertrdge 1648. Bern, 1948. S. 77.
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die Habsburger hatten einfach zu viel zu tun, zu viele Feinde zu bekdmpfen, zu viele Fronten zu verteidigen.
, ,
, , . // Kennedy P. Aufstieg und
Fall der groen Mdchte. Frankfurt am Main, 1991. S. 93; . : Duchhardt H. Das Zeitalter des
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. . 498. .: Opitz E.
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. . 424.
35
. . 423.
36
. . 77.
37
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38
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... // . , , .
40 80 . XVII .
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39
. . 255.
40
. 16551661
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. . 103.
42
. XVII . , 1974. . 111. .:
. // ,
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43
. . 111112.
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Mironowicz A. Prawosawie i unia za panowania Jana Kazimierza. Biaystok, 1997. S. 135138.
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.
. // : . , 1997. . 56.
47
. XVII . //
. . 1. , 1993. . 94.
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. . 102.
49
., .
,
XVII . // ., . . 1596 .
XVI XVII .
. 2. , 1999. . 175. . : Instrukcya dla Monsig. Jana de Torres arcybiskupa
Adryanopolitanskiego nuncyusza przeznaczonego do Polski w sprawie unii wszystkich Rusinw.
Rzym 17 Marca 1645 roku. // Relacye nuncyuszw apostolskich i innych osb o Polsce od roku
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Iskra Schawrcz
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., . . 175176.
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., . . 178
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. . 182.
54
. . 184.
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. . 235.
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. . 416. .: 1649 . // I.
(16481657). , 1961. . 68. . 128131.
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.: . . 416417.
58
. . 420.
59
. . 442.
60
.
61
. . 450.
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. . 451.
63
. . 452.
64
. . 267.
65
. . 335.
66
. . 268.
67
Wjcik Z. Polska i Rosja wobec wsplnego niebezpieczenstwa szwedzkiego w okresie wojny
pnocnej 16551660. // Polska w okresie drugiej wojny pnocnej 16551660. Warszawa, 1957.
S. 358; Pribram A. Bsterreichische VermittelungsPolitik S. 437.
68
Pribram A. Bsterreichische VermittelungsPolitik S. 438.
69
Deanovix M. Frano D|iva Gundulixa S. 55; .
. 500.
70
. .. . //
. .. . , 1972. . 219.
71
: Theiner A. Monuments Historiques relatifs aux rqgnes dAlexis Michaplowitch,
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. . 332.
73
. . 118.
51
Iskra Schawrcz
(Vienna)
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN AUSTRIA

AND RUSSIA THROUGH THE FIRST YEARS OF
NORTHERN WAR
Summary
The paper deals with the diplomatic relations between Austria and Russia in
the middle of the 17th century. Russian embassy headed by nobleman Ivan
Baklanovsky unexpectedly arrived to Vienna in 1654 thus reviving diplomatic

&
45
relations between the two countries, which were not maintained through the
years of the Thirty Years War. Russian ambassadors came to explain the reasons
of the war between Russia and Rzech Pospolita and to insist on neutrality of
the Empire in this conflict. A special focus was made on preventing the emperor
and kurfurst of Barndenburg from rendering any financial or military assistance
to Rzech Pospolita. It is obvious that Russia was looking for allies in its conflict
with Rzech Pospolita, trying hard to come out of political isolation. However
Austria was interested in keeping aside from any political confrontations. This
restrained character of Habsburgs policy in the middle of the 5th decade of the
17th century was caused by a number of unsolved domestic and international
problems they had to face. That is why vicechancellor of Austria count
Ferdinand Kurz expressed disappointment on the occasion of the developing
conflict and offered an emperors mediation in reconciling Russia and Rzech
Pospolita. However in his answering epistle Ferdinand III omitted mentioning
Little Russia in the title of the Russian tsar, refusing to recognize Russian
sovereignty over Ukraine.
An answering embassy of don Allegretto Allegretti and Theodor Lorbah
started from Austria in the spring of 1655, but while it was on its way to Russia,
Swedish troops invaded Rzech Pospolita. This globalization of the Central
European crisis through the involvement of new states resulted in a change of the
balance of powers in Europe. Just in 7 seven years after the peaceful treaties of
Munster and Osnabruck, the peace in Europe was in danger again. This new
situation inspired Vienna to intensify its diplomatic activities.
Russian government agreed to Habsburgs mediation in its conflict with
Rzech Pospolita and preliminary negotiations started in the village of Nemezha
not far from Vilnius on August 12, 1656. A confessional aspect was especially
important there. Russian government attached a great significance to
strengthening the positions of Orthodox Church and expanding its influence.
On the territories occupied by Russian troops all the activities of Roman
Catholic Church were stopped, Churches closed while Catholic monks either
flew to Poland, or embraced Orthodox faith. The demands to stop celebrating
liturgies according to the Latin rite extended to such religious centers as Vilnius,
Grodno and Troki. During the negotiations Russian diplomats considered the
situation to be favorable for securing an abolition of the Church Union in
Ukraine. On August 28 Russian ambassadors unexpectedly suggested the
candidature of Alexey Mikhaylovich for the Polish throne. The possibility of
ascension of the Russian tsar to the Polish throne intervened not only with
Habsburgs dynastic plans, but with the interests of Apostolic See as well. The
future of Catholicism not only in Poland, but in the whole South Eastern Europe
was at stake. That is why emperors ambassador Allegretto Allegretti strictly
46
opposed the very idea of discussing the candidature of Alexey Mikhaylovich

for the Polish throne. The negotiations ended in a failure of Austrian diplomacy.
The content of the treaty, signed on November 3, 1656, was limited to the
agreement on truce. A solution of confessional and other problems was
postponed till another round of negotiations. In 1658 the truce was violated,
military clashes started around Vilnius and quickly developed into a new war
between Russia and Rzech Pospolita.
..
47

()

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48
Christoph Augustynowicz
The Polish&Russian war 1654&1657 and the imperial mediation
1655 .
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
, 1652 .
.
,
,
3.

III
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III 1639 .
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II .
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III.
I.
. 12 000
,
.
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50
The Polish&Russian war 1654&1657 and the imperial mediation

.
, ,
,
.
.
. , .
1657 .8
III I

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. .
III I
. .
(1648)
.
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51
.. 11,
. 12.

(Haus),
.
, , ,
, , .
. ,

.
13.

, , ,
,
. 14.
1648
1660 . .: Historia dyplomacji Polskiej. Tom 2. 15721795. Warszawa, 1982. S. 189218.
2
Mironowicz A. Prawoslawie i unia za panowania Jana Kazimierza. Biaystok, 1997. (= Dissertationes
Universitatis Varsoviensis 443) S. 124129.
3
Kersten A. Hieronim Radziejowski. Studium wadzy i opozycji. Warszawa, 1988. S. 275279, 342
345, 362363.
4
Pribram A.F. Die Berichte des kaiserlischen Gesandten Franz von Lisola aus den Jahren 1655
1660. Wien, 1887. S. 1334.
5
Adelung F. v. Kritischliterdrische Ubersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, deren Berichte
bekannt sind, Bd. 2. St. Petersburg, 1846 (Neudruck: Amsterdam, 1960) S. 328329.
6
Korduba M. Proba avstrijskogo posrednictva miz Chmelnickim i Polsceju // Zapisky Naukovoho
Tovarystva im. T. evcenka. 81(Lww, 1908). S. 532.
7
Kubala L. Wojna Szwecka w roku 1655 i 1656. Lww et al., o. J. S. 236249.
8
Piwarski K. Rywalizacja francuskoaustriacka o wplywy w Rzeczypospolitej w latach 16551660 //
Polska w okresie drugiej woiny Pnocnej 16551660. / Ed. K. Lepszy et al. Bd. 1. Warszawa,
1957. S. 390393.
9
.. //
XVII . ., 1998.
. 227228.
10
Wjcik Z. Polska i Rosja wobec wspnego niebezpieczenstwa szwedzkiego w okresie woiny
plnocnej 16551660 // Polska w okresje S. 355358.
11
Pribram A.F. Bsterreichische VermittlungsPolitik im polonischrussischen Kriege (16541660),
// Archiv fur Bsterreichische Geschichte 75 (1889) S. 433445.
12
Walewski A. Historya Wyzwolenia Polski za panowania Jana Kazimierza (16551660). Tom 1.
Krakw, 1866. S. XVIIIXXVII.
13
Wjcik Z. Polska i Rosja S. 344356.
14
Kubala L. Wojna Szwecka S. 437450.
52
(Vienna)
THE POLISHRUSSIAN WAR 16541657

AND THE IMPERIAL MEDIATION
Summary
Weakened by the Thirty Years War, the emperors Fedinand III. and Leopold I.
had to reconsider their policy concernig their common Borders with Eurasia.
Due to their close relationships to PolandLithuania and the expansive ambitions
of the king of Sweden Charles X. Gustav and the prince of Transilvania George II.
Rakoci, the Habsburgs had to follow a seesaw policy: On one hand, military
support for PolandLithuania was indispensable, on the other hand, with regard
to the the Holy Roman Empire, peace had to be kept. For that reason,
Ferdinand III. chose the policy of intermediation and decided to concentrate
upon the PolishRussian relationship. The main aspect was the creation of Polish
LithuanianMoscovian political and military line to separate the Habsburgs most
powerful rivals, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire, one from another. Therefore,
imperial envoys helped mediating the PolishRussian armistice of Viina (3rd of
November 1656). The imperial military help granted to PolandLithuania
remained irrelevant.
53
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between Sweden and Russia in the 5th decade of the 17th century
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E.I. Kobzareva

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E.I. Kobzareva
. . . . 9 1657 . (
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. // . . 63. . . 1.
1656 . 13. . 89.
41
FriedrichWilhelm Karl X Gustav. 17.X 1656. // Urkunden und Aktenstvcken zur Geschichte
des Kurfvrsten FriedrichWilhelm von Brandenburg. Berlin,1923. Bd. 23. S. 357.
42
. .. 24 1656 . // 1656 . 3. . 5657.
43
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44
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45
Carlon M. Ryska kriget 16561658:Diss. Lund. Stockholm, 1903.
46
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65
E.I. Kobzareva
(Moscow)
DOCUMENTS FROM RUSSIAN STATE ARCHIVES

OF OLD ACTS ON THE CONFLICT BETWEEN
SWEDEN AND RUSSIA IN THE 5TH DECADE OF THE
17TH CENTURY
Summary
The paper presents a review of the documents on relations between Russia and
Sweden from f. 96 series of the Russian State Archives of Old Acts. These
documents reflect the development of contradictions between Russia and Sweden,
which brought to the war. A classification of the documents is offered. Letters
from Russian tsar to Swedish king reflect Russian claims to Sweden.
The reports on the embassies (stateinye spiski) reflect the course of diplomatic
negotiations between Russia and Sweden. They give an idea of gradual increase
in contradictions between these two countries through the summer of 1655
spring of 1656. The most informative is the report on the Swedish embassy of
G. Bielke, A. Essen and F. Krusenstierna, which arrived to Moscow in the fall of
1655. An information on other events provided by the reports is also flagged out
in the paper. The author proves that the correspondence between the head of the
embassy Bielke and the commander of Swedish army in Poland M. Delagardi
was perlustrated by the Russian Foreign office (Posolskij Prikaz).
The correspondence between Russian military command and Swedish generals
in Lithuania is analyzed. It gives an information on the positions of the parties.
80
A number of other documents is also covered in the paper. Among them is

the copy of the Boyar Duma Decree from 1657. Developments in military
situation resulted in orders given by tsar to his generals. These orders reflect the
plans of Moscow government.
An important information (including that on international politics) is
provided by the reports from the theater of war. The f. 96 series contains a number
of reports from Russian generals, interrogations, translated articles from foreign
press.
The corpus of the sources reviewed in the paper proves that it was Russian
reluctance to leave Lithuania to the Swedes on the one hand and Russian fear to
see the Sweden strengthening its positions in Ukraine on the other, that pushed
Russia to declare a war on Sweden.
..
81

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Stellan Dalgren
Swedens relations to Eastern Europe in the 1650s
swedish historiography and source material in Sweden
, 1652 .,
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1697 ., L,
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,
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1650 ., L 161
XVII .
, ,
16551657 .
( Biographica, X 355).
Olofsson S.I. Efter Westfalska freden, Sweriges yttre politik 16501654. Stockholm, 1857.
. : Troebst S. Handelskontrolle Derivation
Eindammung. Schwediche Moskaupolitik 16171664. Wiesbaden, 1997. S. 335338.
3
Eden N. Grunderna for Karl X Gustafs anfall pa Polen // Svensk Historisk Tidskrift. 1906.
4
Wittrock G. : Karolinska Forbundets Arsbok. 192022.
5
Kentrschynskyj B. Karl X Gustav infor krisen i oster 16541655 // Karolinska Forbundets Arsbok.
1956.
6
Kentrshinskyj B. : Karolinska Forbundets Arsbok. 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966; :
Mazepa. Stockholm, 1962.
7
Asard B. Upptakten till Karl X Gustavs anfall mot Polen 1655. Till fragan om krigets mal och
medel // Karolinska Forbundets Arsbok. 1970.
8
Roberts M. Charles X and the Great Parenthesis: A Reconsideration // Karolinska Forbundets
Arsbok. 1989; . : Idem. From Oxenstierna to Cjarles XII. Cambridge, 1991.
9
Runeby N. Bengt Skytte, Comenius och abdikationskrisen 1651 // Scandia. 1963.
10
. : Attman A. Swedish Aspirations and the Russian Market during the 17th century
// Acta regiae societatis scientiarum et litterarum Gothoburgiensis. Humaniora. 24.
11
Troebst S. Handelskontrolle1997. P. 279; idem. Stockholm und Riga als
Handelsconcurrentinnen Archangelsks // Forschungen fvr osteuropaischen Geschichte. Bd. 48.
Berlin, 1993. S. 268273.
12
: Dahlgren S. Johan Claesson Risigh och tillkomstenav hans skrifter // Personhistorisk
tidskrift. 1992.
13
: Benigna von Krusenstiern Philip Crusius von Krusenstiern (1597
1676). Marburg/Lahn, 1976; Trebst S. Handelskontrolle
14

// Ekonomiska forbindelser mellan Sverige och Ryssland under
1600talet. Dokument ur svenska arkiv. Stockholm, 1978.
15
., : Fagerlund R. Kriget i Ostersjoprovinserna 16551661 // Carl X Gustafstudier
7/1. P. 57.
16
Kentrschynskyj B. Ukrainska revolutionen och Rysslands angrepp mot Sverige 1656 // Karolinska
Forbundets Arsbok. 1966. P. 86.
17
.: Oden B. Karl X Gustav och det andra danska kriget // Scandia. 1961;
Troebst S. Handelskontrolle P. 442451.
2

XVII .:

91
Stellan Dalgren
(Uppsala)
SWEDENS RELATIONS TO EASTERN EUROPE IN

THE 1650s SWEDISH HISTORIOGRAPHY AND
SOURCE MATERIAL IN SWEDEN
Summary
For Sweden is the first part of the period from 1650 until 1660 mostly peaceful
and, as far as foreign policy is concerned, it has not been very much discussed by
the historians. The most serious foreign problem Sweden had was the relation to
Poland, as Sweden had no peace with that country, only an armistice. But as
soon Karl X Gustav became a king in 1654 he started an activity, which led to
war not only with Poland but also with Russia and Denmark. The Swedish
historians have had different opinions about the causes for his attack on Poland;
most of them have seen it as caused by the Swedish wishes to round off Swedenrs
provinces on the eastern coast of the Baltic with Russia. In this context the
commercial interests of Sweden on the Baltic were important, especially the
aspirations to get control of the trade on Russia in order to be able to take profits
from the Russian market. Swedish historians have also paid attention to the
connection between the Swedish king and the hetman of the Cossacks, Bohdan
Chmelnytskyj, with whom Karl Gustav cooperated in the war against the Poles,
and this connection, which the tsar did not like, may as well as the rivalry for the
provinces near the Baltic have contributed to the outbreak of the SwedishRussian
war in 1656. On that question there has also been a discussion among Swedish
historians. When Denmark attacked Sweden in 1657 Karl Gustav went with the
army to the north and defeated the Danes and won the Scanian provinces for
Sweden. He hoped to get the Danish harbour Varduhus on the Arctic Ocean and
from there to be able to control the Russian trade over Archangelsk. But the
peace agreements in Copenhagen, Oliva and Kardis after his unexpected death
in February 1660 did not fulfil his hopes neither in the west or the east.
The source material in Swedish Archives, mostly in the Riksarkivet (the
National Archives in Stockholm), on the events in Eastern Europe in the 1650ies
is very extensive and includes material from the leaders of the Swedish state,
diplomatic material (foremost the series Diplomatica), military papers (foremost
the series Militaria), economic and other reports and memorials from Swedish
agents in the east.
Olga Ivanova
The russian&danish negotiations in the 50s of the 17th century
(the history and sources)
92

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49 .

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50 .

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( )
109

, .

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51 .
. 1670 .,
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6
16561659 . ( 8 1656 .;
17
;

110
Olga Ivanova
; 25
1658 .; ,

; 18 1659 .
, , 5 .
). ,
55 , 56 .

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,
,
, ,
57 .
,
, , ,
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50 . XVII .
.
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,

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, .

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, ,
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.

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( )
111
, 23
1659, , 60 .
. 1916 61 .
23
4 1659 .
( ,
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, . ,
, ,
, 62 .

,
.
X 16561657 .

16561658 .
63 .

,
, ,
.

.. : ..
16551661 .
., 1998. .. ,

: .. , XVII . ., 1981.
2
. .: Christensen S.A. Danisch
russische Verhandlungen und russische Aussenpolitik in den Jahren 16561659 // ScandoSlavica.
T. 21. Copenhagen, 1975. S. 139152; idem. Danskrussiske fbrbindelser i rene 16021658 //
Danmark og Rusland i 500 r. K@benhavn, 1993. S. 5561; ..
... . 91100, 127139, 232234.
3
.. . ., 1897 (
, T. XVI ). . 814820.
4
,
10 . 5 . ,
: Christensen S.A. Danskrussiske fbrbindelser... S. 59; ..
... . 233.
.. . .: . .
IXXVII . //
. ., 1970. . 3740.
112
Olga Ivanova
10 1657 .,
, : Christensen S.A.
Danischrussische Verhandlungen... S. 146; idem. Danskrussiske fbrbindelser... S. 58.
6

.. .
7
.. ... . 8689.
8
. . 9193.
9
.. , ... . 33.
10
.. ... . 805.
11
Danmarks historie. Bd. 3. Tiden 16481730 af Knud J.V. Jespersen. K@benhavn, 1989. S. 126
132.
12
Christensen S.A. Danischrussische Verhandlungen... S. 143.
13
Fridericia J.A. Adelsv&ldens sidste dage: Danmarks historie fra Christian IVs d@d til enev&ldens
indf@relse (16481660). K@benhavn, 1894 (1975). S. 230.
14
.: Rigsraad Christen Skeels Dagbog, f@rt i Rigsraadet 16491659 // Danske
Magazin III. R. 4. 1854. S. 287.
15
Fridericia J.A. Adelsv&ldens sidste dage... S. 232233.
16
Danmarks historie. Bd. 3. S. 130132.
17
Ibid. S. 132137.
18
Fridericia J.A. Adelsv&ldens sidste dage... S. 253.
19
20
Christensen S.A. Danischrussische Verhandlungen... S. 146147.
21
.. ... . 140148.
22
23
.. ... . 820.
24
25
.. ... . 267.
26
.: &
.. XVII .: . ., 1989. . 154
155. ..
: XX .
., 1996. . 419431.
27
& .. ( 1800 ). . 1. ., 1894.
. 228230.
28
C .. . . V (. 10). ., 1961. . 657, 669
670.
29
.. XVI XVII . ., 18931894. . 12.
30
. XVII //
. ., 1904, 9.
31
.. .. . ., 1979. . 6364.
32
.. . ,
. 13261690 . ., 1893.
33
. ... . 795822.
34
.. ... . 40.
35
.. ... . 91100, 127139, 232234.

& 50& . XVII .
( )
36
113
Fridericia J.A. Adelsv&ldens sidste dage...S. 230239 ff.

Ibid. S. 230.
38
Ibid. S. 231232.
39
Carlon M. Ryska Kriget 16561658. Stockholm 1903. S. 1819.
40
Rasmussen K. Historie og diplomati // Danskrussiske fbrbindelser gennem 500 r. K@benhavn,
1964. S. 2930.
41
Selnes K. Russland und der Krieg im Norden 165760 // ScandoSlavica. T. XI. Copenhagen,
1965. S. 263272.
42
Christensen S.A. Danischrussische Verhandlungen...S. 139152. . : idem. Danskrussiske
fbrbindelser... S. 5560.
43
, ( XV
XVIII .). . .. . ., 1990. . 75.
44
XVIXVII .:
. , . . (1564 .)
(15731574 .). .: . . 7374.
45
. . 53. . . 1. 1656 . 1, 2, 4, 5, 6; 1657 . 1, 2;
1658 . 1, 2; 1659 . 1.
46
. 1659 . 1. . 205 ( ) .
47
. 1656 . 1. . 47 ( III 2 1656 .).
48
. . 27. . 106. . 1.
49
Tyske kancelli. II. Ved Arthur G. Hass @ og Erik Kroman. K @ benhavn, 1962 (Vejledende
arkivregistraturer XI). S. 23.
50
J@rgensen F., Westrup M. Dansk centraladministration i tiden indtil 1848. Viborg, 1982. S. 42
53; Rigsarkivet og hj&lpemidlerne til dets benyttelse. I. Bd. 1. K@benhavn, 1983. S. 301302.
51
Rigsarkivet... S. 302303.
52
Tyske kancelli. II. S. 3334.
53
.. . . 239248.
54
Tyske kancelli. II S. 273275, 341.
55
.. . . IIIVII.
56
. : Tyske kancelli. II.
S. 273275, 341.
57
.. . . VIIVIII.
58
..: ... . IIIIV.
59
Rigsraad Christen Skeels Dagbog, f@rt i Rigsraadet 16491659 // Danske Magazin III. Bd. 4.
K@benhavn, 1854. S. 279313.
60
Christensen S. A. Danischrussische Verhandlungen...S. 140.
61
1659 .,
. . // . 1916. 7/8. C. 355
398. .: ( XVIXVII
). ., 1991. C. 285318.
62
. . 53. . 1. 1659 . 1. 246 .:
,
....
63
Becker P.W. Samlinger til Danmarks Historie under Kong Frederik IIIs Regering. I. K@benhavn,
1847. S. 100139; 327393.
37
114
Olga Ivanova
(Aarhus)
THE RUSSIANDANISH NEGOTIATIONS

IN THE 50s OF THE 17th CENTURY
(THE HISTORY AND SOURCES)
Summary
In 16561659 Russia and Denmark conducted negotiations in order to make a military
alliance against Sweden. During the negotiations the two countries sent five diplomatic
missions, but the alliance was not made. The positions of the countries in the
negotiations is still a point at issue, because there is no work in which an allround
analysis of the RussianDanish relationship at this time has been conducted on the
basis of all archival documents. The aim of this article is to sum up the results of the
previous research and to characterise the main sources on the theme.
The article consists of three parts. First, the subject and the process of the
negotiations are described accordingly to the extent they have been studied up to
date. Here the circumstances which had an influence upon the two countries
attitude towards the idea of creating an alliance against Sweden is also considered.
In this connection more attention is paid to the situation in Denmark, because
the Russian interests and the Russian diplomatic activities during the First
Northern War have been recently analysed in the monograph of E.I Kobzareva,
which is also the newest publication on this theme.
In the part related to the historiography the author mentions the main
research of the Russian and Scandinavian scholars who have contributed to the
study of the sources and to the interpretation of the negotiations. It is concluded
that the present state of research of the RussianDanish negotiations is
unsatisfactory which is due to the fact that Russian and Danish archival documents
have been studied insufficiently.
The main sources on the RussianDanish negotiations in the 5th decade of the
17th century are in Russian State Archives of Old Acts (RGADA) in Moscow and in
The National Archives (Rigsarkivet) in Copenhagen. In the last part of the article the
author describes the Russian and Danish collections which contain materials on the
negotiations. Only a little part of the documents from the Copenhagen collection
was published in the last century. In the meantime the Moscow collection is also rich
in materials on different aspects (political, economic, cultural and human) of the
RussianDanish relationship.To make these materials known (by publication or at
least by preparation of an inventory of the important sources) will not only make the
research of the negotiations more profound, but will also improve our knowledge on
the RussianDanish relations in the 17th century in general.
..
115
..
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116
L.E. Semenova
Danubian principalities in the context of international relations of the 5th decade of the17th century.
(Sources from Russian State archives of old acts)
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., 19531954; XV XVIII .
. ( ). 2. . 1968.
2
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// (16481654). ., 1954. . 225228.
3
.
. . . . 79. . 1650 . . 8.
. 139141, 149151.
4
. . 141.
5
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.
.: ..
XVII // ,
XVII . 1. ., 1998. . 235236; . . 2. . 380, . 157.
6
. . II. . 460, 461.
7
. . 461.
8
. .. ... . 236237.
9
. . 2. . 232233.
10
. . III. 128, 130, 133, 134, 138.
11
.: Documente privitoare la istoria Romnilor. Culese de E.Hurmuzaki ( DR). Buc.,
1880. Vol. III/1. P. 33; . . III. . 264266.
12
. . 68. . . 1. 1652 . . 3. . 611.
13
. . 124. . 1652 . . 3. . 6.
14
. . 210. . . . 246. . 366369.
15
.. ... . 238.
130
16
L.E. Semenova
..
(50 XVII .) // .
, 1975. . 250252.
17
. .
. . 68. . . 1. 1654 . . 2. . 9.
18
. . 5.
19
. . 24.
20
. . 6.
21
. . 7.
22
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23
. . 35.
24
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25
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13.
26
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27
. . 68. . . 1. 1654 . . 1. . 1416.
28
. . 124. . . 1. 1654 . . 9. . 89; . : ..
16541656 . //
. . . 1958. . III. . 34.
29
. . 124. . . 1. 1654 . . 9. . 7.
30
. . 68. . . 1. 1654 . . 21. . 9.
31
. . 124. . . 1. 1654 . . 28. . 31.
32
Costin M. Opere. Buc., 1958. P. 174175; . : Nistor I. Contribuii la relaiunile dintre
Moldova i Ucraina n veacul XVIIlea // Analele Academiei Romfng. Mem. sec. ist. Seria III.
T. XIII. Buc., 19321933. P. 24.
33
. . 10 1654 .: .
. 124. . . 1. 1654 . . 28. . 2025.
34
. . 68. . . 1. 1655 . . 1. . 817.
35
. : .. Ii . , 1931. . IX. . 2. . 1105
1109.
36
1655 . .: Dempny Lidia, Dempny L., Stoicescu N. Rgscoala
seimenilor sau rgscoala popularg? 1655. ara Romfneascg. Buc. 1968.
37
Dempny Lidia. Relaiile seimenilor cu cazacii n timpul micgrii populare din 1655 n ara
Romfneascg // Studii privind relaiile romnoruse. Buc., 1963. P. 6.
38
Ibid. P. 7.
39
Ibid. P. 1011.
40
DR. Vol. V/2. P. 1920.
41
Gemil T. grile Romfne n contextul politic internaional (16211672). Buc., 1979. P. 159160.
42
DR. Vol. IX/1. P. 7273.
43
. . 68. . . 2. 1656 . . 28. . 12 .
44
. . 1. 1656 . . 1. . 6069;

.: .. (
, , ) //
. , 1975. . 125196.
45
.
..
50& . XVII .
( )
131
11 21 1656 .: . . 68. . . 1. 1656 .

. 2. . 2930; . 1. . 70100.
46
. 29 1656 . . . 2. . 4145.
47
. . 5053.
48
.. XVII . .,
1987. . 4243.
49
. . 68. . . 1. 1656 . . 2. . 4243.
50
.: .. ... . 180181.
51
. . 52. . . 1. 1656 . . 1. . 13.
52
. . 68. . . 1. 1656 . . 2. . 5861;
. 2. . 394395, . 202, 203.
53
. . 68. . . 1. 1656 . . 1. . 4, 222
223; . : (
XIV XIX .) . 1987. . 219220; ..
... . 4548.
54
.: .. ... . 181182.
55
. . 229. . . 1. 1657 . . 22. . 188192; . :
. 2. . 395396, . 211212.
56
Nistor I. Contribuii... P. 2428; Gemil T. grile Romfne... P. 163164.
57
.. ... . 209211
58
Gemi T. grile Romfne... P. 164166.
59
.. ... . 202206.
60
.: ..
(164850 .) // ... . 227230.
61
Istoriile domnilor grii Romfneti de Radu Popescu // Cronicari munteni. I. Buc., 1961. P. 378.
62
. . 68. . . 2. 1658 . . 31. . 1.
63
. . 2 .; . 1. 1658 . . 2. . 211.
L.E. Semenova
(Moscow)
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES
IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
OF THE 5TH DECADE OF THE17TH CENTURY
(Sources from Russian State Archives of Old Acts)
Summary
The war for independence of Ukraine started in 1648 had a major effect on the
political situation in Eastern and SouthEastern Europe. Zaporozhie Cossaks
military success in their fight against Rzech Pospolita and diplomatic activity of
Bogdan Chmelnitsky became an important factor of international relations in
132
the region. After making allies with Crimean Khanate and starting negotiations
with Ottoman Empire, Bogdan Chmelnitsky was able to concentrate on winning
a support of other countries. He established relations with Russia and Transylvania
and signed a treaty with Moldavia trying to make it his ally.
A decision of Pereyaslavskaya Rada (1654), which made the Cossacks of
Zaporozhie headed by hetman Bogdan Chmelnitsky Russian subjects, resulted
in a polarization of interests of the countries involved in the conflict between
Russia, Poland and Ukraine thus shaping two political blocks. Russia and Ukraine
were countered by Rzech Pospolita and Crimea backed by Ottoman Empire.
This situation made Danubian Principalities and Transylvania an object of rivalry
between the warring parties who did their best to strengthen their influence in
these countries in order to use Principalities and Transylvania in their political
schemes.
Rzech Pospolita was making its best to get a military support from the
Principalities, while Ottoman Empire kept demanding their active interference
in favor of Poland against Russia and Ukraine. On the other hand Russian and
Ukrainian diplomacy made some steps to distract the Principalities from possible
alliance with Rzech Pospolita. An embassy headed by G.F. Samarin was sent
from Moscow to Moldavia and Walachia with the task of ensuring their neutrality
in case of war between Russia and Poland. Bogdan Chmelnitsky, establishing his
own contacts with Moldavian and Walachian rulers, was also an important part
of Russian diplomacy in Danubian region.
On the other hand, the development of international situation made rulers
of the Principalities interested in negotiations with Bogdan Chmelnitsky and
through his mediation with Russia. It was partially due to the projects of
Transylvanian prince Rakoczi II, who was looking forward to use them in his
plans of acquiring Polish crown. This situation put Moldavia under a menace of
Tartar attack and in March 1656 Moldavian gospodar G. Stefan sent an embassy
to Moscow asking to accept him and his subjects into Russian allegiance.
However these negotiations between Russia and Moldavia were cancelled
due to the complication of international situation. Waging a war against Sweden,
Russian government did not want this Moldavian connection to aggravate its
relations with Crimea and Ottoman Empire. It was the same priority of keeping
peace on its Southern borders, which made Russia to ignore G. Stefans appeal
for help later in 1658. Recommencement of war against Poland made keeping
on good terms with Ottoman Empire and Crimea even more vital for Russia.
133
..
()

50 XVII .

,
(
)
,
,
.
, XVII .,

,
, ,
,

.
, 1648 .
, . ,
,
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XVII .
. XI
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, , ,
134
O.V. Khavanova
The foreign policy of the principality of Transylvania in the context
of international relations in the middle of the 17th century

50 XVII .
, II
Monumenta Hungariae Historica (
Diplomataria). III
II
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135
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136
O.V. Khavanova
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137
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138
O.V. Khavanova

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.
148
O.V. Khavanova

.
.
.

.
,
,
.

,
.
, .
Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. Levelek ps okiratok / Kbzzptette S. Szilhgyi. Bp., 1890. I. kbt.;
Bp., 1891. II. kbt.
2
Okmhnythr II. Rhkczi Gybrgy diplomhciai bsszekbttetpseihez / Szerk. S. Silhgyi. Bp., 1890
1891 (Monumenta Hungariae historica. I. Diplomataria. Vol. 23).
3
A kpt Rhkczi Gybrgy fejedelem csalhdi levelezpse / Kiad. S. Szilhgyi. Bp., 1875 (Monumenta
Hungariae historica. I. Diplomataria. Vol. 24).
4
Erdplyi orszhggyvlpsi Emlpkek. Monumenta comitialia regni Transsylvaniae, 15401699 / Szerk.
S. Szilhgyi. Vol.11. Bp., 18751898.
5
, . , 18631892. . 3, 4, 7, 11.
( ).
6
, 16481657. , 1961.
7
Szilhgyi S. II. Rhkczi Gzbrgy, 16211660. Bp., 1891. 5758. old. (Magyar tbrtpneti ple
trajzok. 19).
8
Ibid. 6264. old.
9
Szilhhyi S. II. Rhkczi Gzbrgy. 68. old
10
Ibid. 7172. old.
11
Erdply tbrtpnete / Szerk L. Makkai, Z. Szhsz. Bp., 1986. II. kbt.: 1606tl 1830ig. 712. old.
12
Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. I. kbt. 284. old.
13
Ibidem. II. kbt. 5. old.
14
Ibidem. 1516. old.
15
. 11.II.1656 .:
. ., 1861. . 3. . 516518.
16
II 7.I.1656 .:
. . 3. . 546547.
17
Okmhnythr II. Rhkczi Gybrgy diplomhciai bsszekbttetpseihez. 485., 489. old.
18
. . 3. . 549.
19
Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. II. kbt. 230. old.
20
. . . I. . 2. 16531657. , 1931. . 900.
..
&&
50& XVII .
149
21
. . 3. . 555.
23
Ibidem. 240. old.
24
Okmhnythr II. Rhkczi Gybrgy diplomhciai bsszekbttetpseihez. 546. old.
25
. . 3. . 557.
26
27
. ., 1879. . 11. . 761.
28
. . 4. . 6.
29
. . 7. . 184.
30
01.XI.1659 .:
XV XVIII . .
., 1968. . 2. 16331673. . 314315.
31
.
22
O.V. Khavanova
(Moscow)
THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF

TRANSYLVANIA IN THE CONTEXT OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE MIDDLE OF
THE 17TH CENTURY
Summary
The article is focused to the foreign policy of the Principality of Transylvania in
the 5th decade of the 17th century with a special attention to its Polish and
Ukrainian dimensions. Due to its geopolitical position on the crossroads of
European diplomacy Transylvania played an important role in Central and East
European region. Its political weight has grown during the Thirty Years War due
to the flexible and determined policy of Gyorgy Rakoczi I. His son Gyorgy
Rakoczi II, basing on the achievements of his predecessor made an attempt to
acquire the crown of Poland and thus turn the Principality into the center for the
future reunification of the lands of Hungarian Crown.
Rakocsis diplomatic activities were focused mainly on influential Polish
aristocracy dissatisfied with the policy of king Kazimir, on the Bogdan
Chmelnitskys capital Sech, and on the court of Swedish king Carl Gustav.
Rakoczy tried to win a wider support for his project sending envoys to
Cromwells Britain and to Russian tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich. Transylvania
did not keep regular representative at the majority of European courts.
Therefore the prince was not informed about the state of European diplomacy.
In the long run he failed to estimate balance of powers and made several wrong
steps. Thus he concluded a treaty with the Swedish king (who was his natural
150
ally as the most powerful Protestant ruler) on the partition of Poland and
blindly trusted Bogdan Chmelnitsky, whose alliance with the prince of
Transylvania was a tactical move, aimed at reaching full independence from
Russia.
After the pompous start of the Polish campaign in January 1657 and
successful siege of Krakow and Warsaw the fortune has changed. Carl Gustav
had to withdraw his troops from the Polish theater of war because of the invasion
of the Danish king in Sweden. At the same time there was an escalation of
contradictions between the between Transylvanian and Ukrainian troops, and
by the June 1657 Rakoczy was abandoned by both his Ukrainian and Swedish
allies. Infuriated by unauthorized activity of his vassal Ottoman sultan launched
a punitive war against Transylvania. As a result the Transylvanian army was
defeated, most of its soldiers were captivated by the Tartars, the Principality lost
its role in the European diplomacy and its plans of a closer confederation with
Danubian principalities and reunification of Hungary remained unfulfilled.
151
..
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V.G. Chentsova
Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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2
Tchentsova V. Le fonds des documents grecs (f. 52. Relations de la Russie avec la Grqce ) de la
collection des Archives Nationales des Actes anciens de la Russie et leur valeur pour lhistoire de
lEmpire Ottoman // Turcica. 1999. T. 30. P. 383396 (. ).
3
. . ., 1953. . 2
(16481651 ). . 81104. 46 (: ); . 1. 7. 1648 . . 1461. .: &
.. ()
1653 // . ., 1889. 27.
. . . 370376; .. , , .
4080 . XVII .
1. .. . ., 1998. . 289, . 17.

.: Kraft Ekk. Moskaus griechisches Jahrhundert: russischgriechische Beziehungen und
metabyzantinischer Einfluss 16191694. Stuttgart, 1995. S. 6974.
4
. . 2. . 92. 46.
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21
Lemercier&Quelquejay Ch. Les relations entre la Porte Ottomane et les cosaques Zaporogues au
milieu du XVIIe siqcle. Une lettre inpdite de Bohdan Hmelnickij au Padichah ottoman // Cahiers
du monde russe et slave. 1970. Vol. XI. N 3. P. 454461.
22
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174
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52
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); ..
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. 7 (.: . . 3. 238. . 551552).
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63
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64
. 1. 2. 17.09.1655 (7164) . ( 1656 .). . 38.
65
. 25. 01.07.1655 (7163) . . 1216; . 2. 536. 28.03.1655 . (
).
66
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, ,
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Contemporain. 2qme sprie. 1956. T. 10. P. 418454; I. i i
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: , ,

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( , , , (
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(16491660 .). , 1908. XVIIIXIX, XXXXXXI
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70
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72
.
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74
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. . 3739.
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. 1. 8. 28.02.1654 (7162)1657 (7165) . . 56.
86
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,
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XVI XVII . , 1914. . 2. . 293296.
103
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93
178
V.G. Chentsova
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112
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(Moscow)
SOURCES FROM THE GREEK COLLECTION

OF THE RUSSIAN STATE ARCHIVES OF OLD ACTS
ON THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
IN EASTERN AND SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE
THROUGH THE 5TH DECADE OF THE 17TH CENTURY
Summary
The 5th decade of the 17th century brought a radical change of the international
situation in Eastern Europe. Unification of Russia and Ukraine shifted the balance
of powers which effected not only the interests of Russia, Ukraine and Rzech
..

& 50& . XVII .
179
Pospolita who lost its control over the Cossacks of Zaporozhie, but the interests of
still powerful Ottoman Empire as well. Its government circles cherished some hopes
for a union of the Cossacks of Zaporozhie with khan of Crimea who was an Ottoman
vassal, and for hetman Bogdan Chmenitskys entering the Ottoman allegiance.
Orthodox population of Balkans and the Great Church, which was the only
official spokesman of its ethnic and confessional interests, were also involved in
this complicated tangle of political interests. Being among the main informers,
who provided Russian government with the information on events in Ukraine,
Principalities of Moldavia and Walachia and Ottoman Empire, the Greeks
inevitably contributed to the development of these events. They also played an
important role being used directly in the diplomatic contacts between the countries
involved. Greek merchants and clergymen were among the diplomats whose
mediation was used in the negotiations between Russian government and hetman
Bogdan Chmelnitsky. Among these Greek diplomats were patriarch Paisios of
Jerusalem, metropolitan Gabriel of Nazareth, expatriarch of Constantinople
Athanasios Patelaros, Ivan Petrov (Ioannes Bardas Taphrali) metropolitan
Ioasaph of Corinth, father Daniel of Athens and others.
It is this role, played by the Greeks in the diplomatic relations and
information gathering, that determines the importance of the study of the
Contacts between Greece and Russia series (f. 52) of Russian State Archives of
Old Acts (Greek Acts). This series provides a huge resource of barely studied
and unpublished documents on the history of international relations in Europe,
Russian and Ukrainian diplomacy, GreekRussian and GreekUkrainian
relations, etc. The series accumulated a quantity Russian and Greek documents
containing an information on the developments of political situation in Ottoman
Empire and neighboring countries. The protocols of interrogations of Greek
merchants and clergymen, who were put through it in the border town of Putivl
or at Foreign Office in Moscow, are of special interest for the study. During these
interrogations the travelers were telling the news they picked up on the way. The
other important source is Russian versions of Greek diplomatic relations made
by Greek travelers. Inventories No2 and 3 of the Greek Acts series of the
Archives contain originals of the Greek and Slavic diplomatic correspondence
delivered to Russian Foreign Office. That includes News Letters (vestovye
pisma) with important political news and messages from Oriental patriarchs
and high Greek clergy to Russian tsar. A detailed study of these sources is
extremely important for understanding of international politics in SouthEastern
Europe through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
180
..
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. 2128 ().
29 1654 .
: .. &, . .
. ., 1864. . 483485. 160.
: .. ,
XVII . ., 1981. . 73.
182
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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. ., 1963. . V (. 635639) VI (. 1315,132136); ..
. ., 1904. . 4. . 565579, 596620:
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, XVII . ., 1981. . 2527, 3942, 72
75,134139, 168169; ..
XVII . ., 1987; ..
*
.
204
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., 1994. . 13115. ,
50 XVII . ,
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, , ,
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: (
) . . 123. . 4. . 34;
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9
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. V. . 461, 469.
10
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11
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12
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205
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. 34; . 126. . 2. . 2; . 56. . 2. . 3; . 77. . 2. . 42, 75; . 134. .2. . 45, 46;
. 109. . 2. . 18.
14
.. . 80, 85.
15
1654, 1655, 1659, 1662, 1663
1666 . . . 4 // (). . 29. . 877;
. . 5 // . . 34. . 46, 560561, 949;
. . I. . 31.
.. : 16481657
. , , 5070
. &
.. . 44.
16
dd
= , .
, 1064 (1653/1654). .: & .., &
. ... . 476. , ..
. d = ( 35),
= . . 485.
17
.: Abrahamowicz Z. Comment // Hadzy Mehmed Senai z Krymu. Historia Chana Islam
Gereja III. Warszawa, 1971. S. 150.
18
: h =
,
1061 . (/ 1651 .). &
& .., . ... . 451. ,
, bd. . . 449.
19
.. , . . 3539, 126127, 130134.
20
.: .. . 38, 4243; &
..
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XVIXVII . ., 1989. . 101.
23
. . 123. . 1. 1654 . . 11. . 6.
24
. . 5.
25
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265; .. . . 106.
26
. . : .. . 94.
27

. 1655 . . &
.. . ., 1906. . 111, 118.
.
206
28
S.F. Faizov

XVII .
,
1670 .,
..
. .: ..
.. // . . 3.
, 1985. . 6676.
S.F. Faizov
(Moscow)
KHAN MUCHAMMED GIREYS LETTER TO TSAR

ALEXEY MICHAILOVICH ON THE OCCASION OF
KHANS INTRONIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CRIMEA
IN 1654
Summary
Russian studies of the relations between Moscow and Crimean Khanate in
the middle of the 17th century were usually based on the Russianlanguage sources
either issued by Russian Foreign Office (Posolsky Prikaz) or translated by the
same Office from Tartar language. However numerous Tartar language originals
of the letters by the first figures of Crimean Yurt to Russian Monarchs as well as
of the mid17th century treaties between Russia and Crimea are available at the
Russian State Archives of Old Acts. Till now they have been neglected by Russian
and foreign scholars.
The purpose of this paper was to compare the well known Russian version of
the MuchammedGirey IVs letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich, which was
received in Moscow in December 1654, with its original text in order to flag out
the differences. A precise translation made by the author of this paper was used
as an instrument for this comparison.
As a result of this study, numerous disaccords between the original letter
(mochabbat&name) and its Russian version were identified in such parts as
invocatio, promulgatio, inscriptio, salutatio, datum, as well as several substantial
disaccords in narratio and sanctio. These disaccords can be classified into three
fields:
1.Occasional mistakes
2.Cliched (repeated) mistakes
..
&
& 1654 .
( )
207
3.Intentional corruption of original text

Occasional mistakes are relatively few and did not cause any serious damage
to the text.
Cliched mistakes are numerous. Their origin is proved to be in the Russian
Foreign Office attempts to compensate the imparity in written protocol and
diplomatic procedures maintained in the relations between Russia and Crimea.
Thus, in the middle of the 17th century Russia was still paying tribute to the
Crimean Khanate, diplomatic correspondence between these two countries was
maintained exclusively in Tartar language, Russian tsars were obliged to maintain
correspondence not only with khans but with Crimean princes as well, they had
to receive diplomatic representatives of Crimean princes and cover their costs
without having symmetric obligations from the Crimean court. The same
inequality of statuses was reflected in a written protocol used in a correspondence
between the two countries.
Deliberate noncliched corruption of the text (interpolations, omissions and
direct distortion) is considered to be caused by the efforts of the chief of the
Foreign Office Ivan Almazov. After Pereyaslavkaya Rada (1654) and in the context
of military success of joint Russian and Ukrainian troops in the summer of 1654
he wished to aggravate the relations between Russia and Crimean Khanate. His
another purpose was to develop a mystified resource of information for further
discredit of the alliance between Crimea and Rzech Pospolita, which was taking
shape in 1654. Among the other examples of the Russian translators offence
against immunity of the official letters from the Crimean monarchs are inclusion
of Malaya Rossiya into the title of Russian tsars, insertion of improper remarks
on the king of Poland Jan Kazimierz, transformation of the order to put down
the Don Cossacks into an optional form and omission of khans offer of joint
campaign against the Cossacks. In his intrigue Almaz Ivanov also used the fact
that MuchammedGirey was well informed of the character of translations made
by Russian Foreign office, while the tsar knew nothing of it. These attempts of
Russian bureaucracy to influence foreign policy of the state using the
informational control (through providing the government with corrupt
information and creating an informational gap between the correspondents) is
shown to have a negative effect on the performance of Russian diplomacy on a
strategic level.
..
208
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210
M.S. Meyer
From the history of eurasianism
,
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M.S. Meyer
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M.S. Meyer
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216
M.S. Meyer
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. .,1998. 3. . 140180.
2
.. . . .
. , 1921. . 3.
3
.. . ,1920. . :
. ., 1993. . 16.
4
.. . 17.
5
. , 1927. . 5. . : . .
. .. , .. . .,1995. . 391.
6
.. . 9597.
7
.., .., .. :
. , 1928. . 23.
8
. : . .
., 1992; : . ., 1993;
. . ., 1995. .:
: , // . ., 1995. 6;
. ., 1994. .
. ., 19941996.
9
.. // , , 1925. . 4. . :
. 86.
10
.
11
.. // . , 1926. . 3.
. : . . 318.
..

217
12
.. . : ... . 1718.
.. // . . , 1922.
. 2. . 304.
14
( ). .., 1926. . :
. 268.
15. . . 257.
16
.. . ( ) //
. . 4041.
17
.. . 87.
18
.. // . . ,
. ., 1996. . 483.
19
.. // . . ... . 112.
20
.. 1877 . // . . . 25. ., 1984. . 67.
21
. // . . . III, ., 1960. . 361.
22
.. // ... . 5961.
23
.. // ... . 61.
24
.. ... . 36.
25
.. ... . 85.
26
... . 256.
27
.. // . 1927. . 31. . :
. 338.
28
. . 339.
13
M.S. Meyer
(Moscow)
FROM THE HISTORY OF EURASIANISM

Summary
Eurasianism is a particular trend within the Russian sociopolitical thought
of the XXth century. It appeared during the early twenties as a reaction of the
Russian emigrate intelectials to the terrible results of the First Would war and the
Russian revolution of 1917. The authors of a new spiritial stream, namely
N. Trubetskoy, P. Savitsky, G. Florovsky and others, wanted to find the general
idea, which might ensure a revival of the Russian culture and a restoration of the
Russias role in the World politics.
They believed that Russia would be a special historicalcultural world,
nothing like on the West or on the East, because Russia would have a central
place in the Old World from Germany till China and it would unite many nations
and tribes. On a whole a new territorial and political unity Eurasia appeared
and a new nation the eurasians emerged. The supporters of Eurasianism made
a speech against the eurocentrism. They asserted that the Russian culture would
218
be a result of a synthesis of the traditions of European and Asian spiritial life.

Their motto was: Russia could not be appeared without a Tartars yoke.
The named authors saw in the World histry three waves of the eurasian
culture. Firstly, it is a Hellenistic culture, which was a synthesis of the achievements
of the Hellenistic Europe and Ancient Orient. Secondly, it is a Byzantine culture,
which was a synthesis of the Christian West and Muslim East. Thirdly, it is a
Russian culture as a legacy of the Byzantine culture and Byzantine contacts with
Europe and Asia.
..
219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
50 . XVII .

.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
:
.. 1653 .
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
16541657 .

.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

50 . XVII .
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

XVII .:
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
50 .XVII .
( )
220
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

50 . XVII . ( )
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

50 XVII .
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

50 . XVII .
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

1654 .
( )
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

221
CONTENTS
Introductory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B.N. Florea (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5th decade of the 17th century in the history of international
relations in the central part of eurasia and the problem of
publication of sources on russian and ukrainian diplomatic
activity of the time
L.V. Zaborovsky (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The last opportunity for peacemaking: B.A. Repnins
negotiations in Lvov in 1653
Iskra Schawrcz (Vienna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Diplomatic relations between Austria and Russia through the
first years of Northern War
Christoph Augustynowicz (Vienna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Polishrussian War 16541657 and the imperial
mediation
E.I. Kobzareva (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Documents from Russian State archives of old acts on the
conflict between Sweden and Russia in the 5th decade of the
17th century
Stellan Dalgren (Uppsala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Swedens relations to Eastern Europe in the 1650s swedish
historiography and source material in Sweden
Olga Ivanova (Aarhus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The russiandanish negotiations in the 50s of the 17th century
222
L.E. Semenova (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Danubian principalities in the context of international
relations of the 5th decade of the17th century.
O.V. Khavanova (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
The foreign policy of the principality of Transylvania in the
context of international relations in the middle
of the 17th century.
V.G. Chentsova (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State
archives of old acts on the international relations in eastern
and south eastern Europe through the 5th decade
of the 17th century.
S.F. Faizov (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich
on the occasion of khans intronization in the context
of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
M.S. Meyer (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
88 50 XVII / , .
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Русская и украинская дипломатия в Евразии 50-е годы XVII века

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The present collection of papers was prepared in the framework of INTAS

unpublished materials on mid 17th century international relations in Eurasia

. . 96. . 1655 . 9; 1656 . 3.

. . II. 16331673. ., 1968.

5TH DECADE OF THE 17TH CENTURY

THE LAST OPPORTUNITY

. XVIXVII . , 1978. . 396.

Bsterreich und Brandenburg im SchwedischPolnischen Krieg 16551660. Vorbereitung und

DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN AUSTRIA

opposed the very idea of discussing the candidature of Alexey Mikhaylovich

THE POLISHRUSSIAN WAR 16541657

DOCUMENTS FROM RUSSIAN STATE ARCHIVES

A number of other documents is also covered in the paper. Among them is

SWEDENS RELATIONS TO EASTERN EUROPE IN

Fridericia J.A. Adelsv&ldens sidste dage...S. 230239 ff.

THE RUSSIANDANISH NEGOTIATIONS

11 21 1656 .: . . 68. . . 1. 1656 .

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF

. 14. 24.03.1654 (7162) . . 11.

SOURCES FROM THE GREEK COLLECTION

KHAN MUCHAMMED GIREYS LETTER TO TSAR

3.Intentional corruption of original text

FROM THE HISTORY OF EURASIANISM

be a result of a synthesis of the traditions of European and Asian spiritial life.

L.E. Semenova (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

221. 01574 17 2000 .

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