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1
TAJUK 2 HAD DAN KESELANJARAN 12 JAM
SINOPSIS
Aplikasi had banyak digunakan dalam bidang matematik, misalnya semasa melakukan
graf. Aplikasi had juga diperlukan dalam kalkulus pembezaan atau terbitan dan
keselanjaran.
HASIL PEMBELAJARAN
- Menyatakan konsep had dan takrif had
- Menyatakan teorem had
- Menggunakan teorem had untuk melakukan pengiraan had
- Menentukan had kiri dan kanan secara pengiraan dan lakaran graf.
- Menentukan had terhingga dan tak terhingga
- Menentukan garis asimptot dalam lakaran graf
- Menyatakan takrif keselanjaran pada titik
- Menggunakan teorem keselanjaran untuk membuktikan keselanjaran pada
sesuatu titik
- Mengira had dengan menggunakan Teorem Pinching
- Menyatakan had bagi fungsi trigonometri
KERANGKA TAJUK 2
2.1 Konsep had
2.2 Takrif had
2.3 Teorem had
2.4 Had kiri dan had kanan
2.5 Had terhingga dan tak terhingga
2.6 Garis asimptot dan lakaran graf
2.7 Keselanjaran pada titik
2.8 Teorem Pinching
2.9 Had bagi Fungsi Trigonometri
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
2
1.1. KONSEP HAD
Pertimbangkan y = f(x) merupakan suatu fungsi. Dimana c dan L merupakan suatu
nilai nyata, apabila x menghampiri c tetapi tidak semestinya tertakrif pada c, f(x) akan
menghampiri L;
Contoh 1 : Diberi fungsi f : 9 9 di mana ( ) ? 4 had had
3 3
= + =
x x f
x x
Kaedah Jadual:
x 2.8 2.9 2.99 3.01 3.1 3.2
f(x) = x+4
6.8
6.9
6.99
7.01
7.1
7.2
Kaedah Algoritma:
( ) = + =
4 had had
3 3 x
x x f
x
3 + 4 = 7
Contoh 2 : Cari 7 had
2
+
x
x
Penyelesaian:
( ) = = + = + =
9 7 2 7 had had
2 2 x
x x f
x
3
Contoh 3 : Cari
1
1 2
had
2
1
+
+ +
x
x x
x
Penyelesaian:
2
2
4
1 1
1 ) 1 ( 2
1
1
1 2
had
2 2
1
= =
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
x
x x
x
Latihan 1 :
Apabila x menghampiri c, f(x) akan menghampiri suatu nombor L.
Pernyataan ini boleh ditulis sebagai;
( ) L x f
c x
=
had
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
3
Cari had bagi fungsi berikut :
(a)
) 5 2 ( had
3
+
x
x
(b)
) 3 ( had
2
4
+
x
x
(c) 4
2 2
had
2
2
+
x
x
x
(d) 2 2 had
1
+
x
x
1.1.1 Teknik Menilai Had
Had boleh dinilai menggunakan penggantian terus. Jika penggantian gagal, ianya
memberikan
()
Penggantian terus memberikan
( )( )
( )
( )
1.1.1.2 Mengrationalkan ungkapan
Mengrationalkan ungkapan ialah mendarabkan fungsi dengan konjugat
Contoh 4 :
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
4
Cari
Penggantian terus memberikan
( )( )
1.1.2 Kriteria bagi kewujudan had
Suatu lengkungan yang dtunjukkan adalah graf fungsi f. Suatu nombor c pada paksi- x
dan had L pada paksi-y. Apabila x menghampiri c pada paksi-x, f(x) menghampiri L
pada paksi-y.
Terdapat tiga kes;
Kes Satu : ( ) L c f =
Kes Dua: f tidak tertakrif pada c
Kes Tiga : f tertakrif pada c, tetapi ( ) L c f =
Walau bagaimana pun semua kes menunjukkan;
( ) L x f
c x
=
had
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan had semasa x menghampiri 2.
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
5
Dalam semua kes di atas kita boleh tulis bahawa :
( ) 1 had
2
=
x f
x
Contoh 5 :
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dan anggarkan nilai hadnya.
(a)
2
4
had
2
2
x
x
x
Kaedah Jadual :
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2.001 2.01 2.1
f(x)
3.9
3.99
3.999
4.001
4.01
4.1
Kaedah Algoritma:
= + = + =
+
=
2 2 ) 2 ( had
2
) 2 )( 2 (
had
2
4
had
2 2
2
2
x
x
x x
x
x
x x x
4
Graf Fungsi.
y
2
3
y y
x x x
1 1 1
2
2
2
0 0
( )
2 ) 1 (
dan
1
=
=
f
x f
( )
=
=
=
2 ,
2
3
2 , 1
x
x
x f
( ) 2 , 1 = = x x f
0
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
6
(b)
=
+
+ +
1
1 2
had
2
1 x
x
x x
Kaedah Jadual:
x -0.9 -0.99 -0.999 -1.001 -1.01 -1.1
f(x)
0.1
0.01
0.001
-0.001
-0.01
-0.1
Kaedah Algoritma:
0 1 1 ) 1 ( had
1
) 1 )( 1 (
had
1
1 2
had
1 1
2
1
= + = + =
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
f(x)
4
2 x
x
f(x)
f(x)
f
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
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(c) 3 had
2
x
x
=
Kaedah Jadual:
x 1.8 1.9 1.99 2.01 2.1 2.2
f(x)
1.2
1.1
1.01
0.99
0.9
0.8
Kaedah Algoritma
= = =
1 3 2 3 had
2 x
x
1
Graf fungsi f(x):
(d)
( )
=
=
=
1 2
1
1
1
2
x if
x if
x
x
x g
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.1 2.2
f(x)
0.3448
0.3344
0.3334
0.333
0.3226
0.3125
3 . 0 ) ( had
2
=
x g
x
Graf fungsi
( ) x g
.
LATIHAN 2 :
3
3
f(x)
x
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
8
Kira had untuk setiap yang berikut dengan menukar persamaan kepada bentuk yang
sesuai.
(a)
1
1
had
2
1
x
x
x
(b)
8
2
had
3
2
x
x
x
(c)
8
4
had
3
2
2
x
x
x
(d)
3
9
had
9
y
y
y
(e)
64
4
had
3
1
64 +
+
x
x
x
(f)
h
h
x
2
) 2 (
2
2
0
had
+
1.2 TAKRIF HAD
Katakan ) (x f tertakrif pada semua x dalam suatu selang terbuka yang terdiri daripada
c, f(x) boleh jadi tertakrif atau tidak pada titik c. Maka boleh ditulis sebagai
( ) L x f
c x
=
had
jika diberi nombor
0 > c
, maka kita boleh cari suatu nombor
0 > o
supaya
jika
o < < c x 0
, maka didapati
( ) c < L x f
Contoh 6 : Buktikan ( ) 7 5 4 had
3
=
x
x
Penyelesaian:
Kita hendak menunjukkan bagi sebarang
0 > c
, kita boleh cari nilai
0 > o
supaya jika
o < < 3 0 x
maka
( ) c < 7 5 4x
Untuk mendapatkan
o
kita tulis
( ) ( ) 3 4 3 4 12 4 7 5 4 = = = x x x x
.
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
9
iaitu c < 3 4 x atau
4
3
c
< x
.
Kita hendak pilih o supaya jika
o < < 3 0 x
maka
4
3
c
< x
Dengan mengambil
4
c
o =
didapati
4
3 0
c
< < x
maka
c < 3 4 x
, iaitu
( ) c < 7 5 4x
Ini menunjukkan bahawa
( ) 7 5 4 had
3
=
x
x
LATIHAN 3 : (HAD o c )
1. Buktikan pernyataan berikut menggunakan o c, definisi bagi had.
(a) ( ) 4 2 3 had
2
=
x
x
(b) ( ) 3 2 5 had
4
=
x
x
(c) ( ) 3 8 5 had
1
= +
x
x
(d) ( ) 7 4 3 had
1
=
x
x
(e)
2
9
3
4
had
6
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
(f) ( ) 3 1 had
2
2
=
x
x
y = 4x-5
0
x
y
c 7
3
c + 7
7
o + 3 o 3
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
10
2.3 TEOREM HAD
TEOREM
Jika c adalah nombor nyata, k adalah pemalar dan n adalah integer positif.
1.
c x
c x
=
had
2.
c x
c x
=
had
3.
k k
c x
=
had
4.
n n
c x
c x =
had
5.
n n
c x
c x =
had
Jika
( ) ( ) x g x f
c x c x
had dan had
wujud, maka
6.
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) x g x f x g x f
c x c x c x
+ = + had had had
7.
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) x g x f x g x f
c x c x c x
= had had had
8.
( ) | | ( ) x f k x f k
c x c x
= had had
9. ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) x g x f x g x f
c x c x c x
- = had had had
10.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 0 had jika had
had
had
= =
x g
x g
x f
x g
x f
c x
c x
c x
c x
11.
( ) | | ( ) | |
n
c x
n
c x
x f x f
= had had
12.
( ) ( ) n
c x
n
c x
x f x f
= had had
13.
( ) ( ) c f x f
c x
=
had
Contoh 7 : Cari had bagi fungsi berikut;
1. =
x
x 1
had -1
2.
=
7 had
0 x
7
3. =
x
x 2
had 2
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
11
4.
=
4
3
had x
x
81
5.
=
3
64
had x
x
4
6.
( ) ( ) ( )
5
5
2
5
2
5
4 had 3 had 2 had 4 3 2 had
+ = +
x
x
x x
x x x x
( ) ( )
5
5
2
5
4 had had 3 had 2
+ =
x
x
x
x x
( ) 4 ) 5 ( 3 5 2
2
+ =
= 39
7.
( )
( ) 11
1
) 6 ( 5
1 8 8
3 5 had
1 2 had
3 5
1 2
had
2
2 3
2
2 3
2
=
+
=
+
=
+
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
LATIHAN 4 :
1. Cari had-had yang berikut :
(a)
) 3 (
2 4
had
2
2 +
+
x
x x
x
(b)
) 4 ( had
2
+
x
x
(c)
9 3
3
had
3
3
+
+
y
y
y
y
(d)
t
t
t
+
1
1
had
1
2. Diberi bahawa
2 ) ( had =
x f
c x
1 ) ( had , =
x g
c x
0 ) ( had =
x h dan
c x
Cari nilai-nilai had yang berikut :
(a)
)] ( ) ( [ had x g x f
c x
(b)
| | ) (
2
had x f
c x
(c)
) (
) (
had
x f
x h
c x
(d)
) ( ) (
1
had
x g x f c x
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
12
2.4 HAD KIRI DAN KANAN
(a) Had kiri
( )
c x
Hanya merujuk nilai x yang kurang dari c (sebelah kiri c pada paksi x)
( ) L x f
c x
=
had
dan disebut had sebelah kiri bagi
( ) x f
semasa
x
menghampiri c adalah sama
dengan
L
.
(b) Had kanan
( )
+
c x
Hanya merujuk nilai x yang lebih dari c (sebelah kanan c pada paksi x)
( ) L x f =
+
c x
had
dan disebut had sebelah kanan bagi
( ) x f
semasa x menghampiri c adalah sama
dengan L
.
Contoh 8 : Katakan f(x) ditakrif seperti berikut;
x
y
x > c
y
x < c
x menghampiri c
dari kanan
x menghampiri
c dari kiri
Had dari kanan
Had dari kiri
x
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
13
( )
>
=
<
=
0 1
0 0
0 1
x
x
x
x f
Lakarkan graf f(x) serta tentukan
( ) x f
x
0
had
dan
( ) x f
x
+
0
had
Penyelesaian:
( ) 1 had
0
=
x f
x
( ) 1 had
0
=
+
x f
x
Graf f(x)
2.4.1 Teorem Kewujudan Had
x
x > 0 x < 0
y
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
14
Jika ( ) x f
c x
had dan ( ) x f
c x
+
x f
x
,
Contoh 9 : Katakan f(x) ditakrif seperti berikut:
( )
x
x
x f =
Lakarkan graf f(x) serta tentukan
( ) x f
x
0
had
dan
( ) x f
x
+
0
had
Penyelesaian:
( ) 1 had
0
=
+
x f
x
dan ( ) 1 had
0
=
x f
x
Graf fungsi f(x) menunjukkan had kiri tidak sama dengan had kanan maka
y
2
3
y y
x x x
1 1 1
2
2
2
0 0
( ) 1 = x f
( )
=
=
=
2 ,
2
3
2 , 1
x
x
x f
( ) 2 , 1 = = x x f
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
15
x
x
x 0
had
tidak wujud.
Contoh 10 : Jika , Tentukan
( ) x f
x
1
had
dan
( ) x f
x
+
1
had
.
Seterusnya cari
( ) x f
x 1
had
Penyelesaian :
dan
Maka ( ) 2 had
1
=
x f
x
Graf menunjukkan semasa x = 1, f(x) = 2 (graf tidak putus).
x
f(x)
0
1
-1
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
16
Contoh 11 : Diberi
Cari had g(x) semasa x menghampiri 1 dari kanan dan kiri. Seterusnya tentukan
had g(x) semasa x menghampiri -1 . Seterusnya lakarkan graf g(x)
Penyelesaian:
Graf g(x)
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
17
Contoh 12 :
Cari
( ) x g had
x 0
, bagi
( )
< +
> +
=
0 1
0 1
2
x if x
x if x
x g
Penyelesaian:
Had dari kanan
( ) 1 1 0 1 had had
0 0
= + = + =
+ +
x x g
x x
Had dari kiri
( ) 1 1 0 1 had had
2 2
0 0
= + = + =
x x g
x x
Maka ( ) 1 had
0
=
x g
x
,
Lakarkan Graf g(x)
Contoh 13 : Cari ( ) x f
x 0
had
, bagi ( )
<
> +
=
0
0 5
x x
x x
x f
Penyelesaian:
Had dari kanan
( ) 5 5 0 5 had had
0 0
= + = + =
+ +
x x f
x x
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
18
Had dari kiri
( ) 0 had had
0 0
= =
x x f
x x
Maka ( ) x f
x 0
had
, tidak wujud
Lakarkan graf f(x)
Contoh 14 : Diberi
( )
<
>
=
4 2 8
4 4
x if x
x if x
x f
Cari (i)
( ) x f
x
4
had
(ii)
( ) x f
x
+
4
had
(iii) ( ) x f
x 4
had
Lakarkan graf f(x)
Penyelesaian:
(i) (ii) (iii)
( ) 0 ) 4 ( 2 8 had
4
= =
x f
x
( ) 0 4 4 had
4
= =
+
x f
x
( ) 0 had
4
=
x f
x
Contoh 15 : Diberi
( )
( )
> +
s <
<
+
=
3 13
3 2 5
2
2
1
2
x x
x x
x
x
x f
Cari (i)
( ) x f
x 2
had
(ii)
( ) x f
x 0
had
(iii)
( ) x f
x 3
had
Lakarkan graf f(x)
Penyelesaian:
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
19
LATIHAN 5 : (Had kiri dan kanan)
1. Cari had bagi yang berikut jika wujud.
(a)
( ) x x had
x
2
2
2
(b)
25
5
2
5
x
x
had
x
(c)
4
2
2
2
x
x
had
x
(d)
12 7
3
2
3
+
+
+
x x
x
had
x
(e)
x
x x
had
x 2 1
1
1
+
+
(f)
9
2 3
x
x
had
x
(g)
4
2
4
x
x
had
x
(h)
x
x
had
x
1
1
(i)
2
3
9 x had
x
(j) 4
4
+
+
x had
x
(k)
4
4
4 +
+
x
x
had
x
(l)
3
3
3
+
x
x
had
x
(m) ( ) ( )
>
s
=
+
1 1
1
,
1 x x
x x
x f mana di x f had
x
(n) ( ) ( )
> +
s
=
1 2
1 1
,
1 x x
x
x f jika x f had
x
(o) ( ) ( )
>
s
=
+
2
2 1 2
,
2
2 x x x
x x
x f jika x f had
x
(p) ( ) ( )
>
s
+
=
3
3
2 12
3
2
2
,
3
x
x
x
x
x f mana di x f had
x
(q) ( ) ( )
> +
=
<
=
3 3 2
3 7
3
,
2
3
x x
x
x x
x f jika x f had
x
2. Diberi
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
20
( )
>
=
<
=
0 1
0 0
0 1
x jika
x jika
x jika
x g
(a) Lakarkan graf g(x).
(b) Cari had bagi yang berikut sekiranya wujud. Jika tidak jelaskan.
(i)
( ) x g
x
+
0
lim
(ii)
( ) x g
x
0
lim
(iii)
( ) x g
x 0
lim
(iv)
( ) x g
x 0
lim
3. Diberi
( )
>
s <
<
=
2 8
2 0
0
2
x if x
x if x
x if x
x h
(a) Kira setiap yang berikut jika hadnya wujud.
(i) ( ) x h had
x
+
0
(ii) ( ) x h had
x 0
(iii)
( ) x h
x 1
lim
(iv)
( ) x h
x
2
lim
(v)
( ) x h
x
+
2
lim
(vi)
( ) x h
x 2
lim
4. Diberi
( )
>
< +
=
1 3
1 2 2
2
x if x
x if x x
x f
(a) Cari
( ) dan x f
x
1
lim
( ) x f
x
+
1
lim
(b) Adakah
( ) x f
x 1
lim
wujud ?
(c) Lakarkan graf bagi f .
5.
( )
1
1
Diberi
2
=
x
x
x f
.
(a) Cari
(i)
( ) x f
x
+
1
lim
(ii)
( ) x f
x
1
lim
(b) Adakah
( ) x f
x 1
lim
wujud ?
(c) Lakarkan graf f
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
21
2.4.2 Had Kanan dan Kiri Graf
Contoh 16 :
Diberi graf suatu fungsi seperti di bawah.
Cari nilai bagi
(i) ( )=
x f
a x
had Y
1
(iv) ( )=
x f
b x
had
Y
2
(ii) ( )=
+
x f
a x
had Y
2
(v) ( )=
+
x f
b x
had
Y
2
(iii)
( )=
x f
a x
had
tidak wujud (vi)
( )=
x f
b x
had
Y
2
Contoh 17 :
Y
1
x
Y
2
b
a
f(x)
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
22
Graf suatu fungsi ditunjukkan seperti di bawah. Tentukan had yang berikut sekiranya
wujud
(a) ( ) 3 had
2
=
x g
x
(b) ( ) 1 had
2
=
+
x g
x
(c) ( ) =
x g
x 2
had tidak wujud (d) ( ) 2 had
5
=
x g
x
(e) ( ) 2 had
5
=
+
x g
x
(f) ( ) 2 had
5
=
x g
x
LATIHAN 6 : Dalam Lampiran
2.5 HAD TERHINGGA DAN TAK TERHINGGA
2.5.1. Had Terhingga
x
y
3
2
1
0
1
2
4
3
4
5
y = g(x)
g(5)=1
( ) + =
x f
c x
had
( ) =
x g
c x
had
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
23
Contoh 18 :
(a) Pertimbangkan + =
) 2 (
2
2
1
had
x
x
(b) Pertimbangkan
=
) 2 (
2
2
1
had
x
x
dan lakarkan graf fungsi tersebut.
Kesimpulan :
(a) Jika ( ) ( ) ( ) + = + = =
+
x f maka x f x f
c x c x c x
had , had had
(b) Jika ( ) ( ) ( ) = = =
+
x f maka x f x f
c x c x c x
had , had had
(c) Jika ( ) ( ) ( ) sebaliknya atau x f maka x f dan x f
c x c x c x
= + = =
+
had , had had
Contoh 19 :
Lakarkan graf fungsi ()
()
dan tentukan ( ) x f
x 1
had
Penyelesaian :
x 0
2
y
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
24
Daripada rajah di atas, didapati bahawa
( ) =
x f
x 1
had
dan
( ) + =
+
x f
x 1
had
Ini bermakna
( ) =
x f
x 1
had
. Iaitu apabila x menghampiri 1, had f(x) tidak wujud
2.5.2 Had Tak Terhingga
Contoh 20 :
Kira
5 2
3 4
had
+
+ x
x
x
Penyelesaian :
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x 5
2 had
3
4 had
5
2
3
4
had
5 2
3 4
had
+
=
+
=
+
+
+
+ +
x
x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
1
had 5 had 2 had
1
had 3 had 4 had
5
had 2 had
3
had 4 had
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
- +
-
=
+
=
()
()
x 0 1
y
2
( ) L x f
x
=
had
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
25
Latihan 7 :
Kira had bagi setiap yang berikut :
(a)
4
had
4 x
x
x
(b) x
x
x
2
2
3
9
had
4
(c)
2 5
1 2
had
+
+ x
x
x
(d)
5
4
had
3
2
+
+
x
x
x
2.6 GARIS ASIMPTOT
Terdapat dua jenis garis asimptot, iaitu
(a) asimptot mengufuk
(b) asimptot mencancang
Contoh 21 :
Rajah menunjukkan lakaran fungsi ()
Garis lurus x = 1 dikatakan asimptot mencancang sementara garis lurus y = 2 dikatakan
asimptot mengufuk
x 0 1
y
2
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
26
2.7 KESELANJARAN
Bilakah suatu fungsi dikatakan selanjar?
Suatu fungsi dikatakan selanjar apabila grafnya berkeadaan;
Tidak putus
Tidak ada lompang
Tidak ada jurang/terpisah
Takrif : Keselanjaran pada suatu titik
Suatu fungsi
f
dikatakan selanjar pada titik
c
jika dan hanya jika kesemua syarat
berikut dipenuhi;.
(i).
( ) c f
tertakrif
(ii). ( )
c x
x f
had
wujud
(iii). ( ) ( ) c f x f
c x
=
had
Contoh 22 : Pertimbangkan fungsi
1
1
2
1
) 1 (
) (
=
=
=
x
x
x
x x
x f
Adakah f(x) selanjar pada x = 1 ? Lakarkan graf f(x).
Penyelesaian:
Syarat keselanjaran;
(i) f(1) = 2
(ii)
( ) 1 had
1
=
x f
x
dan
( ) 1 had
1
=
+
x f
x
maka
( ) 1 had
1
=
x f
x
wujud
(iii) Didapati
( ) ) 1 ( had
1
f x f
x
=
Oleh kerana syarat (iii) tidak dipenuhi, maka f(x) tidak selanjar pada x = 1
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
27
Contoh 23 : Diberi
2
2
3
2
1
) (
=
=
=
x
x
x
x f
Adakah f(x) selanjar pada x = 2 ? Lakarkan graf f(x)
Penyelesaian:
Syarat keselanjaran;
(i) f(2) = 3
(ii)
( ) =
x f
x 2
had
dan
( ) =
+
x f
x 2
had
maka ( ) x f
x 2
had
tidak wujud
(iii) Didapati ( ) ) 2 ( had
2
f x f
x
=
Syarat (ii) dan (iii) tidak dipenuhi. Maka f(x) tidak selanjar pada x = 2
Contoh 24 : Diberi
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
) (
>
< <
s
+ =
x
x
x
x x f
Tentukan keselanjaran f(x) pada x = 1 dan x = 3. Lakarkan graf f(x)
Penyelesaian :
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
28
Contoh 25 : Diberi
=
=
=
0 x , 1
0 x ,
1
) (
2
x
x f
Dimanakah f(x) tidak selanjar ? Lakarkan graf f(x)
Penyelesaian:
2.7.1 Jenis Ketidakselanjaran
Ketidakselanjaran bolehubah pada c berlaku apabila jika nilai
( ) c f
boleh
dicari/diubah supaya sama dengan nilai had pada titik c.
Apakah jenis ketidakselanjaran pada contoh 22, 23, 24 dan 25 diatas ?
a a a
) ( ( ( ) )
b b b
x x
y
y y
x
(a) Ketidakselanjaran
Bolehubah
(b) Ketidakselanjaran
Tidak Bolehubah
(c) Ketidakselanjaran
Bolehubah
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
29
2.7.2 Keselanjaran Pada Selang Terbuka
Sesuatu fungsi f(x) dikatakan selanjar pada selang terbuka jika dan hanya jika
fungsi itu selanjar pada semua titik dalam selang terbuka (a , b).
Contoh 26 : Pertimbangkan fungsi ( )
2
1
=
x
x f
Fungsi f(x) selanjar pada semua titik kecuali x = 2, Maka daripada takrif di atas, f(x)
selanjar pada semua selang terbuka yang tidak mengandungi 2.
Contoh 27 : Dimanakah setiap fungsi berikut tidak selanjar ?
(a) ( )
2
2
2
=
x
x x
x f
( )
=
=
=
0 1
0
1
) (
2
x if
x if
x
x f b
( ) ( )
=
=
=
2 , 1
2 ,
2
2
2
x if
x if
x
x x
x f c
Penyelesaian :
(a)
( ) 2 f
tidak tertakrif, jadi
f
tidak selanjar pada 2.
(b)
( ) 1 0 = f
adalah tertakrif tetapi ( )
2
0 0
1
x
had x f had
x x
= tidak wujud. Jadi
f
tidak selanjar
pada 0.
(d)
( ) 1 2 = f
adalah tertakrif dan
( ) =
=
2
2
2
2 2
x
x x
had x f had
x x
( )
( )( )
2
1 2
2
+
=
x
x x
x f had
x
( ) 3 1
2
= + =
x had
x
wujud tetapi ( ) ( ) 2
2
f x f had
x
=
. Jadi
f
tidak selanjar pada 2.
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
30
2.7.3 Keselanjaran Dari Kanan
Sesuatu fungsi f(x) dikatakan selanjar dari kanan pada c jika dan hanya jika
kesemua syarat berikut dipenuhi.
(i).
( ) c f
tertakrif
(ii). ( )
+ c x
x f had
wujud
(iii). ( ) ( ) c f x f
c x
=
+
had
Contoh 28 : Fungsi
( ) x x g =
Fungsi g(x) dikatakan selanjar dari kanan pada 0. Graf g(x) adalah ditunjukkan seperti
di bawah.
2.7.4 Keselanjaran Dari Kiri
Sesuatu fungsi f(x) dikatakan selanjar dari kiri pada c jika dan hanya jika
kesemua syarat berikut dipenuhi.
(i).
( ) c f
tertakrif
(ii).
( )
c x
x f had
wujud
(iii).
( ) ( ) c f x f
c x
=
had
x
y
0
g(x)
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
31
Contoh 29 : Fungsi ( ) ) ( x x h =
Fungsi h(x) dikatakan selanjar dari kiri pada 0. Graf h(x) adalah ditunjukkan seperti di
bawah.
2.7.5 Keselanjaran Pada Selang Tertutup
Sesuatu fungsi f(x) dikatakan selanjar pada selang tertutup [a , b] jika dan hanya
jika fungsi itu selanjar pada selang terbuka (a , b). dan juga selanjar dari kanan a
dan selanjar dari kiri b
dan
b
a
|
y
x
|
x
0
h(x)
( ) ( ) a f x f
a x
=
+
had ( ) ( ) b f x f
b x
=
had
Selanjar pada selang tertutup [a , b]
y
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
32
Contoh 30 : Fungsi ( )
2
9 x x f =
dimana x [-3 , 3]
Diketahui f(x) selanjar pada selang terbuka (-3 , 3) dan juga didapati
( ) ( ) 3 had
3
=
f x f
x
dan ( ) ( ) 3 had
3
f x f
x
=
+
maka f(x) selanjar pada selang tertutup [-3 , 3]
2.7.6 Teorem Keselanjaran
Jika
f
dan g selanjar pada c, maka
(i)
g f +
selanjar pada c;
(ii)
g f
selanjar pada c;
(iii)
f o
selanjar pada
c
untuk semua nilai
o
;
(iv)
g f -
selanjar pada
c
;
(v)
g
f
selanjar pada
c
dimana
( ) 0 = c g
2.7.6.1 Teorem : Keselanjaran Fungsi Gubahan
Jika fungsi
g
selanjar pada c dan
f
selanjar pada
( ) c g
, maka fungsi gubahan
( )( ) ( ) ( ) x g f x g f =
juga selanjar pada
c
.
Contoh 31 :
Diberi () (
had
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
35
Contoh 35 : Kira
( ) x f
x 1
had
( )
()
Menggunakan Teorem Pinching, f(x) = 5
2.9 HAD BAGI FUNGSI TRIGONOMETRI
Fungsi Sinus dan kosinus adalah selanjar pada semua nombor nyata c.
2.9.1 Teorem Pinching Untuk Fungsi Trigonometri:
0 sin had
0
=
x
x
1 cos had
0
=
x
x
c x
c x
sin sin had =
c x
c x
cos cos had =
c x
c x
tan tan had =
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
36
(a) (b)
Contoh 36 : cari
(a)
x
x
x
tan
had
0
(b)
u
u
u
2 sin
had
0
(c)
x
x
x
5 sin
3 sin
had
0
Penyelesaian :
(a)
1 ) 1 )( 1 (
cos
1 sin
lim
tan
lim
0 0
= =
|
.
|
\
|
- =
x x
x
x
x
x x
(b)
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u u
2
2 sin
lim 2
2
2 sin
2 lim
2 sin
lim
0 0 0
= - =
Gantikan u 2 = x , dan adalah benar jika
0 0 u apabila x
. Ini akan menghasilkan
2 ) 1 ( 2
sin
lim 2
2
2 sin
lim 2
2 sin
lim
0 0 0
= = = =
x
x
u u u
u
u
u
u
(c)
5
3
1 5
1 3
5
5 sin
5
3
3 sin
3
lim
5 sin
3 sin
lim
5 sin
3 sin
lim
0 0 0
=
-
-
=
-
-
= =
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
Contoh 37 :
Kenal pasti selang dimana setiap fungsi berikut adalah selanjar.
(a)
( ) x x f tan =
(b)
( )
=
=
=
0 , 0
0 ,
1
sin
x
x
x x g
1
sin
had
0
=
x
x
x
0
cos 1
had
0
=
x
x
x
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
37
(c)
( )
=
=
=
0 , 0
0 ,
1
sin
x
x
x
x
x h
Penyelesaian:
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
38
LATIHAN 8 : KESELANJARAN
1. Cari had sekiranya wujud.
(a)
4
2
had
2
2
x
x
x
(b)
2
2
had
2
x
x
x
(c) ( )
> +
< +
=
2 , 2 4
2 , 6 4
) ( na had
2
2
2
x x x
x x x
x h ma di x h
x
2. Cari nilai-nilai x dimana f adalah tidak selanjar jika wujud. Yang manakah
ketidakselanjaran boleh ubah?
(a) ( )
1
1
=
x
x f (b) ( )
10 3
2
2
+
=
x x
x
x f
(c)
3
3
) (
=
x
x
x f (d)
>
< +
=
1 ,
1 , 3 2
) (
2
x x
x x
x h
(e)
>
s +
=
2 , 3
2 , 1
2
1
) (
x x
x x
x f
(f)
> +
s
=
2 , 1 4
2 , 2
) (
2
x x x
x x
x f
3. Dimanakah fungsi berikut tidak selanjar ?. Seterusnya lakarkan graf bagi fungsi
tersebut.
(a)
=
=
=
2 , 1
2 ,
2
2
) (
2
x if
x if
x
x x
x f
(b)
=
=
=
4 , 3
4 ,
4
8 2
) (
2
x if
x if
x
x x
x f
4. Tentukan samada fungsi berikut selanjar pada titik-titik yang diberikan.
(a)
( ) 0 , 2 ;
2
4
=
+
= x
x
x
x f
(b) ( ) 2 , 2 ;
6
4 4
2
=
+
= x
x x
x f
(c) ( ) 3 , 3 ;
9
3
2
=
= x
x
x
x f (d) ( ) 2 , 2 ;
4
2
2
=
+
= x
x
x f
(e)
< +
> +
=
3 , 1
3 , 7
) (
2
x x
x x
x f
x = 3, 0
(f)
=
=
=
2 , 0
0 ,
1
) (
x
x
x x f
x = 0, -1
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
39
5. Berikan sebab kenapa fungsi berikut selanjar pada semua titik.
(a) ( ) 4 2
2
= x x f (b)
( )
3
1
2
+
=
x
x
x f
(c) ( ) ) 2 ( x x x f =
6. Cari semua nilai ketidakselanjaran.
(a) ( ) 2 2
2
= x x f (b)
( ) 3 =x x f
(c)
( )
3
4
=
x
x f
(d) ( )
4
4 3
2
+
+
=
x
x x
x f (e) ( )
3
) 2 (
2 2
=
x
x f (f) ( ) 3 = x f
(g)
( )
15 2
9 6
2
2
+
+ +
=
x x
x x
x f
(h) ( )
x x
x
x f
+
=
2
4
(i)
<
>
=
0 , 2
0 , 2
) (
x
x
x f
(j)
<
> +
=
1 , 1
1 , 1 3
) (
x
x x
x f
(k)
>
s
=
1 , 1
1 , 0
) (
x x
x
x f
LATIHAN 9 : HAD FUNGSI TRIGONOMETRI
1. Cari
(a)
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
1
cos had
(b)
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
2
sin had
(c)
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
x
x
3 2
sin had
t
(d)
h
h
h
2
sin
had
0
(e)
u
u
u
3 sin
had
0
(f)
2
2
0
3
sin
had
x
x
x
(g)
x
x
x
8 sin
6 sin
had
0
(h)
x
x
x
3 sin
7 tan
had
0
(i)
h
h
h
cos 1
sin
had
0
(j)
t
t
t
2
2
0
cos 1
had
(k)
1 7 cos
5 cos 1
had
0
h
h
h
(l)
x
x x
x
sin 3
had
2
0
MTE3108 BASIC CALCULUS
40
Rujukan
1. Salas, Hille and Etgen (2010) Calculus One And Several Variables (Tenth Edition)
2. Amran Hussin et.al (1998) Matematik Tulen Pra-Universiti. Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn.
Bhd.