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Motion
Physics
Physics predicts how nature will behave in
one situation based on the results of experimental data obtained in another situation.
Physics
Kinematics deals with the concepts that are needed to describe motion. Dynamics deals with the effect that forces have on motion. Together, kinematics and dynamics form the branch of physics known as Mechanics
SI Units
meter (m): unit of length kilogram (kg): unit of mass second (s): unit of time
SI Units
The meter is dened to be the distance
light travels through a vacuum in exactly 1/299792458 seconds.
SI Units
The second has been dened as the
duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperne levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
SI Units
The kilogram standard is
based of the mass of 1.000025 liters of water. The standard is made of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. The US has four of these standards.
SI Units
The units for length, mass, and time (as well
as a few others), are regarded as base SI units.
dene additional units for other important physical quantities such as force and energy.
expressed as a product of the basic physical dimensions mass, length, time, electric charge, and absolute temperature [M] = mass [T] = time
x = vt
1 2
x = vt
Graphing
Independent variable - the factor that is
changed during the experiment
Graphing
Linear Relationships - the dependent
variable varies directly with the independent variable
y=mx+b
Graphing
Inverse Relationship - as one variable
increase the second variable decreases
Motion
Coordinate System -a system used to
describe the motion that gives the zero point location of the variable being studied and the direction in which they increase
Motion
Position - The distance and direction
from the origin to an object
Motion
A scalar quantity is one that can be described
by a single number: Ex. temperature, speed, mass
A vector quantity deals inherently with both magnitude (size) and direction: Ex. velocity, force, displacement
Motion
Arrows are used to represent vectors. The
direction of the arrow gives the direction of the vector. is proportional to the magnitudeof the vector.
Motion
x o = initial position
x = x x o = displacement
x = final position
Motion
Example:
x o = 2.0 m
x = 5.0 m x = 7.0 m
Motion
Example:
x = 2.0 m
x = 5.0 m
x o = 7.0 m
x x o x v= = t to t
how fast the car moves and the direction of motion at each instant of time.
Motion: Acceleration
The notion of acceleration emerges
when a change in velocity is combined with the time during which the change occurs.
Motion: Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE
ACCELERATION
v v o v a= = t to t
Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing. 2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-). 3. Write down the values that are given for any of the ve kinematic variables. 4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the ve kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation. 5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the nal velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next. 6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.
1 2
(vo + v )t
2 o
v = v + 2ax
x = vot + at
1 2
Monday, July 22, 13
a
-10 m/s2
v ?
vo
+3250 m/s
t
2 o
v = v + 2ax
v=
2 o
v = v + 2ax
2
(3250 m s)
+ 2 (10.0 m s
) (215000 m)
= 2500 m s
Free Fall
In the absence of air resistance, it is found
that all bodies at the same location above the Earth fall vertically with the same acceleration. If the distance of the fall is small compared to the radius of the Earth, then the acceleration remains essentially constant throughout the descent.
Free Fall
This idealized motion is called free-fall and
the acceleration of a freely falling body is called the acceleration due to gravity.
g = 9.80 m s
or
32.2 ft s
Free Fall
g = 9.80 m s
2
vo
0 m/s
t
3.00 s
y = vot + at
1 2
2 1 2
= (0 m s )(3.00 s )+ = 44.1 m
Monday, July 22, 13
( 9.80 m s )(3.00 s )
2
Projectile Motion
Under the inuence of gravity alone, an
a y = 9.80 m s
2
object near the surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m/s2.
ax = 0
v x = vox = constant
Monday, July 22, 13
The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of +115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required for the care package to hit the ground.
a
-9.80 m/s2
vo
0 m/s
t
?
y = voy t + a y t
1 2
y = a yt
1 2
2y 2( 1050 m ) t= = = 14 . 6 s 2 ay 9.80 m s
Monday, July 22, 13
a
-9.80 m/s2
vo
0 m/s
t
14.6 s
Conceptual Example:
I Shot a Bullet into the Air...
the top down.The car is moving to the right at constant velocity. You point a rie straight up into the air and re it. In the absence of air resistance, where would the bullet land behind you, ahead of you, or in the barrel of the rie?
Graphical Analysis
x + 8 m Slope = = = +4 m s t 2s
Graphical Analysis
v + 12 m s Slope = = = +6 m s 2 t 2s