SCIENCE

5 SCIENTIFIC METHODS: OBSERVATION IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM CONSTRUCTING OF HYPOTHESES TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENTATION DEDUCTIVE LOGIC

GENERATING CONCLUSION

S SYSTEMATIC C COMPREHENSIVE I INVESTIGATION and E EXPLORATION of N NATURES C CAUSES and E EFFECTS

THEORY and LAW

SCIENCE APPLIED PURE SOCIAL NATURAL

EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE

7 RELATED STUDIES PURE SCIENCE GEOLOGY (HISTORY) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY/PHYSIOGRAPHY (FEATURES) AQUATIC SCIENCE METEOROLOGY/ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE PALEONTOLOGY ASTRONOMY

10 TOOLS THAT HELPED TO STUDY THE EARTH TELESCOPE enlarge

BATHYSCAPHE deep sea excavation

GEIGER COUNTER radiation

SEISMOGRAPH RADAR signals earthquake

SONAR (SOUND NAVIGATION and RANGING) deep sea level sound

PISTON CORER seabed

THERMOCOUPLE temperature

PHOTOMETER light intensity

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES outer space

ASTRONOMY science

astron + nomos

ASTROLOGY belief

GEOCENTRIC ERA: (8) CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS/PTOLEMY GEOCENTRIC SYSTEM

PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS CELESTIAL BODIES ARE ROUND HELIOCENTRIC THEORY UNIVERSE.MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES

PHILOLAUS EARTH IS IN MOTION.INVISIBLE CENTRAL FIRE

ARISTOTLE PLATO UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION MOON and ECLIPSES

ARISTARCHUS TRIED TO MEASURE THE DISTANCE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH, MOON AND SUN

ERATOSTHENES DETERMINED THE SIZE OF THE EARTH MOON AND SUN BY MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES

HIPPARCHUS DETERMINED THE MOTION OF THE EARTH STARS.MAGNITUDE.BRIGHTNESS

MONDAY MOON TUESDAY MARS WEDNESDAY MERCURY THURSDAY JUPITER FRIDAY VENUS SATURDAY SATURN SUNDAY SUN

GALCTIC ERA: (5) NICOLAUS COPERNICUS HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

TYCHO BRAHE CREATED THE DEVICE THAT MEASURED THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON, STARS AND PLANETS

GALILEO GALILEI IMPRVMT. OF THE TELESCOPE EVIDENCE FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

JOHANNES KEPLER LAWS OF PLAETARY MOTION

ISAAC NEWTON LAWS OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

UNIVERSAL ERA

ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF THE UNIVERSE

PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY BRANCH OF ASTRONOMY HOW THE UNVERSE FORMED AND EVOLVED ORGINATED FROM METAPHYSICS AND THEOLOGY

3 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS OF COSMOLOGY 2ND CENTURY: CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (PHYSICS OF ARISTOTLE) 16TH CENTURY: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (PHYSICS OF NEWTON) 20TH CENTURY: EDWIN HUBBLE (PHYSICS OF EINSTEIN)

GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EINSTEIN (1916)

THE UNIVERSE DARK MATTER ANYTHING THAT EXISTS IN SPACE AND TIME 13.7 Ga

BIG BANG THEORY LEADING COSMOLOGICAL MODEL SINGULARITY

GEORGES LEMAITRE DEVELOPED THE PRIMEVAL ATOM HYPOTHESIS

GEORGE GAMOW IMPROVED LEMAITRES WORK

EDWIN HUBBLE (1929) CONTINUOUS EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE HUBBLES LAW

DOPPLER EFFECT WAVE FRONTS PITCH LIGHT

RED SHIFT HAPPENS WHEN LIGHT MOVES AWAY INCREASE IN WAVE LENGTH

BLUE SHIFT HAPPENS WHEN LIGHT MOVES CLOSER DECREASE IN WAVE LENGTH e.g. ANDROMEDA

WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE (WMAP) MEASURES COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION ARNO PENZIAS and ROBERT WILSON

STEADY STATE THEORY HERMAN BONDI, THOMAS GOLD and FRED HOYLE

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY

LIGHT YEARS 300,000 km/sec THE DISTANCE F THE STARS

HUBBLE TUNING-FORK

ELLIPTICAL FLAT, CIRCULAR or ELLIPSOIDAL IN SHAPE

SPIRAL BRIGHT CENTRAL DISK ARMS REACHED OUTWARD

BARRED SPIRAL SOME ARE BARRED WITH STARS

IRREGULAR LACK OF DEFINITE SHAPE COMPOSED OF YOUNG AND OLD STARS

MILKY WAY HOME GALAXY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM SPIRAL GALAXY

STARS HUGE; MASSIVE SPHERES INCANDESCENT GAS BEGINS AS GAS AND DUST

PARALLAX SLIGHT SHIFTING OF THE STARS DUE TO ORBITAL MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH

PARSEC 3.26 LIGHT YEARS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN OF ANY OBJECT WHICH HAS A PARSEC OF 1 ARC SEC

STELLAR BRIGHTNESS: APPARENT MAGNITUDE THE BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR VIEWED FROM EARTH FACTORS BIGNESS FARNESS HOTNESS

ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE APPARENT BRIGHTNESS OF A STAR VIEWED FROM A DISTANCE OF 32.6 LIGHT YEARS/10 PARSECS

HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSEL DIAGRAM (HR) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE AND TEMPERATURE OF STARS

STELLAR EVOLUTION: PROTOSTAR STAGE COLLAPSING CLOUD AND GAS DUST DESTINED TO BE A STAR

MAIN-SEQUENCE STAGE 90% OF STAR-LIFE SMALLER STARS LIVE LONGER THAN BIGGER STARS

RED GIANT STAGE STAR BECOMES COOLER, OLDER

BURNOUT AND DEATH OUT OF NUCEAR FUEL BECOMES WHITE DWARF STARS WHICH IS THREE TIMES THE SUNS MASS DIES FASTER SUPERNOVA NEUTRON STAR COMPOSED OF NEUTRONS HIGH DENSITY BLACK HOLE MASSIVE STAR SMALL VOLUME

PLANETARY NEBULA ROUND CLOUD OF GAS CASTED BY MEDIUM-MASS STARS DURING RED GIANT STAGE TO TURNING INTO WHITE DWARVES

CONSTELLATIONS GROUP OF STARS 88 CONSTELLATIONS

SOLAR NEBULA THEORY SUN IS FORMED DUE TO GRAVITY PULLING ALL MATERIALS TO THE SWIRLING CENTER SOLAR SYSTEM WAS COALESCED FROM FRIGID DUST AND ROTATING GAS PLANETESIMALS SMALL IRREGULARLY SHAPED MATTERS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

SUN 4.6B YEARS OLD WILL LAST TIL ITS PRESENT STATE FOR 10B YEARS PRODUCES ENERGY (HEAT) THROUGH NUCLEAR FUSION CORE 15MC PRESSURE 100B TIMES OF EARTHS ATOMS ARE VERY INTACT WHICH CAUSES FUSION 6000 K/ 10,000F

PHOTOSPHERE REGION OF THE SUN WHICH RADIATES ENERGY TO SPACE SUNSPOT DARK SPOT OF THE SUN COLD

CHROMOSPHERE ABOVE THE PHOTOSPHERE

CORONA OUTER WEAK LAYER OF THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE

SOLAR WIND STREAM OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS

PROMINENCES HUGE CLOUDLIKE STRUCTURES CHROMOSPHERIC GASES

SOLAR FLARES OUTBURSTS RELEASES ULTRAVIOLET, RADIO, XRAY RADIATION

AURORA RESULT OF SOLAR FLARES

TERRESTRIAL PLANETS SMALL, ROCKY PLANETS MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS

JOVIAN PLANETS HUGE, GAS GIANTS JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE HAS RING VERYTHICK ATMOSPHERE OF: HYDROGEN HELIUM METHANE AMMONIA

8 PLANETS: MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER LARGEST AND MOST MASSIVE PLANET OBLATE 10HR ROTATION DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION 1% DENSITY OF ATMOSPHERE OF EARTH RED PLANET (IRON OXIDE) MASSIVE VOLCANOES OLYMPUS MONS (VOLCANO) VELLES MARINERIS (POLAR ICE CAPS) EARTHS TWIN THICK ATMOSPHERE RETROGADES 243 DAYS VOLCANIC PRODUCE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT HEAVILY CRATERED NO ATMOSPHERE LARGE IRON CORE

86% H 14% He ZONES (HIGHER; COOLER) BELTS (LOWER; WARMER) GIANT RED SPOT LIQUID METAL HYDROGEN PRESSURE 50M TIMES OF THE EARTH FAST ROTATING

SATURN LIQUID METAL HYDROGEN TILTS 27 ROTATES 10 AND A HALF HR ATMOSPHERE HAS COLORED BANDS WEAKER MAGNETIC FIELD THAN JUPITER VERY THIN RING (50m or LESS)

URANUS 17 HRS 14 MIN ROTATION 84 YEAR PERIOD

NEPTUNE EXHIBITS WEATHER PATTERNS IN THE ATMOSPHERE DENSEST OF THE JOVIAN PLANETS STRONGEST WINDS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

URANUS and NEPTUNE NEARLY TWINS IN SIZE 4 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH ATMOSPHERE SUBTLE BANDS STRONG WINDS STORMS 17HRS ROTATION

5 DWARF PLANETS: PLUTO ERIS LARGETS WAS THE 9TH PLANET FROM THE SUN KUIPER BELT WASNT IN THE ORBIT AROUND THE SUN WASNT MASSIVE ENOUGH TO BE A PLANET HADNT CLEARED THE NEIGHBORHOOD AROUND ITS ORBIT ROCKY AND ICY BODIES ECCENTRIC AND HIGHLY INCLINED ORBIT

MAKEMAKE HAUMEA CERES

10 TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS: ERIS DYSNOMIA (MOON)

MAKEMAKE HAUMEA PLUTO SEDNA ORCUS QUAOAR VARUNA CHARON

153 SATELLITES

ASTEROID SMALL, ROCKY BODY CARBONACEOUS, SILICATE and METAL MOSTLY LIE BETWEEN THE ORBITS OF MARS and JUPITER

COMETS SMALL, ROCKY BODIES WITH METALLIC PIECES HELD TOGETHER BY FROZEN GASES AND WATER REVOLVE ABOUT THE SUN IN ELONGATED ORBITS

COMA FUZZY GASEOUS COMPONENT OF THE COMETS HEAD

METEOROID SMALLER THAN AN ASTEROID BIGGER THAN AN ATOM

METEORITE A METEOROID THAT HAS ENTERED EARTH

METEOR THE LUMINOUS PHENOMENON OBSERVED WHEN A METEOROID ENTERS EARTH

MOON EARTHS NATURAL SATELLITE SURFACE GRAVITY: 1/6 OF THE EARTH NO MAGNETIC FIELD 27.3 DAYS ROTATION

FISSION THEORY MOON WAS PART OF THE EARTH

DOUBLE PLANET THEORY THE MOON WAS FORMED IN THE SAME MATERIAL WHERE THE EARTH CAME FROM

THE CAPTURE THEORY MOON WAS CAPTURED BY THE EARTHS GRAVITY

IMPACT THEORY A VERY LARGE OBJECT HIT EARTH WHEN IT WAS STILL MOLTEN, CREATING A NEW HEAVENLY BODY APOGEE FARTHEST PART OF THE ORBIT OF THE MOON TO THE EARTH

PERIGEE NEAREST PART OF THE ORBIT OF THE MOON TO THE EARTH

8 PHASES OF THE MOON: NEW MOON WAXING CRESCENT FIRST QUARTER WAXING GIBBOUS FULL WANING GIBBOUS LAST QUARTER WANING CRESCENT

TIDAL FORCES SQUEEZE THE EARTH IN PERPENDICULAR DIRECTION

SPRING TIDES WHEN SUN, MOON AND EARTH ALIGN

NEAP TIDES WHEN SUN, MOON AND EARTH FORMS RIGHT ANGLE

ECLIPSE AN ASTRONOMICAL EVENT ANY BODY WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE LIGHT WHICH CASTS SHADOW

SOLAR ECLIPSE SUN-MOON-EARTH

SHADOWS UMBRA DARKER; INNER PENUMBRA LIGHTER

LUNAR ECLIPSE EARTHS SHADOW FALLS ON MOON