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Enter with !his \'aluc of unlinatc :\nrl rc:ul o..-er tu line Co; proper
n<'mir!:d tlu.m to Til( \';llue obtained will he the p<'rmi=-sihle btcral defl<'ction for l.:t;.
This chart neglects CF and S.I.F.
EXAMPLE PBDBLEM USING THE BASIC METHOD
4" sch 40 pipe
carbon steel at 4oo0p
L
1
L
2
10ft L
3
5 ft.
find e a .027 in/ft
D 4.5 in
calculate .l\x= eL2 = .027 (10) .27 in.
Ay= e(L1-LJ)= .027 (10-5) .135 in.
L,
Notice that leg Lz is only deflected by the differential
L1 and LJ-
To find the proportional deflection for each leg
J= h. (L
3
/Z l?)
To find the stress in each leg
Sb = 5.8XJ0s-
For the X direction
Stress member
For the Y direction
L
10
5
10
.24
.11 .03
1.0
.135
L,.
expansion between
s
6264
3132
3524
Notice that the wall thickness has no part in the calculations. In practice
wall thickness has a very secondary effect on stress.
OR
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ISSUED
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FRICTION
Friction is considered in the thermal expansion stress
calculations. The friction force on restraints or pipe guides
due to long runs of pipe are normally calculated by hand. In most
thermal stress the effect due to friction is rather
arbitrary and makes little difference to the accuracy of the calcula-
tions.
The exception to this philosophy is when pipes are connected to
pieces of sensitive equipment. In these cases the effect due to
friction can significantly change the results. In general, this
would include only large compressors and turbines.
When friction must be considered for lines of 24" pipe size or smaller,
the effect of friction is considered only to the first support on
horizontal pipe away from the nozzle. When there are weight supports
on is not horizontal between the nozzle and the first
support on horizontal pipe the friction effects on these intermediate
supports will also be considered. On lines with pipe sizes greater
than 24" the effect of friction is considered at all weight support
points and all other restraint points from the nozzle out to a point
where these effects will no longer influence the nozzle loads.
The techniques for modelling weight friction are given in section
V.F.5533. Computer modelling of friction load should not be done
on guides and stops where hand calcualtion methods can adequately cal-
culate these forces.