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Linear Law
13
1. (a)
63
5. (a) Gradient =
41
=1
y
3
Equation of line AB is
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y=x+2
2
1
(b)
52
(b) Gradient =
14
= 1
Equation of line PQ is
r 5 = 1(t 1)
= t + 1
r = t + 6
3
2
5
(c) Gradient =
10
1
=
2
1
0
x
1
1 q + 5.
Equation of line RS is p =
2
31
2. (a) Gradient =
31
=1
y-intercept = 0
Equation of the line is y = x.
6. (a) When y = 2, 2 = x + 2
x= 0
(b) When t = 3.5, r = 3.5 + 6
= 2.5
4 , y-intercept = 3.4
(b) Gradient =
5
4 x + 3.4
Equation of the line is y =
5
1q+5
(c) When p = 3, 3 =
2
1q=53
2
q=22
=4
3. (a) y = 1.5
(b) x = 1.7
7. (a)
yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
5x
4x 2
= +
x
x
x
y = 4x + 5
5
x = (2 3.4)
4
= 1.75
OR
yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x 2
5x
=
+
x2
x2
x2
y
1
=4+5
x
x
(f)
y = kxn
log10 y = log10 k + log10 x n
= log10 k + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 k
(g)
y = pk(x + 2)
log10 y = log10 p + log10 k(x + 2)
= log10 p + (x + 2) log10 k
= log10 p + x log10 k + 2 log10 k
= (log10 k)x + log10 p + 2 log10 k
1 +4
=5
x
(b)
5 3x
y=
x
xy = 5 3x2
= 3x2 + 5
OR
5 3x
y=
x
y
5
3
=
x
x2
y
1
3
= 5
x
x2
(h)
(i)
(j)
(d)
(k)
(l)
OR
(m)
y 4 = abx
log10 (y 4) = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + x log10 b
= (log10 b)x + log10 a
y = 5 + axn
y 5 = axn
y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x2 = 2x2
x
2
x2
x2y = 8x 12
y = pkx
log10 y = log10 pkx
= log10 p + log10 kx
= (log10 k)x + log10 p
abx
y =
k
y2 = 8x2 5x
y2
8x2
5x
=
x2
x2
x2
y 2
1
= 5 + 8
x
x
(e)
y2 = 8x2 5x
y2
5x
8x2
=
x
x
x
y2
= 8x 5
x
abx
log10 y = log10
k
= log10 abx log10 k
= log10 a + log10 bx log10 k
= log10 a + x log10 b log10 k
= (log10 b)x + log10 a log10 k
y
1
7
=
+
x
x
x2
y
1
7
+
x2 = x2
x
x
x2
x
y = 1 + 7x
y = 7x + 1
x
k
y =
pnx2
k
log10 y = log10
pnx2
= log10 k log10 pnx2
= log10 k (log10 p + log10 nx2)
= log10 k log10 p x2 log10 n
= (log10 n)x 2 + log10 k log10 p
y
1
7
=
+
(c)
x
x
x2
y
1
7
+
x = x
x
x
x2
1
y =
+7
x
OR
k
y =
px 1
log10 y = log10 k log10 px 1
= log10 k (x 1) log10 p
= log10 k x log10 p + log10 p
= (log10 p)x + log10 k + log10 p
OR
8. (a)
y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x = 2x
x
2
x2
12
xy = 8
x
1
xy = 12 + 8
x
(n)
x + 5x
xy2 = 3
2
x
3
xy
5x
= +
x
x
x
3
y2 = + 5
x
y
Substitute = 2, x = 1 and a = 1 into ,
x
2 = 1(1) + b
b=1
Therefore, a = 1 and b = 1.
OR
1
= 3 + 5
x
(b)
5x
x
3
xy2
= +
x
x
x
x = 3 + 5
x
y2
x +3
= 5
2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + yx = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
y
y
2x
3 + x =
y
3
x
1
= x+
y
2
2
OR
4 into ,
Substitute x = 1, xy = 5 and a =
3
4
5 = (1) + c
3
4
c=5+
3
19
=
3
19 .
4 and c =
Therefore, a =
3
3
(c)
y = abx
log10 y = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + log10 bx
= (log10 b)x + log10 a
2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + xy = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
x
x
3y
+ y = 2
x
3y
= y + 2
x
y
1 y+
2
=
x
3
3
c
y= a +
x
c
x(y) = x a +
x
xy = ax + c ................................
a = Gradient
51
=
14
4
=
3
x + 5x
xy2 = 3
(o)
y = ax2 + bx
y
ax2
bx
= +
x
x
x
y
= ax + b ..................................
x
a = Gradient
62
=
51
4
=
4
=1
log10 b = Gradient
52
=
30
=1
b = 10
log10 a = log10 y-intercept
=2
a = 102
= 100
(d)
y = axn
log10 y = log10 a + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 a
y
x
14
12
n = Gradient
13
=
10
= 2
10
8
6
4
2
y = abx2
log10 y = log10 a + log10 bx2
= log10 a + x2 log10 b
log10 y = (log10 b)x2 + log10 a ............
x
1
(ii) h = y
x -intercept
= 2
k = Gradient
13 (2)
=
60
5
=
2
log10 b = Gradient
73
=
61
4
=
5
= 0.8
b = 100.8
= 6.310
(b) (i)
4
Substitute log10 y = 3, x2 = 1 and log10 b =
5
into ,
4 (1) + log a
3=
10
5
4
log10 a = 3
5
11
=
5
a = 158.5
y = axn
log10 y = log10 axn
= log10 a + n log10 x
log10 y = n log10 x + log10 a
log10 x
0.3
log10 y
1.8
1.6
1.4
9. (a) (i)
2.2
2.8
4.0
5.0
5.3
y
x
3.1
4.8
8.0
11.2 13.0
1.2
1.0
h
y = k
x +
x
y
x = kx + h
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
log10 x
n = Gradient
1.08 0.4
=
0.44 0.2
= 2.833
10. (a)
140 22
12. (a) Gradient =
42
= 59
y
= 59x2 + c ...............................
6
5
y
Substitute x2 = 2, = 22 into ,
x
22 = 59(2) + c
c = 96
y
Therefore, = 59x2 96
x
y = 59x3 96x
4
3
2
1
0
x
2
10
12
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
v2
(b) y
y
Y
Y
120
100
= axn
= 100(x)2
= mX + c
= y , X = x2, c = 0, m = 100
Therefore, Y = 100X
80
When Y = 5, X = a,
5 = 100a
5
a =
100
1
=
20
60
40
When Y = b, X = 4,
b = 100(4)
= 400
20
s
2
1 , b = 400 and c = 0.
Hence, a =
20
4.
4
y = 3x +
x2
1.
4
x (y) = x 3x +
x2
x2y = 3x3 + 4
Y = mX + c
2
1 and Y = y .
Therefore, X =
x2
x2
5. (a)
=3
x2
=3
=7
10
h4
h
y = 2x2 3
y
2x2
3
=
2
x2
x2
x
y
1 +2
= 3
x2
x2
Y = 3X + c
=3
m=3
44
4 =3
k0
3k = 40
40
k =
3
2.0
1.5
1.0
2. (a)
5x
y =
2
log10 y = log10 5x log10 2
log10 y = (log10 5)x log10 2
0.5
(b) Y = mX + c
c = log10 2
k = log10 2
= 0.301
(b) (i)
0k
m =
h0
0.301
log10 5 =
h
0.301
h =
log10 5
q
(ii) =
p
q
=
2
q=
log10 k = 1
k = 10
(ii) Gradient
p1
20
p1
p
=1
=1
=2
=3
p
q
y = + x
x
p
q
y
p
=
+
p
x
x2
q
1
+
= p
p
x2
Y = mX + c
p = Gradient
1.6 1.5
=
0.05 0
=2
y = k 10x
log10 y = log10 (k 10x)
= log10 k + log10 10x
= log10 k + x log10 10
log10 y = x + log10 k
Y = mX + c
(b) (i)
0.10
= 0.4306
3. (a)
0.05
y
-intercept
x
1.5
3
0.15
0.20
x2
6. (a)
log10 y
x
log10 y
1.5
8. (a)
1.0
0.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
x
1.5
y = pkx
log10 y = log10 pkx
= log10 p + log10 kx
log10 y = (log10 k)
x + log10 p
Y = mX + c
1.0
0.5
(b) (i)
log10 y
(i)
0.5
(b)
kx
y =
p
kx
log10 y = log10
p
= log10 kx log10 p
log10 y = (log10 k)x log10 p
Y = mX + c
x
2
log10 y
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
1.
0
(b) (i)
y
log10 y
log10 y
Y
x1
2
= pkx 1
= log10 p + (x 1) log10 k
= (log10 k)(x 1) + log10 p
= mX + c
y = kxn 1
log10 y = log10 (kxn 1)
= log10 k + log10 xn 1
= log10 k + (n 1) log10 x
= (n 1) log10 x + log10 k
Gradient = n 1
Vertical intercept = log10 k
log10 p = x 1-intercept
= 0.5
p = 3.16
13 3
2. Gradient =
61
10
=
5
=2
5.
Substitute x2 = 1,
y = 3 into ,
3 = 2(1) + c
c=1
Gradient
k4
30
k4
k
=5
=5
= 15
= 19
y = px + qx 2
y
px
qx
= +
x
x
x
x
= p + q
x + p ......................................
= q
Y = mX + c
52
6. (a) Gradient =
30
=1
Vertical intercept = 2
The equation of the line is
Y = mX + c
y = log10 x + 2
q = Gradient
84
=
46
4
=
2
= 2
(b)
y
x = 4, = 8, q = 2 into ,
Substitute
x
8 = (2)(4) + p
p = 16
= a 10y 1
= log10 a + (y 1) log10 10
= log10 a + y 1
= 1 log10 a + log10 x
10 4
7. (a) Gradient =
31
=3
Equation of the line is log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c
y = 102x + 3
log10 y = log10 102x + 3
= (2x + 3) log10 10
log10 y = 2x + 3
Y = mX + c
log10 y-intercept = 3
Gradient = 2
Therefore, log10 y
y
log10 y
log10 y
43
For point A, = 2
q0
1 = 2q
1
q=
2
p3
For point B, = 2
10
p3=2
p=5
1.
Therefore, p = 5, q =
2
x
log10 x
log10 x
y
1 log10 a = 2
log10 a = 1
a = 0.1
Therefore, p = 16 and q = 2.
4.
= ax5
= log10 a + 5 log10 x
= 5 log10 x + log10 a
= mX + c
y = 2x2 + c ......................
Therefore,
3.
y
log10 y
log10 y
Y
= 3 log10 (x + 2) + 1
= k(x + 2)n
= log10 k + n log10 (x + 2)
= n log10 (x + 2) + log10 k
= k(x + 2)n
= 10(x + 2)3
= (x + 2)3
= 3
0.008
= 0.2
x = 0.2 2
= 1.8
8.
11 7
10. (a) The gradient of the straight line =
42
=2
r7 =2
Gradient =
32
r 7= 2
r= 9
x =
3 +x
y
x
1 x = 1 3 +x
x
x
y
x
1
3
=
+1
y
x2
1 = 3 1 + 1 ..........................
y
x2
1 = 3 and 1 = k into ,
Substitute
y
x2
1 =3 1 +1
y
x2
k = 3(3) + 1
= 10
Therefore, log10 y = 2x + 3
y = 102x + 3
1 = 16 into ,
1 = p and
Substitute
y
x2
16 = 3(p) + 1
3p = 15
p= 5
Substitute x = 3, y = 12 into ,
12 = p(3)2 + q
9p + q = 12 ..................................
, 8p = 8
p=1
Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into ,
4 = r(1)2 + t
r + t = 4 .......................................
Substitute p = 1 into ,
1+q=4
q=3
Substitute x = 3, y = 36 into ,
36 = r(3)2 + t
9r + t = 36 ...................................
(b)
, 8r = 32
r= 4
y = px2 + q becomes
y = x2 + 3
y
3
= 1 +
x2
x2
y
1
= 3
+1
x2
x2
Substitute r = 4 into ,
4+t=4
t= 0
For A,
y
4
=
12
x2
=4
1
1
=
12
x2
=1
x
x
y
= 4x
x
Therefore, the gradient is 4.
For A(2, p),
p0
= 4
20
p=8
For B,
y
12
=
x2
32
12
=
9
4
=
3
1
1
=
32
x2
1
=
9
q = y2-intercept
= 0.6
(ii) When x = 1.5, y2 = 1.7
y = 1.3
y
x2
14. (a)
x2
16
40
20
(b) (i)
Substitute p = 14 into ,
x2y = 14x
2
For A, 1 r = 14(1)
r = 14
10
20
p = vertical intercept
=2
2.5
4.5
6.5
7.0
8.5
9.5
y2
2.5
4.0
5.6
6.0
7.1
7.9
q + 1 = Gradient
82 34
=
25 10
= 3.2
q = 2.2
(ii) When x = 10, y
x = 34
y2
y
10 = 34
34
y =
10
= 10.75
8
6
4
2
x
10
10
30
p
y = + (q + 1)
x
x
p
x (y) = x + (q + 1)x
x
y
x = p + (q + 1)x
x = (q + 1)x + p
y
t2(7) = 14t
7t2 = 14t
7t = 14
t= 2
20
60
80
x2y = px .......................................
1
1 2
(x y) =
(px)
x2
x2
1
y= p
x
13. (a)
y
x
1 4
B ,
9 3
For B,
y
x
A(1, 4)
12.
y2 = px + q
p = Gradient
61
=
7 0.5
10
=
13
(b) (i)
25
82.0
y = k ax 1
log10 y = log10 k + (x 1) log10 a
= log10 k + x log10 a log10 a
log10 y = (log10 a)x + log10 k log10 a
(b) (i)
15. (a)
log10 x
log10 y
0.6
2.26
log10 a = Gradient
2.1 0.8
=
5.4 1
= 0.2955
a = 1.975
lg y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
lg x
(b)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
y = px 2
n
log10 y = log10 p + log10 x
2
n
log10 y = log10 x + log10 p
2
log10 p = Intercept of log10 y
= 0.6
p = 3.981
log10 y
3.0
26.8
32.9
38.0
42.9
46.5
4.5
5.5
6.3
7.1
7.7
50
40
30
l
= Gradient
2
2.2 1.0
=
0.8 0.2
=2
n=4
16. (a)
3.5
4.0
4.5
Old
20
New
10
5.0
5.6
l
2
10
2.0
30 0
(b) Gradient =
50
=6
1.5
Therefore, T = 6
l
T 2 = 36l
log10 y
(c) (i)
1.0
T = 6l 6
0.5
x
2
11
18. (a)
y
log10 y
log10 y
Y
= k(x 1)n
= log10 k + n log10 (x 1)
= n log10 (x 1) + log10 k
= mX + c
c = log2 a = 2
a = 22
=4
Therefore, n = 3, a = 4.
log10 y
0.7
log10 (x 1)
2.
lg y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
(b) (i)
y
b
= ax +
x
x2
y
b x
x = ax +
x
x2
y
= ax2 + b
x
Y = mX + c
y
Y = , m = a, X = x2, c = b
x
1
Given the gradient =
2
1
a=
2
y
1 2
= x + b
x
2
y
Substitute x2 = 4, = 6 into the equation,
x
1
6 = (4) + b
2
b =4
1
Therefore, a = , b = 4
2
lg (x 1)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
=2
= 0.65
= 4.467
= 5.467
3. (a)
bx
y =
x + ab
1
x + ab
=
y
bx
x +
ab
=
bx
bx
1
1
1
= a +
y
x
b
1.
y = axn
log2 y = log2 (axn)
= log2 a + log2 xn
log2 y = n log2 x + log2 a
Y = mX + c
Y = log2 y, m = n, X = log2 x, c = log2 a
When x = 3, y = 1
1
1 1
1
= , =
x
3 y
1
=1
3
When x = 6, y =
2
1
1 1
1
= , =
x
3
6 y
2
2
=
3
Substitute m = 3 into ,
5=3+c
c=2
1 1
,
3
1 2
,
6 3
n=m
=3
12
(b) a = Gradient
2
1
3
=
1
1
3
6
=2
1
1
1
Substitute = and = 1 into the equation,
x
y
3
1
1
1
=a +
y
x
b
(iv) When x = 5,
y
=5
x
y
=5
5
y = 25
Therefore, the height of point B is 25 m.
5. (a)
x
10
20
30
40
50
20
30
40
50
60
70
1
1
1 =2 +
b
3
1
2
=1
b
3
1
=
3
b =3
Therefore, a = 2, b = 3.
4. (a)
y
70
60
50
40
10
12
30
20
y
x
10
10
8
(b) (i)
4
2
x
2
10
12
(b) (i)
(ii)
10
20
30
40
50
x
4k2x = (y c)2
2
4k
x =yc
x
y c = 2k
x+c
y = 2k
Y = mX + C
x, C = c
Y = y, m = 2k, X =
c = y-intercept
= 20
2k = Gradient
70 20
=
50 0
=1
1
k=
2
1
Therefore, c = 20, k = .
2
(ii) When y = 55,
x = 35
x = 352
= 1225
y = ax2 + bx
2
y
= ax + bx
x
x
y
= ax + b
x
y
b = -intercept
x
= 10
a = Gradient
10 0
=
0 10
= 1
(iii) When y = 0, x = 10
Therefore, the horizontal distance of the
point C is 10 m.
13
6.
f2
400
196
100
64
49
100
50
25
16.7
12.5
(a), (c)
f2
400
(a)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
(b) (i)
k
t
(b) (y + 1)2 = x + becomes
2
2
4
20
(y + 1)2 = x +
2
2
y2 + 2y + 1 = 2x + 10
y2 = 2x 2y + 10 1
= 2(x y) + 9
Y = mX + c
Y = y2, m = 2, X = x y, c = 9
(c)
20
40
60
80
100
m 0.05
= 20
f 2 = 80
f = 9 oscillations per second
Gradient = 2
Intercept on the Y-axis = 9
m
1
m =
56
= 0.01786 kg
= 18 g
1
(iii) f 2 =
km
1 1
=
k m
1
Gradient =
k
400 0
=
100 0
=4
1
k=
4
14