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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

Linear Law

13
1. (a)

63
5. (a) Gradient =
41
=1

y
3

Equation of line AB is
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y=x+2

2
1

(b)

52
(b) Gradient =
14
= 1

Equation of line PQ is
r 5 = 1(t 1)
= t + 1
r = t + 6

3
2

5
(c) Gradient =
10
1
=
2

1
0

x
1

1 q + 5.
Equation of line RS is p =
2

31
2. (a) Gradient =
31
=1
y-intercept = 0
Equation of the line is y = x.

6. (a) When y = 2, 2 = x + 2
x= 0
(b) When t = 3.5, r = 3.5 + 6
= 2.5

4 , y-intercept = 3.4
(b) Gradient =
5
4 x + 3.4
Equation of the line is y =
5

1q+5
(c) When p = 3, 3 =
2
1q=53

2
q=22
=4

3. (a) y = 1.5
(b) x = 1.7

7. (a)

4. (a) When x = 1.5,


y=x
y = 1.5

yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
5x
4x 2
= +
x
x
x
y = 4x + 5

(b) When y = 2.0,


4 x + 3.4
2=
5

5
x = (2 3.4)
4
= 1.75

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

OR
yx = 4x2 + 5x
yx
4x 2
5x

=
+
x2
x2
x2
y
1
=4+5

x
x

(f)

y = kxn
log10 y = log10 k + log10 x n
= log10 k + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 k

(g)

y = pk(x + 2)
log10 y = log10 p + log10 k(x + 2)
= log10 p + (x + 2) log10 k
= log10 p + x log10 k + 2 log10 k
= (log10 k)x + log10 p + 2 log10 k

1 +4
=5
x
(b)

5 3x
y=
x
xy = 5 3x2
= 3x2 + 5
OR
5 3x
y=
x
y
5
3
=

x
x2
y
1
3
= 5

x
x2

(h)

(i)

(j)

(d)

(k)

(l)

OR

(m)

y 4 = abx
log10 (y 4) = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + x log10 b
= (log10 b)x + log10 a
y = 5 + axn
y 5 = axn

y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x2 = 2x2
x
2
x2
x2y = 8x 12

y = pkx
log10 y = log10 pkx
= log10 p + log10 kx
= (log10 k)x + log10 p

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abx
y =
k

log10 (y 5) = log10 a + n log10 x


= n log10 x + log10 a

y2 = 8x2 5x
y2
8x2
5x

=

x2
x2
x2
y 2
1
= 5 + 8

x
x

(e)

y2 = 8x2 5x
y2
5x
8x2

=
x
x
x
y2
= 8x 5
x

abx
log10 y = log10
k
= log10 abx log10 k
= log10 a + log10 bx log10 k
= log10 a + x log10 b log10 k
= (log10 b)x + log10 a log10 k

y

1
7
=
+
x
x
x2

y
1
7
+
x2 = x2
x
x
x2
x
y = 1 + 7x
y = 7x + 1
x

k
y =
pnx2

k
log10 y = log10
pnx2
= log10 k log10 pnx2
= log10 k (log10 p + log10 nx2)
= log10 k log10 p x2 log10 n
= (log10 n)x 2 + log10 k log10 p

y

1
7
=
+
(c)
x
x
x2
y
1
7
+
x = x
x
x
x2
1
y =
+7
x
OR

k
y =
px 1
log10 y = log10 k log10 px 1
= log10 k (x 1) log10 p
= log10 k x log10 p + log10 p
= (log10 p)x + log10 k + log10 p

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

OR

8. (a)

y
6
4
=
x
2
x2
y
6
4
2x = 2x
x
2
x2
12
xy = 8
x
1
xy = 12 + 8
x

(n)

x + 5x
xy2 = 3
2
x
3
xy
5x
= +
x
x
x
3
y2 = + 5
x

y
Substitute = 2, x = 1 and a = 1 into ,
x
2 = 1(1) + b
b=1
Therefore, a = 1 and b = 1.

OR

1
= 3 + 5
x

(b)

5x
x
3
xy2
= +
x
x
x
x = 3 + 5
x
y2
x +3
= 5
2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + yx = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
y
y
2x
3 + x =
y
3
x
1
= x+

y
2
2
OR

4 into ,
Substitute x = 1, xy = 5 and a =
3
4
5 = (1) + c
3
4
c=5+
3
19
=
3
19 .
4 and c =
Therefore, a =
3
3
(c)
y = abx
log10 y = log10 (abx)
= log10 a + log10 bx
= (log10 b)x + log10 a

2x
y =
3+x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + xy = 2x
3y + yx
2x
=
x
x
3y
+ y = 2
x
3y
= y + 2
x
y
1 y+
2
=
x
3
3

c
y= a +
x
c
x(y) = x a +
x
xy = ax + c ................................ 
a = Gradient
51
=
14
4
=
3

x + 5x
xy2 = 3

(o)

y = ax2 + bx
y
ax2
bx
= +
x
x
x
y
= ax + b .................................. 
x
a = Gradient
62
=
51
4
=
4
=1

log10 b = Gradient
52
=
30
=1
b = 10
log10 a = log10 y-intercept
=2
a = 102
= 100

Therefore, a = 100 and b = 10.

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

(d)

y = axn
log10 y = log10 a + n log10 x
= n log10 x + log10 a

y 
x
14
12

n = Gradient
13
=
10
= 2

10
8

log10 a = log10 y-intercept


=3
a = 103
= 1000

6
4
2

Therefore, a = 1000 and n = 2.


(e)

y = abx2
log10 y = log10 a + log10 bx2
= log10 a + x2 log10 b
log10 y = (log10 b)x2 + log10 a ............ 

x
1

(ii) h = y
x -intercept
= 2
k = Gradient
13 (2)
=
60
5
=
2

log10 b = Gradient
73
=
61
4
=
5
= 0.8
b = 100.8
= 6.310

(b) (i)

4
Substitute log10 y = 3, x2 = 1 and log10 b =
5
into ,
4 (1) + log a
3=
10
5
4
log10 a = 3
5
11
=
5
a = 158.5

y = axn
log10 y = log10 axn
= log10 a + n log10 x
log10 y = n log10 x + log10 a

log10 x

0.3

0.40 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.65

log10 y

0.68 0.94 1.18 1.37 1.57 1.74


log10 y

1.8
1.6

Therefore, a = 158.5 and b = 6.310.

1.4

9. (a) (i)

2.2

2.8

4.0

5.0

5.3

y
x

3.1

4.8

8.0

11.2 13.0

1.2
1.0

h
y = k
x +
x
y
x = kx + h

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0
0.2

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0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

log10 x

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

(ii) log10 a = log10 y-intercept


= 0.18
a = 0.661

(b) v = 9.55 was wrongly taken.


The correct value is v2 = 100, that is, v = 10.
(c) (i) When v = 8, v2 = 64, s = 3.2
(ii) When s = 3.5, v2 = 70
v = 8.37

n = Gradient
1.08 0.4
=
0.44 0.2
= 2.833
10. (a)

140 22
12. (a) Gradient =
42
= 59

y
= 59x2 + c ............................... 

6
5

y
Substitute x2 = 2, = 22 into ,
x
22 = 59(2) + c
c = 96
y
Therefore, = 59x2 96
x
y = 59x3 96x

4
3
2
1
0

(b) When x = 2.4, y = 59(2.4)3 96(2.4)


= 585.2

x
2

10

12

13. (a) y = axn.......................................... 

(b) (i) When F = 2.5, x = 5.2


(ii) When x = 12.0, F = 5.7

Substitute x = 1, y = 100 into ,


100 = a(1)n
a = 100

(c) x = 2.5 is wrongly taken when F = 1.0.


The correct value is x = 2.0.
11. (a)

Substitute x = 3, y = 900 into ,


900 = 100(3)n
3n = 9
= 32
n=2

19.98 40.07 60.06 79.92 91.20 119.90


1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

v2

(b) y
y
Y
Y

120

100

= axn
= 100(x)2
= mX + c
= y , X = x2, c = 0, m = 100

Therefore, Y = 100X
80

When Y = 5, X = a,
5 = 100a
5
a =
100
1
=
20

60

40

When Y = b, X = 4,
b = 100(4)
= 400

20

s
2

1 , b = 400 and c = 0.
Hence, a =
20

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

4.

4
y = 3x +
x2

1.

4
x (y) = x 3x +
x2
x2y = 3x3 + 4
Y = mX + c
2

1 and Y = y .
Therefore, X =

x2
x2

Intercept at vertical axis, c = 4

5. (a)

1.91 1.84 1.73 1.63 1.58 1.55

=3

x2

0.21 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.03

=3
=7

Therefore, point at vertical axis is (0, 4).


m = Gradient
h4

10
h4
h

y = 2x2 3
y
2x2
3
=

2
x2
x2
x
y
1 +2
= 3

x2
x2
Y = 3X + c

=3

m=3
44

4 =3

k0
3k = 40
40
k =
3

2.0

1.5

1.0

2. (a)

5x
y =
2
log10 y = log10 5x log10 2
log10 y = (log10 5)x log10 2

0.5

(b) Y = mX + c
c = log10 2
k = log10 2
= 0.301

(b) (i)

0k
m =
h0
0.301
log10 5 =
h
0.301
h =
log10 5

q
(ii) =
p
q
=
2
q=

log10 k = 1
k = 10

(ii) Gradient
p1

20
p1
p

=1
=1
=2
=3

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p
q
y = + x
x
p
q
y
p
=
+
p
x
x2
q
1
+
= p
p
x2
Y = mX + c
p = Gradient
1.6 1.5
=
0.05 0
=2

y = k 10x
log10 y = log10 (k 10x)
= log10 k + log10 10x
= log10 k + x log10 10
log10 y = x + log10 k
Y = mX + c

(b) (i)

0.10

= 0.4306
3. (a)

0.05

y
-intercept
x
1.5
3

0.15

0.20

x2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

6. (a)

(ii) log10 k = Gradient


2.0 1.0
=
4.8 1.6
= 0.3125
k = 2.05

1.08 1.21 1.31 1.43 1.52 1.60

log10 y

x

1.22 1.41 1.58 1.73 1.87

log10 y
1.5

8. (a)
1.0

0.5

1.0

2.0

1.5

2.0


x

1.5

y = pkx
log10 y = log10 pkx
= log10 p + log10 kx
log10 y = (log10 k)
x + log10 p
Y = mX + c

1.0

0.5

log10 p = log10 y-intercept


= 0.45
p = 2.82

(b) (i)

(ii) log10 k = Gradient


1.5 0.6
=
1.7 0.25
= 0.6207
k = 4.18
7. (a)

log10 y

(i)

log10 y 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.51 1.81

0.5

(b)

kx
y =
p
kx
log10 y = log10
p
= log10 kx log10 p
log10 y = (log10 k)x log10 p
Y = mX + c

log10 y-intercept = log10 p


0 = log10 p
log10 p = 0
p= 1

log10 y 0.48 0.80 1.12 1.44 1.77 2.09


x1

x
2

log10 y

(ii) log10 k = Gradient


1.7 0
=
5.6 0
= 0.3036
k = 2.01

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1.
0

(b) (i)

y
log10 y
log10 y
Y

x1
2

= pkx 1
= log10 p + (x 1) log10 k
= (log10 k)(x 1) + log10 p
= mX + c

y = kxn 1
log10 y = log10 (kxn 1)
= log10 k + log10 xn 1
= log10 k + (n 1) log10 x
= (n 1) log10 x + log10 k
Gradient = n 1
Vertical intercept = log10 k

log10 p = x 1-intercept
= 0.5
p = 3.16

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

13 3
2. Gradient =
61
10
=
5
=2

5.

Substitute x2 = 1, 
y = 3 into ,
3 = 2(1) + c
c=1

Gradient
k4

30
k4
k

Hence, the equation is 


y = 2x2 + 1,
that is, y = (2x2 + 1)2.
3

=5
=5
= 15
= 19

Therefore, a = 10 000 and k = 19.

y = px + qx 2

y
px
qx
= +
x
x
x
x
= p + q
x + p ...................................... 
= q
Y = mX + c

52
6. (a) Gradient =
30
=1
Vertical intercept = 2
The equation of the line is
Y = mX + c
y = log10 x + 2

q = Gradient
84
=
46
4
=
2
= 2

(b)

y
x = 4, = 8, q = 2 into ,
Substitute 
x
8 = (2)(4) + p
p = 16

= a 10y 1
= log10 a + (y 1) log10 10
= log10 a + y 1
= 1 log10 a + log10 x

10 4
7. (a) Gradient =
31
=3
Equation of the line is log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c

y = 102x + 3
log10 y = log10 102x + 3
= (2x + 3) log10 10
log10 y = 2x + 3
Y = mX + c

Substitute log10 (x + 2) = 1 and log10 y = 4 into


the equation,
log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + c
4 = 3(1) + c
c=1

log10 y-intercept = 3
Gradient = 2

Therefore, log10 y
y
log10 y
log10 y

43
For point A, = 2
q0
1 = 2q
1
q=
2
p3
For point B, = 2
10
p3=2
p=5
1.
Therefore, p = 5, q =
2

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x
log10 x
log10 x
y

1 log10 a = 2
log10 a = 1
a = 0.1

Therefore, p = 16 and q = 2.
4.

= ax5
= log10 a + 5 log10 x
= 5 log10 x + log10 a
= mX + c

log10 a = log10 y-intercept


=4
a = 104
= 10 000

y = 2x2 + c ...................... 
Therefore, 

3.

y
log10 y
log10 y
Y

= 3 log10 (x + 2) + 1
= k(x + 2)n
= log10 k + n log10 (x + 2)
= n log10 (x + 2) + log10 k

Compare to log10 y = 3 log10 (x + 2) + 1


Hence, n = 3 and log10 k = 1
k = 10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

= k(x + 2)n
= 10(x + 2)3
= (x + 2)3
= 3
0.008
= 0.2
x = 0.2 2
= 1.8

For B(q, 12),


12 0
= 4
q0
12 = 4q
q=3

(b) When y = 0.08, y


0.08
0.008
x+2

8.

11 7
10. (a) The gradient of the straight line =
42
=2
r7 =2
Gradient =
32
r 7= 2
r= 9

x =
3 +x

y
x

1 x = 1 3 +x

x
x
y
x
1
3
=
+1

y
x2
1 = 3 1 + 1 .......................... 

y
x2

(b) log10 y = 2x + c............................ 

Substitute log10 y = 7, x = 2 into ,


7 = 2(2) + c
c=3

1 = 3 and 1 = k into ,
Substitute

y
x2
1 =3 1 +1

y
x2
k = 3(3) + 1
= 10

Therefore, log10 y = 2x + 3
y = 102x + 3

11. (a) y = px2 + q ................................... 


Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into ,
4 = p(1)2 + q
p + q = 4...................................... 

1 = 16 into ,
1 = p and
Substitute
y
x2
16 = 3(p) + 1
3p = 15
p= 5

Substitute x = 3, y = 12 into ,
12 = p(3)2 + q
9p + q = 12 .................................. 

9. (a) y = rx2 + t .................................... 

 , 8p = 8
p=1

Substitute x = 1, y = 4 into ,
4 = r(1)2 + t
r + t = 4 ....................................... 

Substitute p = 1 into ,
1+q=4
q=3

Substitute x = 3, y = 36 into ,
36 = r(3)2 + t
9r + t = 36 ................................... 

(b)

 , 8r = 32
r= 4

y = px2 + q becomes
y = x2 + 3
y
3

= 1 +
x2
x2
y
1

= 3
+1
x2
x2

Substitute r = 4 into ,
4+t=4
t= 0

For A,
y
4

=
12
x2
=4
1
1

=
12
x2
=1

(b) y = rx2 + t becomes y = 4x2


1 (y) =
1 (4x2)

x
x
y
= 4x
x
Therefore, the gradient is 4.
For A(2, p),
p0
= 4
20
p=8

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Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

For B,
y
12

=
x2
32
12
=
9
4
=
3
1
1

=
32
x2
1
=
9

q = y2-intercept
= 0.6
(ii) When x = 1.5, y2 = 1.7
y = 1.3
y

x2

14. (a)

x2

16

4.01 14.02 30.06 52.80 66.0

40

20

In Diagram (b), gradient = p


14 7
=
1
1
2
= 14

(b) (i)

Substitute p = 14 into ,
x2y = 14x
2
For A, 1 r = 14(1)
r = 14

10

20

p = vertical intercept
=2

2.5

4.5

6.5

7.0

8.5

9.5

y2

2.5

4.0

5.6

6.0

7.1

7.9

q + 1 = Gradient
82 34
=
25 10
= 3.2
q = 2.2
(ii) When x = 10, y
x = 34

y2

y
10 = 34
34
y =

10
= 10.75

8
6
4
2
x

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10

10

30

p
y = + (q + 1)
x
x
p
x (y) = x + (q + 1)x
x
y
x = p + (q + 1)x
x = (q + 1)x + p
y

t2(7) = 14t
7t2 = 14t
7t = 14
t= 2

20

60

80

x2y = px ....................................... 
1
1 2

(x y) =
(px)
x2
x2
1
y= p
x

13. (a)

y 
x

1 4
B ,
9 3

For B,

y
x

A(1, 4)

12.

y2 = px + q
p = Gradient
61
=
7 0.5
10
=
13

(b) (i)

25
82.0

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

y = k ax 1
log10 y = log10 k + (x 1) log10 a
= log10 k + x log10 a log10 a
log10 y = (log10 a)x + log10 k log10 a

(b) (i)

15. (a)
log10 x

0.30 0.54 0.65 0.699 0.778

log10 y

0.6

1.18 1.69 1.91

2.26

log10 a = Gradient
2.1 0.8
=
5.4 1
= 0.2955
a = 1.975

lg y
2.5
2.0

log10 k log10 a = Intercept of log10 y


= 0.5
log10 k 0.2955 = 0.5
log10 k = 0.7955
k = 6.24

1.5
1.0
0.5
lg x

(b)

(ii) When x = 5.6,


log10 y = 2.15
y = 141.3
Therefore, p = 141.3

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

y = px 2
n
log10 y = log10 p + log10 x
2
n
log10 y = log10 x + log10 p
2
log10 p = Intercept of log10 y
= 0.6
p = 3.981

(iii) When x = 2.0, log10 y = 1.1


y = 12.6
17. (a)

log10 y

3.0

26.8

32.9

38.0

42.9

46.5

4.5

5.5

6.3

7.1

7.7

50
40
30

(c) Incorrect value of y is 180.


The correct value is log10 y = 2.2,
that is,
y = 158.5

l

= Gradient
2
2.2 1.0
=
0.8 0.2
=2
n=4

16. (a)

3.5

4.0

4.5

Old

20

New

10

5.0

5.6


l
2

10

1.4 1.53 1.68 1.83 1.98 log10 p

2.0

30 0
(b) Gradient =
50
=6

1.5

Therefore, T = 6
l
T 2 = 36l

log10 y

(c) (i)
1.0

T = 6l 6

(ii) When T = 6.5, l = 2.1


l = 2.12
= 4.41

0.5

x
2

11

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

18. (a)

y
log10 y
log10 y
Y

= k(x 1)n
= log10 k + n log10 (x 1)
= n log10 (x 1) + log10 k
= mX + c

c = log2 a = 2
a = 22
=4
Therefore, n = 3, a = 4.

log10 y

0.7

1.3 1.66 1.79 1.95 2.26

log10 (x 1)

0.3 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.78

2.

lg y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

(b) (i)

y
b
= ax +

x
x2
y
b x
x = ax +

x
x2
y
= ax2 + b

x
Y = mX + c
y
Y = , m = a, X = x2, c = b
x
1
Given the gradient =
2
1
a=
2
y
1 2
= x + b

x
2
y
Substitute x2 = 4, = 6 into the equation,
x
1
6 = (4) + b
2
b =4
1
Therefore, a = , b = 4
2

lg (x 1)
0.2

0.4

0.6

When y = 100, log10 100


log10 (x 1)
x1
x

0.8

=2
= 0.65
= 4.467
= 5.467

3. (a)

(ii) When x = 8, log10 7 = 0.85


log10 y = 2.4
y = 251.2

bx
y =
x + ab
1
x + ab
=
y
bx
x +
ab
=
bx
bx
1
1
1
= a +
y
x
b

1.

y = axn
log2 y = log2 (axn)
= log2 a + log2 xn
log2 y = n log2 x + log2 a
Y = mX + c
Y = log2 y, m = n, X = log2 x, c = log2 a

When x = 3, y = 1
1
1 1
1
= , =
x
3 y
1
=1
3
When x = 6, y =
2
1
1 1
1
= , =
x
3
6 y

2
2
=
3

Substitute X = 1, Y = 5 into the equation,


5 = m + c ...................
Substitute X = 3, Y = 11 into the equation,
11 = 3m + c ...............
 , 2m = 6
m=3

Substitute m = 3 into ,
5=3+c
c=2

1 1
,
3
1 2

,
6 3

n=m
=3

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12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

(b) a = Gradient
2
1
3
=
1
1

3
6
=2
1
1
1
Substitute = and = 1 into the equation,
x
y
3
1
1
1
=a +
y
x
b

(iv) When x = 5,
y
=5

x
y
=5
5
y = 25
Therefore, the height of point B is 25 m.

5. (a)

x

10

20

30

40

50

20

30

40

50

60

70

1
1
1 =2 +
b
3
1
2
=1
b
3
1
=
3
b =3
Therefore, a = 2, b = 3.
4. (a)

y
70
60
50
40

10

12

30
20

y
x

10

10
8

(b) (i)

4
2

x
2

10

12

(b) (i)
(ii)

10

20

30

40

50

x

4k2x = (y c)2
2

4k
x =yc
x
y c = 2k
x+c
y = 2k
Y = mX + C
x, C = c
Y = y, m = 2k, X = 
c = y-intercept
= 20

Wrongly recorded y = 7, actual value of


y=9

2k = Gradient
70 20
=
50 0
=1
1
k=
2
1
Therefore, c = 20, k = .
2
(ii) When y = 55,
x = 35
x = 352
= 1225

y = ax2 + bx
2
y
= ax + bx

x
x
y
= ax + b

x
y
b = -intercept
x
= 10
a = Gradient
10 0
=
0 10
= 1

(iii) When x = 500,


x = 22.4, y = 42.5

(iii) When y = 0, x = 10
Therefore, the horizontal distance of the
point C is 10 m.

13

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

6.

f2

400

196

100

64

49

100

50

25

16.7

12.5

7. (a) 2(y + 1)2 = kx + t


k
t
(y + 1)2 = x + ................... 
2
2
Y = mX + c
k
t
Y = (y + 1)2, m = , X = x, c =
2
2

(a), (c)
f2

Substitute x = 0, (y + 1)2 = 10 into ,


t
10 =
2
t = 20

400
(a)

350

Substitute x = 5, (y + 1)2 = 0, t = 20 into ,


k
20
0 = (5) +
2
2
5k
= 10
2
20
k =
5
=4

300
250
200
150
100
50
0

(b) (i)

k
t
(b) (y + 1)2 = x + becomes
2
2
4
20
(y + 1)2 = x +
2
2
y2 + 2y + 1 = 2x + 10
y2 = 2x 2y + 10 1
= 2(x y) + 9
Y = mX + c
Y = y2, m = 2, X = x y, c = 9

(c)

20

40

60

80

100

When m = 0.05 kg,


1
1 =

m 0.05
= 20
f 2 = 80
f = 9 oscillations per second

Gradient = 2
Intercept on the Y-axis = 9

(ii) When f = 15,


f 2 = 152
= 225
1 = 56

m
1
m =
56
= 0.01786 kg
= 18 g
1
(iii) f 2 =
km

1 1
=
k m

1
Gradient =
k
400 0
=
100 0
=4
1
k=
4

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14

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