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    A Battery is a nearly constant voltage source, but does have a small internal resistance, which reduces the actual voltage from the ideal emf: emf and Terminal voltage. A series connection has a single path from the battery, through each circuit element in turn, then back to the battery. Resistors in Parallel A parallel connection splits the current; The Voltage across each resistor is the same.

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    A Battery is a nearly constant voltage source, but does have a small internal resistance, which reduces the actual voltage from the ideal emf: emf and Terminal voltage. A series connection has a single path from the battery, through each circuit element in turn, then back to the battery. Resistors in Parallel A parallel connection splits the current; The Voltage across each resistor is the same.

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    34 views24 pages

    Chapter 19 DC Electrical Circuits

    Uploaded by

    jannystarss
    A Battery is a nearly constant voltage source, but does have a small internal resistance, which reduces the actual voltage from the ideal emf: emf and Terminal voltage. A series connection has a single path from the battery, through each circuit element in turn, then back to the battery. Resistors in Parallel A parallel connection splits the current; The Voltage across each resistor is the same.

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    Chapter19 DCElectricalCircuits

    TopicsinChapter19
    EMFandTerminalVoltage ResistorsinSeriesandParallel KirchhoffsRules EMFsinSeriesandParallel;ChargingaBattery CircuitswithCapacitorsinSeriesandinParallel RCCircuitsResistorandCapacitorinSeries

    EMFandTerminalVoltage
    Electriccircuitneedsbatteryorgeneratorto producecurrentthesearecalledsourcesofemf. ABatteryisanearlyconstantvoltagesource, butdoeshaveasmallinternalresistance,which reducestheactualvoltagefromtheidealemf:

    EMFandTerminalVoltage
    Thisresistancebehavesasthoughitwerein serieswiththeemf.

    ResistorsinSeriesandinParallel
    Aseriesconnectionhasasinglepathfromthe battery,througheachcircuitelementinturn, thenbacktothebattery.

    ResistorsinSeries
    Thecurrentthrougheachresistorisidentical;but thevoltageacrosseachdependsonitsresistance. Thesumofthevoltagedropsacrosstheresistors equalsthebatteryvoltage.

    =IReqequivalentresistance

    ResistorsinParallel
    Aparallelconnectionsplitsthecurrent;the voltageacrosseachresistoristhesame:

    ResistorsinParallel
    Thetotalcurrentisthesumofthecurrents flowingthrougheachresistor. TheVoltageacrosseachisthesame.

    KirchhoffsRules
    Somecircuitscannotbebrokendownintoseries andparallelconnections.Thesesituationsareabit morecomplicatedbutfollowcertainrules.

    KirchhoffsRules
    TheJunctionrule:Thesumofcurrentsenteringa junctionequalsthesumofthecurrentsleavingit.
    JunctionEqforpt.a) gives

    I3=I1+I2
    Otherpts.giveeither thesameequation,or aretrivial. Getn1differentEq fornjunctions

    KirchhoffsRules
    Looprule:Thesumof thechangesinpotential (orV)arounda closedloopiszero.
    Req=400+290=690 I=V/Req=12/690=0.0174A Vab=IR1=0.0174x400=6.96V Vbc=IR2=0.0174x290=5.04V TheLoopRulegivestheEq. VIR IR =0

    KirchhoffsRules
    ProblemSolving:UseofKirchhoffsRules 2. Labeleachcurrent(youcanguessdirections). 3. Identifyunknowns. 4. Applyjunctionandlooprules;youneedas manyindependentequationsasthereare unknowns. 5. Solvetheequations,beingcarefulwithsigns. 6. Ifthesolutiongivesacurrentasminus,this simplymeansyourdirectionguesswaswrong.

    EMFsinSeries
    EMFsinseriesinthesamedirection:thetotal voltageisthesumoftheseparatevoltages

    EMFsinSeries:ChargingaBattery
    EMFsinseries,oppositedirection:totalvoltageis thedifference,butthelowervoltagebatterygets chargedascurrentflows.

    EMFsinParallel
    ConnectingEMFsinparallelissensibleonlyifthe voltagesarethesame;thisarrangementcanoften producemorecurrentthanasingleemf.

    CircuitsContainingCapacitors: CapacitorsinParallel
    Capacitorsinparallelwill havethesamevoltage acrosseachone: Totalchargeadds,and

    CapacitorsinSeries
    Capacitorsinserieseachhavethesamechargeon eachcapacitor.Voltagesadd:Vab=V1+V2+V3

    CapacitorsinSeries
    Inthiscase,thereciprocalsofthecapacitances addtogivethereciprocaloftheequivalent capacitance:

    RCCircuits: ResistorandCapacitorinSeries
    Whentheswitchisclosed,thecapacitorwillbegin tocharge.WhenfullychargedQo=C

    and = 0 .

    RCCircuits: ResistorandCapacitorinSeries
    Thevoltageacrossthecapacitorincreaseswithtime asanexponentialapproachtotheappliedemf.

    ChargefollowsasimilarcurvesinceQ=CV

    Thesecurveshavea characteristictimeconstant

    RCCircuitsDischargeofaCapacitor
    Ifanisolatedchargedcapacitorisconnectedacross aresistor,itdischargeswiththesametimeconstant. e 1~3/8isagood
    approximationto get quickly

    SummaryofChapter19
    Asourceofemftransformsenergyfromsome otherformtoelectricalenergy Abatteryisasourceofemfinserieswithan internalresistance Forresistors inSeries orinparallel

    SummaryofChapter19
    OhmsLawcanbeappliedtosimpleresistance networksusingReq.Formorecomplicatedcircuits itisnecessarytoapplyamorecomplicatedsetof rulestotheanalysisofcurrentflow. Kirchhoffsrules: 1. sumofcurrentsenteringajunctionequals sumofcurrentsleavingit 2. totalpotentialdifferencearoundclosed loopiszero

    SummaryofChapter19
    Capacitorsinparallel:

    Capacitorsinseries:

    RCcircuithasacharacteristictimeconstant:

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