TRANSPORT

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN
BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM

 To protect body against pathogens (disease-

causing MO) that may enter.
 Transmission of pathogens:
 Air
 Contaminated food
 Animal vectors
 Contact

patho: disease
gens: agents
LINES OF NATURAL DEFENCE

First Line

Second Line

Third Line
 FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE

 Prevention of pathogens entering the body by

mean of physical and chemical barriers.
 Skin
 Sweat
 Sebum
 Tears and saliva
 Mucous membranes
Skin
 A physical barrier
 It has dead keratinised
layer that is hard to
penetrate
 Continual shedding of
dead skin cells prohibit
growth of pathogens
 If there is a cut, the
blood clots quickly to
seal the wound
 To prevent blood loss
and entry of pathogens
Sweat and Sebum
 Produced by skin as
chemical barrier
 Protective film over skin
 Acidic sebum secreted
by sebaceous glands
contain lysozymes,
which destroy cell walls
of certain bacteria
Tears and Saliva
 Tears and saliva
contain lysozymes,
which destroy bacteria
(protect eyes and
mouth)
Mucous Membranes
 Lines trachea, respiratory passageways, digestive
and urogenital tracts.
Mucous Membranes:
Methods of Defense
 Mucus secreted in the nasal cavity and
trachea
 traps dust particles and microbial spores
 contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria
 The cilia in the respiratory tract sweep the
trapped particles to the pharynx.
 The hydrochloric acid in gastric juice can kill
many microorganisms
 SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE

 The non-specific killing action by

phagocytic WBC (e.g. neutrophil-blood, macrophages-IF;
some dissolved e.g. venom and toxin).
 They are attracted by chemicals produced at
the sites of infection, engulf and ingest MO or
other particles (like debris) by phagocytosis.
 Some phagocytes may also be destroyed by
toxins of pathogens.
 THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE

 Immune System
 System triggered in response to the presence
of foreign substance (antigen = proteins /
polysaccharides usually found on cell membrane
of MO or foreign tissues) in our body.
 Specific / targeted response
 Immunity
 The state which the body is resistant to
infections by pathogens
Lymphocyte

Lymphocytes
 B Lymphocytes –
produce antibody
 T Lymphocytes –
attack infected cells
or secrete certain
chemicals to
coordinate immune
response
Antibody

 Protein produced by lymphocytes in response

to the entry of an antigen into the body.
 Each type of antibody is specific to a
particular antigen.
 They help to destroy pathogens in different
ways.
Types of Antibody
Action
 Neutralisation – neutralizes toxins
 Agglutination – binds to surface of antigens and
cause clumping of bacteria cells
 Precipitation – precipitates soluble antigens to
form immobile precipitates
 Opsonisation – binds to surface of antigens to
stimulate phagocytosis by macrophages
 Lysis – binds to surface of antigens to form pores
on cell membrane, which leads to cell rupture
Memory Lymphocyte

 After recovery, some lymphocytes remain for

a period of time.
 Memory lymphocytes
 Defend against future infection.
 Infection by the same type of antigen
 Therefore, we are immune against particular
diseases.
 Immunity – ability of organism to resist infection
by pathogens or their toxin effects.
Types of Immunity

 Naturally Acquired
 Active
 Passive
 Artificially acquired
 Active
 Passive
Homework…

 Find the graphical representation of each

type of immunity.
 Draw the line graph(s) in a piece of A4 paper
 Make sure there are:
 Title
1 2
 Axis labels and units
 Graph labels
3 4
Your A4 paper must be divided
into 4 equal parts for this
assignment
HIV and AIDS
HIV Replication
Effects
Symptoms
“Some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints,
stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or a skin rash for one or two
weeks. Most people think it's the flu. Some people have no
symptoms” (AIDS.ORG 2003). In the later stages of HIV symptoms
may include:
Persistent, unexplained fatigue

Soaking night sweats

Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for several weeks

Swelling of lymph nodes for more than three months

Chronic diarrhoea

Persistent headaches
Transmission
How can you avoid infection?

 The only 100% safe way to avoid HIV

infection are through abstinence and never
sharing needles.
 If you decide to be sexually active, you
should use a condom.
 For medical procedures, you can donate your
own blood in advanced.
World AIDS Day 1st Dec
CV disorders (eg.)
 Anemia (ah-NEE-me-yah): Diseased condition in which there is a
deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
 Arteriosclerosis (ar-tir-ee-o-skle-ROW-sis): Diseased condition in
which the walls of arteries become thickened and hard, interfering with
the circulation of blood.
 Atherosclerosis (ath-a-row-skle-ROW-sis): Diseased condition in
which fatty material accumulates on the interior walls of arteries, making
them narrower.
 Hemophilia (hee-muh-FILL-ee-ah): Inherited blood disease in which
the blood lacks one or more of the clotting factors, making it difficult to
stop bleeding.
 Hypertension (hi-per-TEN-shun): High blood pressure.
 Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah): Type of cancer that affects the blood-
forming tissues and organs, causing them to flood the bloodstream and
lymphatic system with immature and abnormal white blood cells.
 Sickle cell anemia (SICK-el cell ah-NEE-me-yah): Inherited blood
disorder in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped instead of round
because of defective hemoglobin molecules.
Appreciating a healthy CV
system
 Stick to a nutritious, well-balanced diet.
 Control your blood pressure.
 Control blood cholesterol.
 Prevent and manage diabetes.
 Quit smoking.
 Minimize stress.
An electron micrograph scan of a human aortic valve. The aorta is the main artery of the systemic circulation. (Photograph
by P. Motta. Reproduced by permission of Photo Researchers, Inc.)