Geostruk 1 Stress Strain

Stress ()
Stress () = F/A dimana A=luas permukaan

Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-1 BS/03/02
Unit stress yang umum adalah pascal (KPa, MPa, GPa), bar atau dalam skala luas seperti psi (pound per square inch) dan kg/cm2 Stress untuk batuan didalam bumi: = gh (lithostatic stress) Stress pada suatu titik dapat dibagi menjadi normal (n) dan shear (s) stress komponen Stress dapat bersifat compressive (+) dan tensile (-) Shear stress dalam system kopel akan positive bila searah jarum jam dan negative bila berlawanan arah jarum jam Stress 2D disuatu titik digambarkan sebagai stress ellipse Stress 3D disuatu titik digambarkan sebagai stress ellipsoid Principles stress : 1> 2> 3 Koordinat sumbu utama stress (x1,x2,x3) adalah sejajar dengan stress utama
Stress-2 BS/03/02
Stress
Strain
STRESS vs. STRAIN
Stress-3 BS/03/02
Stress-4 BS/03/02
Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock Deformation Rheology of The Rocks Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus Measuring Shortening Measuring Strain Rate Strength and Ductility
Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology
Stress-5 BS/03/02
Stress-6 BS/03/02
TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Study of rock Deformation as Response to Forces and Stresses Involving Motion of Rigid Body Deformation = Translation + Rotation + Dilation + Distortion FACTOR CONTROLING DEFORMATION
SCALE FACTOR RHEOLOGY TIME FACTOR
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS KINEMATIC ANALYSIS DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Stress-7 BS/03/02
Stress-8 BS/03/02
TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

NEW CONCEPTS IN TECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY LINKED FAULT AND FOLD SYSTEMS 1. Geometric 2. Kinematic 3. Dynamic PROGRESSIVE DEFORMATION
SCALE INDEPENDENCE IN BRITTLE DEFORMATION STRUCTURAL INHERITANCE
Stress-9 BS/03/02
Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Twiss and Moores, 1992 Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-10 BS/03/02
SCALE FACTOR
Km-Scale Fold
Geologic Cross-Section and Seismic Section
5 Km
Plates Aerial Photograph
m-Scale Fold
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY DATA FOLLOW FRACTAL RELATIONSHIP

10Km
Stress-11 BS/03/02
Stress-12 BS/03/02
Deformation of rock in various scale
EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURE
Force history Movement history
Single Particle Particles
(Modified from Means, 1976) Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-13 BS/03/02
Stress-14 BS/03/02
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
THREE TYPES OF STRUCTURES
RHEOLOGY
BRITTLE DUCTILE
CONTACTS
PRIMARY STRUCTURES
SECONDARY STRUCTURES
Stress-15 BS/03/02
Stress-16 BS/03/02
BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES AND VECTORS Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter Newton II law of motion : F=Ma Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes
(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction (b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces
Force Equilibrium
(A) Balance (B) Torque (C) Static Equilibrium (D) Dynamic Equilibrium
Two Types of Force Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force) Contact Forces (i.e. loading)
Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990) Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-17 BS/03/02
(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Stress-18 BS/03/02
STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:
= F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N), Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)
V R
V W
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
Stress-19 BS/03/02
Stress-20 BS/03/02
Normal stress (N)
Sh ear S
tre ss (
s)
(+) Compressive
(-) Tensile
Shear stress (S)
(+)
(-)
Stress ()
Stress at a point in 2D Types of stress
No rm al S tre ss (
STRESS
STRESS on PLANE
n)
Coordinate System
Stress-21 BS/03/02
Stress-22 BS/03/02
Stress Ellipsoid
The State of Two-Dimensional Stress at Point
1 x
A. Stress elipse 3 1 X3
X1
a) Triaxial stress b) Principal planes of the ellipsoid
Principal Stress:
1 > 3
B. Principal stress components (top) zz (top) zx (lft) xx (lft) x (bot) z (lft) xz

dz dx
Principal coordinate axes and planes
(top) z (rt) x (rt) xz (bot) zx (rt) xx

Z
x, z = Surface Stress
X
(bot) zz
Arbitrary coordinate axes and planes
(Modified from Means, 1976)

Stress-23 BS/03/02
C. General stress components
(Twiss and Moores, 1992) Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-24 BS/03/02
The State of 3-Dimensional Stress at Point

A. Stress elipsoid z
1 3
x3
Principal Stress: 1 > 2 > 3

Stress Tensor Notation
x1
Principal coordinate planes z
y
x2
y x Arbitrary coordinate planes z
11 12 13 = 21 22 23 31 32 33
x B. Principal stress components z

zz zy xy xx zx yx yz yy
12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32 Geologic Sign Convention of Stress Tensor

(Twiss and Moores, 1992) (Twiss and Moores, 1992)
Stress-26 BS/03/02
xz
y x x C. General stress components
Stress-25 BS/03/02
Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram
x n 1 s(p) n(p) s
(p) (p) ((p) n , s )
Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram B. Mohr Diagram
s
A. Mohr Diagram
s
n n'
2 (p) n 1 n
x1
x3
1 3 sin 2 2
p' p x3
(p') ((p') n , s )
r 3 n
2 2
(p) ((p) ) n , s
Plane P 1 +3 2 1 3 2 1 3
2
cos 2
Stress-27 BS/03/02 Stress-28 BS/03/02
Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram
x1 x
( + 90 )
Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress A. Physical Diagram
s
B. Mohr Diagram
s
B. Mohr Diagram
x1 s
xx xz 1 3
z z zx
z
2 ( + 90) 2
(xx' xz)
2
x1
= +45
x3
2xz
Planes of maximum shear stress
' = +45
max
1 s 3 x3
1 s 3
Counter clockwise
x3
2 = +90 2' = 90
(zz' zx)
( xx z z )
(xx + zz ) 2
Counterclockwise shear stress
Clockwise shear stress
max
Clockwise
(Twiss and Moores, 1992) Program Studi Teknik Geologi Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian Institut Teknologi Bandung
Stress-29 BS/03/02
Stress-30 BS/03/02
Mohr Diagram 3-D

Geometry of a three-dimensional Stress on a Mohr diagram
Mohr Diagram 3-D

Maximum Shear Stress

Stress-32 BS/03/02
Stress-31 BS/03/02
FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS
Principal Stress: 1 > 2 > 3

All stress axes are mutually perpendicular Shear stress are zero in the direction of principal stress
N =
1 + 3 - 1 3 cos 2 2 2
s = Stress Ellipsoid
1 3 Sin 2 2
Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress Mean stress is hydrostatic component which tends to produce dilation Deviatoric stress is non hydrostatic which tends to produce distortion Differential stress, if greater is potential for distortion
Stress-33 BS/03/02
Stress-34 BS/03/02
Image of Stress
s s s
s
Image of Stress
s
Deviatoric
n
Applied
1 = 2 = 3 p
p 0 0 p 0
2 = 3
1 = 2
3 n
0 0 p
a 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 -a
a 0
0 0 0
0 0 -a
A. Hydros tatic stress
B. Uniaxial compression
C. Uniaxial tension
G. Pure shear stress
H. Deviatoric stress (two-dimensional)
1 n
0
3 n
s
Effective Applied
2 3
1
a 0 0 0 b 0
n
0 0 b
1 2
a 0 0 0 a 0
n
0 0 b
1 3
2 1
a 0 0
0 b 0
0
D
pf
0 c
= 1 3 J. Effective stress
1 0
D. Axial or confined compression
E. Axial extension or extensional stress
F. Triaxial stress
I. Differential stress (Three examples)

Stress-35 BS/03/02
0 1 p f 0 0 0 0 2 p f 0 E 2 0 = 0 0 E 3 0 0 3 p f
Stress-36 BS/03/02
STRESS
Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials affected (i.e. gravitational force). Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the distortion they produce. Stress is defined as force per unit area. Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component depending they direction relative to the plane. Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and homogenous Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes. Principal stress 1>2>3 The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has nothing directly to do with distortions. Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
Stress-37 BS/03/02
Stress-38 BS/03/02

Geostruk 1 Stress Strain

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Geostruk 1 Stress Strain

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Stress ()

Stress () = F/A dimana A=luas permukaan

STRESS vs. STRAIN

Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology

TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS KINEMATIC ANALYSIS DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

TECTONICS AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

SCALE INDEPENDENCE IN BRITTLE DEFORMATION STRUCTURAL INHERITANCE

Geologic Cross-Section and Seismic Section

Plates Aerial Photograph

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY DATA FOLLOW FRACTAL RELATIONSHIP

Deformation of rock in various scale

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Normal stress (N)

Shear stress (S)

Stress at a point in 2D Types of stress

The State of Two-Dimensional Stress at Point

a) Triaxial stress b) Principal planes of the ellipsoid

B. Principal stress components (top) zz (top) zx (lft) xx (lft) x (bot) z (lft) xz

Principal coordinate axes and planes

(top) z (rt) x (rt) xz (bot) zx (rt) xx

Arbitrary coordinate axes and planes

(Modified from Means, 1976)

C. General stress components

The State of 3-Dimensional Stress at Point

Principal Stress: 1 > 2 > 3

Principal coordinate planes z

y x Arbitrary coordinate planes z

x B. Principal stress components z

12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32 Geologic Sign Convention of Stress Tensor

y x x C. General stress components

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Mohr Diagram 2-D

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress

Counterclockwise shear stress

Clockwise shear stress

Mohr Diagram 3-D

Mohr Diagram 3-D

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress: 1 > 2 > 3

A. Hydros tatic stress

G. Pure shear stress

H. Deviatoric stress (two-dimensional)

D. Axial or confined compression

E. Axial extension or extensional stress

I. Differential stress (Three examples)

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