The golden proportion Da Vinci

for distinction HKCEE Maths Code

HKCEE Intensive Notes Series

Points of concurrence in triangle
會考精讀筆記系列
三角形的共點
形心 重心 的平面幾何)
Plane Geometry of Centroid ( ( ) Coordinate Geometry of Centroid ( 形心的座標幾何)
三角形中三條中線的相交點
- Intersection of 3 Medians of a Triangle
( ) y
Centriod 形心 G
B(4, 6)
B
AG : GL = 2 : 1
BG : GM = 2 : 1 L
CG : GN = 2 : 1
L
中點:
N
N G(x, y)
Mid-points G k
M, N, L

中線 2k C(5, 3)
Medians : M
A C
BM, CN, AL M A(1, 2)

O x
形心常在任何三角形內
1. The centroid always lies inside the triangle

設
Let A = (1, 2), B = (4, 6), C = (5, 3), G = (x, y)
的中點
2. Each median divides the triangle into two smaller
Mid-point of AC (AC )M
每條中線把三角形分為兩個面積相等的小三角形
triangles of equal area. (Q same height)
1+ 5 2 + 3 5
(Q 等高)
=( , ) = (3, )
2 2 2

中線 的方程
3. The centroid is exactly two-third the way along each

形心位於每條中線之三份之二的位置
median. Equation of BM (median) / BM ( ) :

y−6
2+3
− 6 Two-point form 兩點式
= 2 => 2y – 7x + 2 = 0
學習要點: x − 4 1+ 5
2
−4

1. 其餘兩個中點(L 及 N)及兩條中線(AL 及 CN)的求 因 使用截點公式

Since BG : GM = 2 : 1, applying the section formula:

法也是相類似 BG : GM = 2 : 1, :
1+ 5
的 座標
2( ) + 1(4)
2. 盡量學習中線及形心的計算過程, 不要強記公式 x-coordinate of G (G x )= 2
2 +1
3. 簡化後由此可知道形心的坐標公式為:
2+3
的 座標
2( ) + 1(6)
y-coordinate of G (G y )= 2
x1 + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
G=( , ) 2 +1

其中 為三角形三個頂點座標
3 3 10 11
(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) G=( , )
3 3

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 The golden proportion Da Vinci
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內心的平面幾何)
Plane Geometry of Incentre ( Coordinate Geometry of Incentre ( 內心的座標幾何)
三角形中三條角平分線的相交點 特別情形 直角三角形
- Intersection of 3 Angle Bisectors of a Triangle Special case 1: Right-angled triangle
( ) 1:
內接圓的圓心
- Centre of Inscribed Circle ( ) 假設
Let A = (1, 2) y B(1, 5)
B B = (1, 5) & C = (5, 2)

內接圓半徑
Inradius r I = (x, y)
內接圓心
Incentre R
P, Q, R be the points
R where the incircle touches r
Q Q I
分別為內接圓
L AC, AB & BC respectively
內接圓
Incircle
角平分線
∠ bisectors N I r P, Q, R
:
AL, BM, CN
接觸 的點
AC, AB & BC A(1, 2) P C(5, 2)
AB = 3 & AC = 4
O x
A P M C => BC = 32 + 4 2 = 5
BR = BQ = BA – QA = 3 – r,
內接圓為三角形內最大的圓形
1. Incircle is the largest circle that can fit inside the
triangle. CR = CP = CA – AP = 4 – r
=> BC = (3 – r) + (4 – r) = 7 – 2r = 5
內心常在任何三角形內
2. The incentre always lies inside the triangle.
=> r = 1
3. IP = IQ = IR = Inradius 內接圓半徑 = r
從 的平移變換
∴ I = (1+1, 2+1) = (2, 3)

4. IP ⊥ AC, IQ ⊥ AB, IR ⊥ BC and 及

(Translation from A / A )

AP = AQ, BQ = BR, CP = CR
(property of tangent 切線性質) 特別情形 2: 等腰三角形
Special case 2: Isosceles triangle
B(1, 7)
Let 假設 A = (1, 1)
y

特別情形 直角三角形
Special case 1: Right-angled triangle
1: B = (1, 7) & C = (5, 4)
B 3–r I = (x, y) R
r I
Let 假設
P, Q, R be the points Q C(5, 4)
3–r R r
4–r where the incircle touches
AB = 3 & AC = 4 3 r P
分別為內接圓
AC, AB & BC respectively
=> BR = BQ = 3 – r Q I P, Q, R
=> CR = CP = 4 – r
=> BC = (3 – r) + (4 – r) 接觸 的點
AC, AB & BC
A(1, 1)
A P 4–r C
考慮
Consider ∆ CQA & ∆ CPI
Note 注意:AB + AC = BC
2 2 2
4
∆ CQA & ∆ CPI
QA = 3, QC = 4
O x

Q r I 4–r
AC = 32 + 4 2 = 5 & IC = 4 – r
特別情形 等腰三角形
Special case 2: Isosceles triangle r C
B r 4−r
2: = (corr. sides, ~ ∆ s)
Q R P
相似 的對應邊
Incentre lies on BP 3 5 3
I
( ∆ ) 5
內心在 上
(i.e. ⊥ bisector of AC) r
BP r = 1.5
即是 的垂直平分線
r

從 的平移變換
( AC ) A C I = (1+1.5, 1+3) = (2.5, 4) A
P (Translation from A/ A )
Let 假設 CP = 4, BP = 3, BC = 5
注意 為 的中點
B Note: Q is the mid-point of AB
=> BI = 3 – r : Q AB
=> ∆ BPC~ ∆ BRI (AAA) 3–r r R 5
r 3 − r The copyright is reserved I
=> = (corr. sides, ~ ∆ s) 因任意三角形求內心座標的方法複雜，並非考試出題
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相似 的對應邊
4 5 by Vinci only. r
方向，所以本筆記只討論直角及等腰三角形求內心的
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( ∆ ) P 4 C
方法。
 The golden proportion Da Vinci
for distinction HKCEE Maths Code

Plane Geometry of Orthocentre ( 垂心的平面幾何) Coordinate Geometry of Orthocentre ( 垂心的座標幾何)

三角形中三條高的相交點
- Intersection of 3 Altitudes of a Triangle B(4, 6)
( )
y
L
銳角三角形 垂心在三角形內
Acute triangle: Orthocentre lies inside the triangle.
:
B
N K(x, y)
Orthocentre 垂心 O
L C(5, 3)
N

Altitudes 高 O
A(1, 2)
M

AL, BM, CN
O x

設 為 垂心的座標
Let K(x, y) be the orthocentre of ∆ ABC
A M C K(x, y) ∆ ABC
Right-angled triangle: Orthocentre lies on the vertex of mAB = 6 − 2 = 4 => mCN = − 3 (Q mCN x mAB = –1)
的方程為
4 −1 3 4
直角三角形 垂心在直角的頂點上
the right angle
: Equation of CN / CN :
y −3 3
= − => 4y + 3x – 27 = 0 …(1)
x−5 4
6−3 1
mBC = = −3 => mAL =
的方程為
4−5 3
Equation of AL / AL ::
y−2 1
= => 3y – x – 5 = 0 …(2)
x −1 3
解 61 42
鈍角三角形 垂心在三角形外
Obtuse triangle: Orthocentre lies outside the triangle Solving (1) & (2), x = (= 4.69), y = (= 3.23)
: 13 13

解題思路
1. 考慮三角形其中一條邊的斜率(m ) AB

2. 考慮該條邊對應的高的斜率(m x m = –1 ) CN AB

3. 利用點斜式, 求出該條高的方程(CN 的方程)

4. 用以上同樣方法, 找出另一條高的方程(AL 的方程)

5. 解聯立方程, 求出兩條高之交點, 即是垂心的座標

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 The golden proportion Da Vinci
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Plane Geometry of Circumcentre ( 外心的平面幾何 ) Coordinate Geometry of Circumcentre( 外心的座標幾何)

- Intersection of 3 Perpendicular Bisectors of the 3 sides y

三角形中三邊垂直平分線的相交點
of a Triangle B(4, 6)
( )
外接圓的圓心
Centre of Circumscribed Circle ( )
L

銳角三角形 外心在三角形內
Acute triangle: circumcentre lies inside the triangle
: N

Circumcentre 外心 O
P(x, y)
C(5, 3)

Mid-points 中點 B
A(1, 2)
M
L, M, N
O x
⊥ bisectors
設 為 外心的座標
N L Let P(x, y) be the circumcentre of ∆ ABC
LO, MO, NO P(x, y) ∆ ABC
O R
mAB = 6 − 2 = 4 => mPN = − 3
外切圓
Circumcircle 4 −1 3 4
A M C
Mid-point of AB/ AB 的中點 = N =(
1+ 4 2 + 6
,
5
) = ( , 4)
的方程為
2 2 2
外切圓半徑
Circumradius Equation of PN / PN :
y−4 3
= − => 32y + 6x – 143 = 0 …(1)
5 4
解題思路與求垂
Right-angled triangle: circumcentre lies at the mid-point x−
2
直角三角形 外心在斜邊的中點上
of hypotenuse
: mAC = 3 − 2 = 1 => mPM = –4 心方法相似 不 ,
5 −1 4
的中點 同的是考慮 AB
Mid-point of AC / AC =M 的中點去求出
=(
1+ 5 2 + 3
,
5
) = (3, ) PN 的方程
的方程為
2 2 2
Equation of PM / PM :
5
y−
2 = −4 => 2y + 8x – 29 = 0 …(2)
鈍角三角形: 外心在三角形外
Obtuse triangle: circumcentre lies outside the triangle
解
x−3
Solving (1) & (2), x = 2.63, y = 3.98

附加重點
Extra point :

外切圓半徑可由正弦公式計算
The circumradius can be calculated by the Sine Law:
:
AB AC BC
= = = 2R
sin ∠ACB sin ∠ABC sin ∠BAC

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 The golden proportion Da Vinci
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In any arbitrary triangle, centroid, orthocentre and In any isosceles triangle, centriod, orthocentre,
circumcentre are collinear (it is called the Euler incentre and circumcentre lie on the perpendicular

在任意三角形內 形心 垂心及外心位於同一直線上 在任何等腰三角形內 形心 垂心 內心及外心均位於

line). bisector of the base.
, , , , ,
該直線稱為歐拉線
( ) 底邊的垂直平分線上
直角三角形的例子
An example in the case of right-angled triangle:
:

Centroid 形心:
y
1+1+ 5 5 + 2 + 2 B(1, 5)
G =( , )
3 3
7
G = ( , 3)
3

Circumcentre 外心 : Note 注意 :

的中點
= Mid-point of BC The incentre will be collinear (in the case of isosceles
(BC ) A(1, 2) C(5, 2) triangle) and coincide (equilateral triangle) with
1+ 5 5+ 2 centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre.
P=( , ) O x
2 2
內心分別在等腰三角形及等邊三角形的情況下會與形
7
P = (3, )
2
心, 垂心及外心位同一直線及同一點上
Orthocentre 垂心 點
= Point A = (1, 2) In any equilateral triangle, centroid, orthocenter,
7 7
在等邊三角內 形心 垂心 內心及外心均位於同一點
3− −2 incentre and circumcentre lie at the same place.
2 3 2 3 , , ,
mGP =
7
−3
= , mPA =
4 3−1 4
= = mGP
上
位於同一直線上
3
=> G, P, A are collinear / G, P, A

Note 注意 :
Incentre內心 I = (2, 3)
mIA = 3 − 2 = 1 ≠ 3
2 −1 4

並不是與 位於同一直線上
=> I is not collinear with G, P, A
I G, P, A

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 The golden proportion Da Vinci
for distinction HKCEE Maths Code

不同種類三角形的共點位置之總結
Conclusion of positions of point of triangle in different types of triangle

共點 三角形的類型 共點的位置
Point of triangle Type of triangle Location of point of triangle

形心 任何三角形 常在三角形內
Centroid Any type of triangle Always inside triangle

內心 任何三角形 常在三角形內
Incentre Any type of triangle Always inside triangle

垂心 銳角三角形 在三角形內
Orthocentre Acute triangle Inside triangle

直角三角形 在直角的頂點上
Right-angled triangle At vertex of right angle

鈍角三角形 在三角形外
Obtuse triangle Outside triangle

外心 銳角三角形 在三角形內
Circumcentre Acute triangle Inside triangle

直角三角形 在斜邊的中點上
Right-angled triangle Mid-point of hypotenuse

鈍角三角形 在三角形外
Obtuse triangle Outside triangle

Appendix 附錄
Coordinate geometry of points of arbitrary triangle 任意三角形共點的座標:
y
A(x1, y1)

c
b
O x

B(x2, y2)
C(x3, y3) a
Point 共點 Coordinates 座標
形心
Centroid x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
( 1 , )
3 3

內心
Incentre ax + bx 2 + cx3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3
( 1 , )
a+b+c a+b+c

垂心
Orthocentre ax sec A + bx2 sec B + cx3 sec C ay1 sec A + by 2 sec B + cy3 sec C
( 1 , )
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C a sec A + b sec B + c sec C

外心
Circumcentre ax cos A + bx 2 cos B + cx3 cos C ay1 cos A + by 2 cos B + cy 3 cos C
( 1 , )
a cos A + b cos B + c cos C a cos A + b cos B + c cos C

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