Balance the following chemical reactions: Hint a. CO + O2 b. KNO3 c.

O3 O2 N2O + H2O CO2 + H2O + N2 Hint Cr(ClO4)3 + H2O CO2 KNO2 + O2

d. NH4NO3

e. CH3NH2 + O2 f. Cr(OH)3 + HClO4

Write the balanced chemical equations of each reaction: a. Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and acetylene gas (C2H2). b. When potassium chlorate (KClO3) is heated, it decomposes to form KCl and oxygen gas (O2). c. C6H6 combusts in air. Hint d. C5H12O combusts in air. Given the following reaction: Na2S2O3 + AgBr NaBr + Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]

a. How many moles of Na2S2O3 are needed to react completely with 42.7 g of AgBr? b. What is the mass of NaBr that will be produced from 42.7 g of AgBr? Hint From the reaction: B2H6 + O2 HBO2 + H2O

a. What mass of O2 will be needed to burn 36.1 g of B2H6? b. How many moles of water are produced from 19.2 g of B2H6? Calculate the mass (in kg) of water produced from the combustion of 1.0 gallon (3.8 L) of

gasoline (C8H18). The density of gasoline is 0.79 g/mL. One mole of aspartame (C14H18N2O5) reacts with two moles of water to produce one mole of aspartic acid (C4H7NO4), one mole of methanol (CH3OH) and one mole of phenylalanine. a. What is the molecular formula of phenylalanine? Hint b. What mass of phenylalanine is produced from 378 g of aspartame? KO2 is used in a closed-system breathing apparatus. It removes carbon dioxide and water from exhaled air. The reaction for the removal of water is: KO2 + H2O O2 + KOH. The KOH produced is used to remove carbon dioxide by the following reaction: KOH + CO2 KHCO3. a. What mass of KO2 produces 235 g of O2? b. What mass of CO2 can be removed by 123 g of KO2? Hint

Balance the following chemical reactions: a. 2 CO + O2 b. 2 KNO3 c. 2 O3 2 CO2 2 KNO2 + O2

3 O2 N2O + 2 H2O 4 CO2 + 10 H2O + 2 N2 Cr(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O

d. NH4NO3

e. 4 CH3NH2 + 9 O2 f. Cr(OH)3 + 3 HClO4

Write the balanced chemical equations of each reaction: a. Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and acetylene gas (C2H2). CaC2 + 2 H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

b. When potassium chlorate (KClO3) is heated, it decomposes to form KCl and oxygen gas (O2).

2 KClO3

2 KCl + 3 O2

c. C6H6 combusts in air. 2 C6H6 + 15 O2 12 CO2 + 6 H2O

d. C5H12O combusts in air. 2 C5H12O + 15 O2 10 CO2 + 12 H2O NaBr + Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]

Given the following reaction: Na2S2O3 + AgBr

a. How many moles of Na2S2O3 are needed to react completely with 42.7 g of AgBr? 0.455 mol Na2S2O3 b. What is the mass of NaBr that will be produced from 42.7 g of AgBr? 23.4 g NaBr

From the reaction: B2H6 + O2

HBO2 + H2O

a. What mass of O2 will be needed to burn 36.1 g of B2H6? 125 g O2 b. How many moles of water are produced from 19.2 g of B2H6? 1.39 mol H2O Calculate the mass (in kg) of water produced from the combustion of 1.0 gallon (3.8 L) of gasoline (C8H18). The density of gasoline is 0.79 g/mL. 4.3 kg H2O One mole of aspartame (C14H18N2O5) reacts with two moles of water to produce one mole of aspartic acid (C4H7NO4), one mole of methanol (CH3OH) and one mole of phenylalanine. a. What is the molecular formula of phenylalanine? C9H11NO2 b. What mass of phenylalanine is produced from 378 g of aspartame? 212 g phenylalanine KO2 is used in a closed-system breathing apparatus. It removes carbon dioxide and water from exhaled air. The reaction for the removal of water is: KO2 + H2O O2 + KOH. The KOH produced is used to remove carbon dioxide by the following reaction: KOH + CO2 KHCO3.

a. What mass of KO2 produces 235 g of O2? 696 g KO2 b. What mass of CO2 can be removed by 123 g of KO2? 76.1 g CO2

How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in the following atoms: a. 40Ca b. 119Sn c. 244Pu What are the mass numbers for the following atoms: a. beryllium with 5 neutrons b. titanium with 26 neutrons c. gallium with 39 neutrons Give the atomic symbol for each of the following elements using the format a. sodium with 12 neutrons b. argon with 21 neutrons c. lead with 126 neutrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons are contained in a neutral ruthenium-101 atom? Fill in the blanks in the following table (each column in the table represents a different element). Assume each atom is uncharged. Symbol Number of protons Number of neutrons 8 9 31 .

25 Number of electrons How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in the following atoms: a. 40Ca 20 e-, 20 protons, 20 neutrons b. 119Sn 50 e-, 50 protons, 69 neutrons c. 244Pu 94 e-, 94 protons, 150 neutrons What are the mass numbers for the following atoms: a. beryllium with 5 neutrons 9 b. titanium with 26 neutrons 48

c. gallium with 39 neutrons 70 Give the atomic symbol for each of the following elements using the format a. sodium with 12 neutrons b. argon with 21 neutrons c. lead with 126 neutrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons are contained in a neutral ruthenium-101 atom? 44 protons, 57 neutrons, 44 electrons Fill in the blanks in the following table (each column in the table represents a different element). Assume each atom is uncharged. Symbol Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons .

21 24 21

16 17 16

8 9 8

25 31 25

Take the reaction: NH3 + O2 3.50 g of O2. Hint

NO + H2O. In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with

a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent? b. How many grams of NO are formed? c. How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction? If 4.95 g of ethylene (C2H4) are combusted with 3.25 g of oxygen. Hint a. What is the limiting reagent? b. How many grams of CO2 are formed? Consider the reaction of C6H6 + Br2 C6H5Br + HBr

a. What is the theoretical yield of C6H5Br if 42.1 g of C6H6 react with 73.0 g of Br2? b. If the actual yield of C6H5Br is 63.6 g, what is the percent yield? Use the following reaction: C4H9OH + NaBr + H2SO4 C4H9Br + NaHSO4 + H2O If 15.0 g of C4H9OH react with 22.4 g of NaBr and 32.7 g of H2SO4 to yield 17.1 g of C4H9Br, what is the percent yield of this reaction? Hint Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is made by a combining Si and nitrogen gas (N2) at a high temperature. How much (in g) Si is needed to react with an excess of nitrogen gas to prepare 125 g of silicon nitride if the percent yield of the reaction is 95.0%? Hint Souring of wine occurs when ethanol is converted to acetic acid by oxygen by the following reaction: C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O. A 1.00 L bottle of wine, labeled as 8.5% ethanol, is found to have a defective seal. Analysis of 1.00 mL showed that there were 0.0274 grams of acetic acid in that 1.00 mL. The density of ethanol is 0.816 g/mL and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. a. What mass of oxygen must have leaked into the bottle? Hint b. What is the percent yield for the conversion of ethanol to acetic acid if O2 is in excess? Hint A reaction container holds 5.77 g of P4 and 5.77 g of O2.The following reaction occurs: P4 + O2 P4O6. If enough oxygen is available then the P4O6 reacts further: P4O6 + O2 P4O10. Hint a. What is the limiting reagent for the formation of P4O10? b. What mass of P4O10 is produced? c. What mass of excess reactant is left in the reaction container?

Take the reaction: NH3 + O2 3.50 g of O2.

NO + H2O. In an experiment, 3.25 g of NH3 are allowed to react with

a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent? O2 b. How many grams of NO are formed? 2.63 g NO c. How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction? 1.76 g NH3 left If 4.95 g of ethylene (C2H4) are combusted with 3.25 g of oxygen. a. What is the limiting reagent? O2 b. How many grams of CO2 are formed? 2.98 g CO2 Consider the reaction of C6H6 + Br2 C6H5Br + HBr

a. What is the theoretical yield of C6H5Br if 42.1 g of C6H6 react with 73.0 g of Br2? 71.8 g C6H5Br b. If the actual yield of C6H5Br is 63.6 g, what is the percent yield? 88.6% Use the following reaction: C4H9OH + NaBr + H2SO4 C4H9Br + NaHSO4 + H2O If 15.0 g of C4H9OH react with 22.4 g of NaBr and 32.7 g of H2SO4 to yield 17.1 g of C4H9Br, what is the percent yield of this reaction? 61.8% Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is made by a combining Si and nitrogen gas (N2) at a high temperature. How much (in g) Si is needed to react with an excess of nitrogen gas to prepare 125 g of silicon nitride if the percent yield of the reaction is 95.0%? 79 g Si Souring of wine occurs when ethanol is converted to acetic acid by oxygen by the following reaction: C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O. A 1.00 L bottle of wine, labeled as 8.5% ethanol, is found to have a defective seal. Analysis of 1.00 mL showed that there were 0.0274 grams of acetic acid in that 1.00 mL. The density of ethanol is 0.816 g/mL and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. a. What mass of oxygen must have leaked into the bottle? 14.6 g O2 b. What is the percent yield for the conversion of ethanol to acetic acid if O2 is in excess? 30.3% A reaction container holds 5.77 g of P4 and 5.77 g of O2.The following reaction occurs: P4 + O2 P4O6. If enough oxygen is available then the P4O6 reacts further: P4O6 + O2 P4O10. a. What is the limiting reagent for the formation of P4O10? O2

b. What mass of P4O10 is produced? 5.76 g P4O10 c. What mass of excess reactant is left in the reaction container? 5.78 g P4O6 remain

 What mass of solute is needed to prepare each of the following solutions? Hint a. 1.00 L of 0.125 M K2SO4 b. 375 mL of 0.015 M NaF c. 500 mL of 0.350 M C6H12O6 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: a. 12.4 g KCl in 289.2 mL solution b. 16.4 g CaCl2 in 0.614 L solution c. 48.0 mL of 6.00 M H2SO4 diluted to 0.250 L Hint Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions: a. 2.89 g of NaCl dissolved in 0.159 L of water (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) b. 1.80 mol KCl in 16.0 mol of H2O c. 13.0 g benzene, C6H6 in 17.0 g CCl4 Calculate the mole fractions of each compound in each of the following solutions: a. 19.4 g of H2SO4 in 0.251 L of H2O (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) b. 35.7 g of KBr in 16.2 g of water c. 233 g of CO2 in 0.409 L of water (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) Calculate the mole fraction, molarity and molality of NH3 if it is in a solution composed of 30.6 g NH3 in 81.3 g of H2O. The density of the solution is 0.982 g/mL and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. Hint Calculate the molalities of the following aqueous solutions: Hint a. 0.840 M sugar (C12H22O11) solution (density= 1.12 g/mL) b. 4.91 M NaOH solution (density = 1.04 g/mL)

c. 0.79 M NaHCO3 solution (density = 1.19 g/mL) A patient has a cholesterol count of 206 mg/dL. What is the molarity of cholesterol in this patients blood if the molecular mass of cholesterol is 386.64 g/mol? (1 L = 10 dL) Hint Concentrated phosphoric acid is 90% H3PO4 by mass and the remaining mass is water. The molarity of H3PO4 in 90% H3PO4 is 12.2 M at room temperature. a. What is the density of this solution at room temperature? Hint b. What volume (in mL) of this solution is needed to make a 1.00 L solution of a 1.00 M phosphoric acid? Hint What mass of solute is needed to prepare each of the following solutions? a. 1.00 L of 0.125 M K2SO4 21.8 g K2SO4 b. 375 mL of 0.015 M NaF 0.24 g NaF c. 500 mL of 0.350 M C6H12O6 31.5 g C6H12O6 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: a. 12.4 g KCl in 289.2 mL solution 0.575 M KCl b. 16.4 g CaCl2 in 0.614 L solution 0.241 M CaCl2 c. 48.0 mL of 6.00 M H2SO4 diluted to 0.250 L 1.15 M H2SO4 Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions: a. 2.89 g of NaCl dissolved in 0.159 L of water (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) 0.305 molal NaCl b. 1.80 mol KCl in 16.0 mol of H2O 4.26 molal KCl c. 13.0 g benzene, C6H6 in 17.0 g CCl4 5.55 molal C6H6 Calculate the mole fractions of each compound in each of the following solutions: a. 19.4 g of H2SO4 in 0.251 L of H2O (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) H2SO4: 0.0140, H2O: 0.986 b. 35.7 g of KBr in 16.2 g of water KBr: 0.250, H2O: 0.750

c. 233 g of CO2 in 0.409 L of water (density of water is 1.00 g/mL) CO2: 0.189, H2O: 0.811 Calculate the mole fraction, molarity and molality of NH3 if it is in a solution composed of 30.6 g NH3 in 81.3 g of H2O. The density of the solution is 0.982 g/mL and the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. Molarity: 15.8 M NH3, molality: 16.1 molal NH3, mole fraction(NH3): 0.285 Calculate the molalities of the following aqueous solutions: a. 0.840 M sugar (C12H22O11) solution (density= 1.12 g/mL) 0.750 molal C12H22O11 b. 4.91 M NaOH solution (density = 1.04 g/mL) 4.72 molal NaOH c. 0.79 M NaHCO3 solution (density = 1.19 g/mL) 0.66 molal NaHCO3 A patient has a cholesterol count of 206 mg/dL. What is the molarity of cholesterol in this patients blood if the molecular mass of cholesterol is 386.64 g/mol? (1 L = 10 dL) 5.33 x 10-3 M cholesterol Concentrated phosphoric acid is 90% H3PO4 by mass and the remaining mass is water. The molarity of H3PO4 in 90% H3PO4 is 12.2 M at room temperature. a. What is the density of this solution at room temperature? 1.33 g/mL b. What volume (in mL) of this solution is needed to make a 1.00 L solution of a 1.00 M phosphoric acid? 0.0820 L

 How many moles are in the following: a. 1.29 x 1024 hydrogen atoms in HF b. 7.36 x 1024 free oxygen atoms c. 3.28 x 1023 Na atoms in salt (NaCl) How many atoms are present in the following? a. Hydrogen atoms in 3.14 mol of H2O b. Nitrogen atoms in 2.79 mol of NH3 c. Oxygen atoms in 4.90 mol in Al2O3 How many atoms are in a 3.56 g sample of Cu? Is this a mol of Cu? What mass of Ni has as many atoms as there are N atoms in 63.0 g of NO2? As Na atoms in 63.0 g of NaCl? How many g of CaCO3 are present in a sample if there are 4.52 x 1024 atoms of carbon in that sample? How many molecules of HCl are in 4.91 L of HCl acid at 25C if the density equals 1.096 g/mL? If a 1.000 gallon (3.785 L) bottle were filled with bleach (NaClO), how many Cl atoms would be in the bottle? rbleach = 1.090 g/mL At 25 C, the density of water is 0.997 g/ml. At -10 C, the density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3. If a bottle with a volume of 275 mL were filled fully with water at 25 C and then frozen to -10 C, could the ice still be contained in the bottle? What would the volume of the ice be? How many moles are in the following: a. 1.29 x 1024 hydrogen atoms in HF b. 7.36 x 1024 free oxygen atoms 2.14 moles H atoms 12.2 moles O atoms 0.545 moles Na atoms

c. 3.28 x 1023 Na atoms in salt (NaCl)

 How many atoms are present in the following? a. Hydrogen atoms in 3.14 mol of H2O b. Nitrogen atoms in 2.79 mol of NH3 c. Oxygen atoms in 4.90 mol in Al2O3 3.78 x 1024 H atoms 1.68 x 1024 N atoms 8.85 x 1024 O atoms

How many atoms are in a 3.56 g sample of Cu? Is this a mol of Cu? 3.37 x 1022 Cu atoms What mass of Ni has as many atoms as there are N atoms in 63.0 g of NO2? As Na atoms in 63.0 g of NaCl? 80.4 g Ni, 63.3 g Ni How many g of CaCO3 are present in a sample if there are 4.52 x 1024 atoms of carbon in that sample? 751 g CaCO3 How many molecules of HCl are in 4.91 L of HCl acid at 25C if the density equals 1.096 g/mL? 8.89 x 1025 molecules If a 1.000 gallon (3.785 L) bottle were filled with bleach (NaClO), how many Cl atoms would be in the bottle? rbleach = 1.090 g/mL 3.34 x 1025 Cl atoms At 25 C, the density of water is 0.997 g/ml. At -10 C, the density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3. If a bottle with a volume of 275 mL were filled fully with water at 25 C and then frozen to -10 C, could the ice still be contained in the bottle? What would the volume of the ice be? No. 253 mL

 Determine the oxidation number of the elements in each of the following compounds: a. H2CO3 b. N2 c. Zn(OH)42d. NO2e. LiH f. Fe3O4 Hint Identify the species being oxidized and reduced in each of the following reactions: a. 2 Cr+ + Sn4+ Cr3+ + Sn2+ 3 Hg2 + 2 Fe3+ 2 AsCl3

b. 3 Hg2+ + 2 Fe (s) c. 2 As (s) + 3 Cl2 (g)

Determine the oxidation number of the elements in each of the following compounds: a. H2CO3 H: +1, O: -2, C: +4 b. N2 N: 0 c. Zn(OH)42Zn: 2+, H: +1, O: -2 d. NO2N: +3, O: -2 e. LiH Li: +1, H: -1 f. Fe3O4

Fe: +8/3, O: -2 Identify the species being oxidized and reduced in each of the following reactions: a. 2 Cr+ + Sn4+ Cr3+ + Sn2+ Cr+: oxidized, Sn4+: reduced b. 3 Hg2+ + 2 Fe (s) 3 Hg2 + 2 Fe3+

Hg2+: reduced, Fe: oxidized c. 2 As (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) 2 AsCl3 As: oxidized, Cl2: reduced

H3PO4, Phosphoric acid, is used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes and flavoring in carbonated beverages. Calculate the percent composition by mass to two decimal places of H, P and O in this compound. Hint What is the percent composition by mass of aspartame (C14H18N2O5), the artificial sweetener NutraSweet? Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is 40.92% C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O by mass. What is the empirical formula of ascorbic acid? Hint What is the empirical formula of each of the following compounds? Hint a. Talc by mass composition contains 19.2% Mg, 29.6% Si, 42.2% O and 9.0% H. b. Saccharin has by mass composition 45.89% C, 2.75% H, 7.65% N, 26.20% O and 17.50% S. c. Salicylic Acid, used in aspirin, contains 60.87% C, 4.38% H, and 34.75% O by mass composition. d. L-Dopa, a drug used for the treatment of Parkinsons disease, is 54.82% C, 5.62% H, 7.10% N, and 32.46% O by mass composition. Determine the empirical formula of the following compounds that underwent combustion analysis. a. Toluene is composed of C and H and yields 5.86 mg of CO2 and 1.37 mg of H2O after combustion. Hint b. 0.1005 g of menthol, which is composed of C, H, and O, yields 0.2829 g CO2 and 0.1159 g H2O after combustion. Hint What is the molecular formula of benzoyl peroxide (the empirical formula is C7H5O2) if the molecular mass is 242 g/mol? Hint What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the following compounds? Hint a. Ibuprofen by mass composition is 75.69% C, 8.80% H and 15.51% O and the molecular mass is approximately 206 g/mol. b. Caffeine contains by mass composition 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N and 16.5 % O and the molecular mass is about 195 g/mol. H3PO4, Phosphoric acid, is used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes and flavoring in

carbonated beverages. Calculate the percent composition by mass to two decimal places of H, P and O in this compound. H: 3.09%, P: 31.61%, O: 65.31% What is the percent composition by mass of aspartame (C14H18N2O5), the artificial sweetener NutraSweet? C: 57.14%, H: 6.16%, N: 9.52%, O: 27.18% Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is 40.92% C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O by mass. What is the empirical formula of ascorbic acid? C3H4O3 What is the empirical formula of each of the following compounds? a. Talc by mass composition contains 19.2% Mg, 29.6% Si, 42.2% O and 9.0% H. Mg3Si4O10H34 b. Saccharin has by mass composition 45.89% C, 2.75% H, 7.65% N, 26.20% O and 17.50% S. C7H5NO3S c. Salicylic Acid, used in aspirin, contains 60.87% C, 4.38% H, and 34.75% O by mass composition. C7H6O3 d. L-Dopa, a drug used for the treatment of Parkinsons disease, is 54.82% C, 5.62% H, 7.10% N, and 32.46% O by mass composition. C9H11NO4 Determine the empirical formula of the following compounds that underwent combustion analysis. a. Toluene is composed of C and H and yields 5.86 mg of CO2 and 1.37 mg of H2O after combustion. C7H8 b. 0.1005 g of menthol, which is composed of C, H, and O, yields 0.2829 g CO2 and 0.1159 g H2O after combustion. C10H20O What is the molecular formula of benzoyl peroxide (the empirical formula is C7H5O2) if the molecular mass is 242 g/mol? C14H10O4 What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the following compounds? a. Ibuprofen by mass composition is 75.69% C, 8.80% H and 15.51% O and the molecular mass is approximately 206 g/mol. C13H18O2

b. Caffeine contains by mass composition 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N and 16.5 % O and the molecular mass is about 195 g/mol. C4H5N2O, C8H10N4O2