Reaction pathways

Alkene

KCN base Halogenoalkane X elimination substitution SN1 or SN2 E1 or E2 s SN ubst OH tion 1 o itu NH3 r S tion 2 tu i t N S N2 bs su 1 or N S Cr2O72 /H+
ro lys is

Nitrile CN

H2/Ni

Alcohol OH

H2 O

Amine NH2

ct du re

ion

du re

H+

Carboxylic acid COOH

hy d
con

condensation

Ester COO

on cti

NH3

condensation

s den

atio n
Amide CONH2

Types of isomerism

ISOMERISM Same chemical formula but different structural formulas

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS Same molecular formula. Different structural formulas.

C C C C C OH O C C C C C

STEREOISOMERS Same structural formula. Different arrangement of atoms in space.

and and

C C C C OH C C

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS Groups xed in different space as a result of restricted rotation about a double bond or a ring structure.
C C C C

OPTICAL ISOMERS = ENTANTIOMERS Groups xed in different space as a result of asymmetry of structure. Non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Br Br

and

OH

and
C Cl

C C

C Cl Cl H3C H OH

and
HO

C CH3 H

and
Cl

338