JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION) JEPPIAAR EDUCATIONAL TRUST Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi salai, Chennai-600119.

EC 2307 - COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

III year -V SEM ECE

OBSERVATION NOTE-BOOK

NAME ROLL NO. REG NO. YEAR SECTION

: ______________________________________ : ______________________________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________ : _______________________________________

INDEX
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Date of Submission Marks Signature

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

INSTRUCTIONS
The students are requested to Use this lab manual as observation notebook. Bring the lab manual compulsorily for all lab classes. Get the verified signature from the lab instructors, once the experiment is completed and output seal should be endorsed and get the staff signature on that lab class itself. Get the record correction for the experiment, before entering the next lab class otherwise entry will be denied. Get completed signature in the index page of the record from the staff-in charge after the completion of all experiments Before entering the university practical examinations, the students must get the confide signature in the observation and record notebook.

JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE III YEAR VSemester
EC2307 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

1. Amplitude modulation and Demodulation. 2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation 3. Pulse Modulation PAM / PWM / PPM 4. Pulse Code Modulation 5. Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation. 6. Digital Modulation & Demodulation ASK, PSK, QPSK, FSK (Hardware & MATLAB) 7. Designing, Assembling and Testing of Pre-Emphasis / De-emphasis Circuits. 8. PLL and Frequency Synthesizer 9. Line Coding 10. Error Control Coding using MATLAB. 11. Sampling & Time Division Multiplexing. 12. Frequency Division Multiplexing,

Ex.No: 1 Date:
Generation and Detection of amplitude modulation

Aim: To construct an amplitude modulation & demodulation circuit and to calculate modulation index of AM. Apparatus Required: s.no components Range qty 1 Transistor Bc 107 1 2 Resistor 1k,100k,2.2k 1 3 Capacitor 0.1 mf 3 4 diode OA 79 2 5 Function generator 0-100 k HZ 1 6 C.R.O 0-60 MHZ 1 7 Regulated power supply 0-30 V 1 Theory: AM is defined as the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied according to variation in the amplitude of the modulating signal. When the signal is to be transmitted over a long distance, it is placed on some high frequency carrier. This high frequency carrier travel over long distances without any much attenuation. The carrier is normally a sinusoidal. The amplitude modulated wave is given Eam=e am sin=e am sinwct= (Ec+Em sinwmt)sinwct Where Ec=carrier amplitude in volts Em=message amplitude in volts Wm=message angular freq in hertz WC=carrier angular freq in hertz Modulation can be done using two types of modulator circuits, as given below Low level AM modulator {emitter modulator} Medium power AM modulator (or) high level AM modulator (or) collector modulator Modulation Index The ratio of maximum of modulating signal to maximum amplitude of carrier signal is called modulation index M=Em/Ec .If modulation index expressed in percentage it is also called as percentage modulation Advantage Modulator operates at low voltage level Power efficiency is practically higher than 80% All the preceding linear amplifier operates at low power level. Disadvantages Requires high amplitude of modulating signal Amplitude in Modulator is non linear
5

Application Where we want to modulate the ratio signal. DEMODULATION It is the process of separating message signal from the modulated wave carrier signal. The most commonly used AM detector is simple diode detector . the AM signal at fixed if is applied to the transformer primary. The signal at secondary is half wave rectified by diode d . so that only it is called detector negative peak clipping is done using the detector circuit. This is the distortion occurs in the output of diode detector because of unequal ac and dc load impedences of the diode .The modulation index is defined as Em/Ec. Therefore it can also be defined as Im/Ic with Im=Em/Rm ; Ic=Ec/Rc Where, Zm= is audio diode loadimpendence and Rc is the dc diode resistance. The audio load resistance of the diode is smaller than thedc resistance. Advantage The modulation index value is nearly 100% Load impendence is low Disadvantage Distortion will be added during the diagonal clipping PROCEDURE 1. connection is given as per the circuit diagram. 2. Modulating frequency is kept at 1 KHZ. 3. Carrier frequency is kept at 10KHZ 4. The output waveform is observed in CRO and measure Vmax &Vmin are calculated, modulation index calculated. 5. Using CRO demodulated wave is noted down. 6. Output and input characteristics are plotted in graph. Tabulation: Signal Input signal CARRIER SIGNAL AM signal Amplitude(v) Time period(msec) Frequency(HZ)

V max= V min=

Demodulated signal

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH:

Demodulated signal

RESULT The amplitude modulation & demodulation circuits has been constructed and its characteristics are obtained. 7

Ex. No: 2 Date :

Generation of Frequency modulation and its Detection.

Aim: To construct an Frequency modulation & demodulation circuit and to calculate modulation index of FM. Apparatus Required: s.no components Range Qty 1 XR 2206 IC 2 Resistor 3 Capacitor 4 Connecting wires 5 Function generator 0-100 k HZ 6 C.R.O 0-60 MHZ 7 Regulated power supply 0-30 V Theory: When frequency of the carrier varies as per amplitude variations of modulating signal then its called frequency modulation Amplitude of the modulated carrier remains constant the frequency modulated wave is given by e(t)= Ec sin(wct+ K1 Em/wm sin (wmt)) Advantages Bandwidth is large, fidelity is better. All transmitted power is useful Noise interference operates in VHF and UHF range Infinite numbers of sideband are present The radius of propagation is limited to line of sight. Disadvantages The bandwidth requirement of FM is much higher than that of AM The FM transmitting and receiving equipment is more complex and costly Since FM uses UHF & VHF range frequencies its area of reception is limited only to line of sight. This is much lower than area covered by AM. Circuit dagram:

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE Connection are given as per circuit diagram For FM carrier is generated without giving input with RT & ct Note amplitude and frequency of carrier wave By giving input through function generator set a particular frequency The output modulated wave is traced and its amplitude and frequency are computed The demodulation is done by given modulated output wave as input toi demodulator o/p is obtained. RESULT The frequency modulation & demodulation circuit has been constructed and its characteristics are obtained.

EX: NO:3 a) DATE:

Generation and Detection of Pulse amplitude modulation

Aim: To construct a pulse amplitude modulation& demodulation circuit using discrete components and to study the output.( Reconstruct the original modulating signal.) Apparatus Required: S.No Components 1 Diode IN 32 2 Resistors 3 Capacitors 4 Function Generator 5 CRO 6 Regulated Power Supply THEORY: Range 33 K 0.1 F 1 Hz 2 MHz 0-30 MHZ 0 30 V Quantity 1 2 1 2 1 1

1. PAM system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that instant of sampling. 2. The PAM pulses are transmitted either by wire or cable is used to modulate the carrier. 3. In a double polarity PAM a fixed Dc level is added to the signal to ensure that the pulses are always positive. 4. The pulses are usually of short duration and hence PAM has LOW duty cycle. 5. The low duty cycle operation coupled with the facility of utilization of the time interval between the two consecutive periods. 6. hence multiplexing techniques can be used. Circuit Diagram:
VC C _BAR

R 1 33 k O H M

Modulation ckt
D 1 In 3 2

Demodulation ckt
R 3 D 2 IN 3 2 c1 0 .1 n f 22 K

C 4 0 . 1 M ic r o F

carrier wave 10 KHZ

modulating wave 1 KHZ & 2V

CRO

R 2 33K

10

another ckt
V C C _ (6 V )

messagesignal Vst 4 7 K

R 3

Q 1

bc107
1

2 R 1 22K 1

VPAMt (output)
R 2 4 .7 K

Vct Carrier signal

Pr ocedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The modulating input fed to the PAM generator circuit is modulated using the trigger pulse and PAM output is displayed in CRO. 3. The PAM signal is fed to the baseband signal recovery circuit, which is a filter using op-amp output, is displayed in CRO. 4. Graphs related to the experiment are plotted.

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated AMPLITUDE (V) TIME Frequency(HZ) PERIOD (s)

V max= V min=

ModelGraph:

11

Result: The PAM circuit is constructed using sampling gates and the output waveforms are plotted.

EX:NO:3 b) DATE:

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of a Pulse width modulation circuit. Apparatus Required: S.No Components Range Quantity 1 IC 555 1 2 Resistors 1 1 K 3 Capacitors 2 0.1 F 2.2 F 4 Function Generator 1 Hz 2 MHz 2 5 C.R.O 60 MHZ 1 6 Regulated Power Supply (0 30 V) 1 THEORY:

12

1. Pulse width modulation is a one in which each pulse has a fixed amplitude but width of the pulses is made proportional to amplitude of the modulating signal at that instant. 2. pulse width increase when signal amplitude increases in positive direction and decreases when signal amplitude increases in negative direction. 3. pulses of PWM is of varying pulse width and hence of varying power component. So transmitter should be powerful enough to handle the power of maximum pulse width. But average power transmitted is only half is peak power. 4. the main advantage of PWM is system will work even if the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver fails. Circuit Diagram: + VCC = + 9 V 1 K 4 Output 3 IC 555 1 0.1 F 6 5 2 0.1 F Sine Wave I/p 2.2 F Square Wave I/p 0.1 F 8 7

13

Pin Diagram:
[[

GND 1 TRIGGER 2
[[[[

+ VCC

OUTPUT 3
[

7 DISCHARGE IC 555 6 THRESHOLD 5 CONTROL VOLTAGE

RESET 4

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The modulating input and clock pulse signals are given. the corresponding output is noted in CRO. Now modulating signal can be varied in amplitude and resulted output can be traced. Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated
1) Ton= Toff= Ton= Toff= Ton= Toff=

AMPLITUDE (V)

TIME PERIOD (s)

Ton= Toff=

FREQ (HZ)

2)

3)

Model Graph

Result: Thus, the Pulse width modulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. Max time period= Min time period=

14

EX:NO:3 c) DATE: PULSE POSITION MODULATION Aim: To construct a Pulse Position Modulation circuit using PWM circuit. Apparatus required: S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Theory: Components IC 555 Resistors Capacitors Function Generator C.R.O Regulated Power Supply Range 3.9 K , 3 K 0.01 F 1 KHz 0 30 V Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1

1. Pulse modulation is the process by which the position of pulse is varied in accordance with information contained in sample waveform. 2. Because the pulse width is remains unchanged, the bandwidth required for transmission of pulse information remains stationary. 3. PPM can be obtained from PDM / PWM with trailing edge modulation by inverting and differentiating so that the modulated edges are changed into pulse position modulated spikes. Circuit Diagram: +Vcc +10V Ra=3.9 K

CRO O/P 3 I/P modulating signal Triangular Wave 1KHz 5

4 7 IC 555 2 6
Rb = 3.3 K

C = 0.01 F

15

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier(withou t msg signal)at pin no:3 Modulating Modulated
Ton= Toff= Ton= Toff= Ton= Toff=

AMPLITUDE (V)

TIME PERIOD (s)

Ton= Toff=

Freq(HZ)

PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The modulating input and clock pulse signals are given. The corresponding output is noted in CRO. Now modulating signal can be varied in amplitude and resulted output can be traced.

Model Graph:

Result: Thus, the Pulse position modulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are traced. 16

EX:NO:4 DATE: PULSE CODE MODULATION Aim: To construct and study a PCM transmitter and receiver kit Apparatus Required: 1. PCM Transmitter and Receiver Kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO THEORY: The block diagram shows the method of PCM generation system. In this transmitter circuit, two message inputs are sampled and multiplexed and then it is pass over to the A/D converter to circuit to get digital messages as encoder. The PCM system has an error check code generator to make a distortion less transmission. Then to a shift register to get the regenerated signals without any error. The timing circuit / logic provides a periodic pulse train, derived from receiver sampling the equalized pulses at the instants of time where the signal to noise ration is minimum. If the measured value is larger than threshold or reference value, a 1 was transmitted. If the comparison value is below the threshold value a zero was transmitted. The reverse steps are used in the receiver process. PCM TRANSMITTER& RECEIVER
INPUT SIGNAL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

AF Generator

Sample and hold

A/D converter

Shift register

OUTPUT Voltage SIGNAL

Low pass filter

D/A Converter

amplifier

Shift register

17

FUNCTION GENERATOR

PSEUDO-RANDOM SYNCHRONOUS CODE GENERATOR

TRANSMITTER TIMING LOCIC

CH-0 SAMPLE CH-0

CH-1 SAMPLE
SHIFT REGISTER

PCM PCM OUTPUT LOGIC O/P

PCM O/P

CH-1

ERROR CHECK CODE GENERATOR

A/D CONVERTER

PCM RECEIVER
PSEUDO-RANDOM SYNC CODE DETECTOR

CLOCK REGENERATION CIRCUIT

RECEIVER TIMING LOGIC TIMING LOGIC

CH-0 SAMPLE

CH-1 SAMPLE CH-0

LATCH

D/A CONVERTER

CH-1

SHIFT REGISTER

ERROR DETECTION/ CORRECTION LOGIC

18

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated PCM CODE AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (s)

Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input waveforms are traced using CRO. 3. The put waveforms are traced using CRO. Model Graph :

Result: The PCM output waveforms are studied and obtained. 19

EX:NO:5 DATE: DELTA MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of DELTA modulation and demodulation kit. Apparatus Required: 1. DELTA Modulation and demodulation kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO THEORY Delta modulation is a form of pulse modulation width a sample value is represented as a signal bit. This is almost similar to differential PCM,as the transmitted Bit is only, one per sample first to indicate whether the present sample is larger or smaller than previous one The encoding decoding, and quantizing process become extremely simple bit this system cannot handle rapidly varying samples. This increases the quantizing noise. The trainer is a self sustained and well organized kit. PROCEDURE The connections are given as per the block diagram. The input waveform are noted using CRO The modulated demodulated waveforms are also traced using CRO. BLOCK DIAGRAM CLK
Sine wave generation Amplitude

LPF
+ -

One bit quantizer

Bipolar NRZ encoder

FREQ OFFSET

INTEGRATOR

CLOCK generator

i/p

Decoder

Integrator

LPF

CLK GND

20

TABULATION
WAVE
INPUT LPF OUTPUT COMPARATOR O/P ONE BIT QUANTISERO/P BIPOLAR NRZ ENCODER O/P DEMODULATED

AMPLITUDE

TIME PERIOD

FREQUENCY

MODELGRAPH

RESULT The delta modulation demodulation circuit is constructed and its output waveform is plotted.

21

EX:NO:6 a) DATE: ASK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of ASK modulation and demodulation kit. Apparatus Required: 4. ASK Modulation and demodulation kit 5. Connecting Plugs 6. CRO Theory: Ask modulation means the amplitude of carrier waveform is swiched b/w two amplitude either high or low corresponding to binary information to be transmitted The binary ask means the amplitude of transmitted signal switched b/w two values ASK MODULATION
DATA FORMAT TING CARRIER GENERATI ON CIRCUIT CARRIER MODULAT ION CIRCUIT NRZ(L) CODE FORMAT TING ASK MODULATED O/P to CRO

ASK DEMODULATION
ASK DEMODULATOR (DETECTOR)

LOW PASS FILTER

ASK DEMODULATED O/P

DATA SQUARING CIRCUIT

22

NRZ CODE FORMAT Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated Demodulated Vmax= Vmin= AMPLITUDE (V) FREQ(HZ) TIME PERIOD (s)

Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The input waveforms are traced using CRO. 3. The put waveforms are traced using CRO. MODEL GRAPH: (ASK MODULATION)

Result: The ASK modulation and demodulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. 23

EX:NO:6 b) DATE: FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of FSK modulation and demodulation kit. Apparatus Required: 7. FSK Modulation and demodulation kit 8. Connecting Plugs 9. CRO Theory: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The FSK modulation means, the frequency of the carrier waveform is switched between two frequencies corresponding to the binary information to be transmitted. The binary FSK, means the frequency of the transmitted signal switched between two values. The FSK signal can be characterized as one of two difference types depending on the method used to generate the FSK signal. There are two types of FSK as 1. Discontinuous FSK. 2. Continuous FSK. The discontinuous FSK is generated by switching the transmitter output between two different oscillators. The continuous FSK signal is generated by feeding the data signal into frequency modulator.

24

FSK MODULATION
DATA CLK I/P FORMAT TING

TX

CARRIER GENERATI ON CIRCUIT CARRIER MODULAT ION CIRCUIT

FSK O/P

TX DATA I/P CODE

NRZ(L)
Data inverter

FORMAT TING

FSK DEMODULATION
FSK DEMODULATOR ( DETECTOR)

CARRIER I/P

LOW PASS FILTER

FSK DEMODULATED O/P NRZ CODE FORMAT Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated

DATA SQUARING CIRCUIT

AMPLITUDE (V)

FREQ(HZ)

TIME PERIOD (s)

Fmax= Fmin=

Tmin= Tmax=

Demodulated

Procedure: 4. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 5. The input waveforms are traced using CRO. 6. The put waveforms are traced using CRO.

25

MODEL GRAPH: (FSK MODULATION)

Result: The FSK modulation and demodulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. 26

EX:NO: DATE: BFSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of BFSK modulation and demodulation kit. Apparatus Required: 10. FSK Modulation and demodulation kit 11. Connecting Plugs 12. CRO Theory: 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. The FSK modulation means, the frequency of the carrier waveform is switched between two frequencies corresponding to the binary information to be transmitted. The binary FSK, means the frequency of the transmitted signal switched between two values. The FSK signal can be characterized as one of two difference types depending on the method used to generate the FSK signal. There are two types of FSK as 1. Discontinuous FSK. 2. Continuous FSK. The discontinuous FSK is generated by switching the transmitter output between two different oscillators. The continuous FSK signal is generated by feeding the data signal into frequency modulator. DRAW THE BLOCK DIGRAM OF FSK

SQUREWAVE GENERATOR

FSK MODULATOR

FSK MODULATED WAVE (TO CRO)

SERIAL PORT FSK DEMODULATOR DEBOUNCE LOGIC VCO 27

E.ampl ifier
DEMODULATED

WAVE (TO CRO)

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier1 Modulating Modulated

T ON= TOFF=

AMPLITUDE (V)

TIME PERIOD (s)

FREQUENC E

Max= Min=

Max= Min=

Demodulated

Procedure: 7. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 8. The input waveforms are traced using CRO. 9. The put waveforms are traced using CRO. MODEL GRAPH: (FSK MODULATIONAND DEMODULATION)

Result: The BFSK modulation and demodulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. 28

EX:NO:6 c) DATE: PSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: To construct and study the characteristics of PSK modulation and demodulation kit. Apparatus Required: 1. PSK Modulation and demodulation kit. 2. Connecting Plugs. 3. CRO. Theory: 1. The PSK modulation means, the frequency of the carrier waveform is switched between two frequencies corresponding to the binary information to be transmitted. 2. The two vaules according to the two possible messages m1 and m2. 3. The two phases are usually separated by radians. 4. The bandwidth of PSK scheme is the same as that of the ASK signal. 5. The difference between ASK and PSK is that the ASK is a linear modulation and PSK PSK MODULATION
DATA FORMAT TING CARRIER GENERATI ON CIRCUIT CARRIER MODULAT ION CIRCUIT PSK MODULATED O/P

NRZ(L) CODE FORMAT TING

UNIPOLAR/ BIPOLAR CONVERTE RS

PSK DEMODULATION
BIPHASE
CLOCK RECOVERY

I/P
QPSK DEMODULATOR (PLL DETECTOR)

CIRCUITS

DIFFERENTI AL ENCODERS
PSK DEMODULATED O/P

DATA SQUARING CIRCUIT

PSK MODULATOR

I/P

29

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated Demodulated Vmax= Vmin= AMPLITUDE (V) FREQ(HZ) TIME PERIOD (s)

PROCEDURE: 1. The connection are given as per the block diagram 2. The input waveforms are noted using CRO 3. The modulated &demodulated waveforms are also traced using CRO. MODEL GRAPH: (PSK MODULATION)

Result:

The PSK modulation and demodulation circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted.
30

EX:NO: 6 d) DATE: QPSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Aim: The objective of this experiment is to study the QPSK modulator using Clock as binary data Apparatus Required: 1. QPSK Modulation and demodulation kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO 60 MHZ Theory:

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating I channel Q channel Modulated Demodulated Procedure: Connect the binary input point p5 to the I-channel input point of P9. Connect the binary input point p6 to the Q-channel input point of p10. Connect the sine wave input (p3 point) to the p11 of balanced modulator as a carrier signal (I channel) and to sine wave input (p4 point) to the p13 point of balanced modulator as a carrier signal (q channel) Connect the test point p15 to p17 and p16 to p18 with the help of patch cards. Switch on the power supply CRO (p12 points)and adjust potentiometers pot1 to convert the unipolar data into bipolar. Display the test point p15 and p16 on channel1 and channel2 on CRO. Respectively Now adjust the gain control potentiometers to set equal amplitude in I channel and Q-channel Finally view the QPSK output waveform at test point ,P19. I=-1/2+1/2 Cos 2wct+1/2 sine2 wct+1/2 sine 0 31 AMPLITUDE (V) FREQ(HZ) TIME PERIOD (s)

I-1/2 v(logical) Again receive QPSK signal is one of the inputs to the Q product detector, the other input is the recovered carrier shifted 90degree in phase. The output of the Q product detector is Q=(-sinwct)+coswct(coswct) Q=-1/2+1/2 coswct-1/2 sine2wct-1/2sin0 =-1/2 v (logical 1) The demodulated I Q corresponds to the construction diagram and truth table for the QPSK modulator shown above figure. Phasor diagram Binary INPUT QPSK output

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

-135 -45 135 45

MODEL GRAPH: (QPSK MODULATION)

Result The QPSK modulation and demodulation circuits are constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. 32

Exp No.6 b1) Date: GENERATION OF FSK modulation & demodulation using MATLAB AIM: To perform frequency shift keying modulation and demodulation using MATLAB program. ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Start the program. STEP 2: GET the two signals STEP 3: Plot the time along x-axis and amplitude along y-axis. STEP 4: Stop the program. PROGRAM: clc; clear all; close all; No.of_bits=16; root_freq=200; keying_freq=1000; stime=0.0005; mid=0.0001; t=0:0001:stime-mid; input_seq=randint(1,No.of_bits); subplot(3,1,1); stem(input_seq); Modulated_0=[]; for i=1:length(input_seq) Modulated_0=[Modulated_0 sin(2*pi*(root_freq+input_seq(i)*keying_freq)*t)]; end subplot(3,1,2); plot(Modulated_0); demod=[]; a=sin(2*pi*root_freq*t); for i=1:length(input_seq) y=(i-1)*50; d=asin(Modulated_0(y+1:y+50)); d1=d(2)/a(2);
33

if d1<2 demod=[demod 0]; else demod=[demod 1]; end subplot(3,1,3); stem(demod); xlabel('data samples'); ylabel('amplitude');figure(2); INPUT:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

34

Exp No.6 c1) Date: GENERATION OF PSK MODULATION & DEMODULATION using MATLAB AIM: To perform phase shift keying modulation and demodulation using MATLAB program. ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Start the program. STEP 2: GET the two signals STEP 3: Plot the time along x-axis and amplitude along y-axis. STEP 4: Stop the program. PROGRAM: clc; clear all; close all; t=[0:1/1000:1]; no=1000; numbits=5; fc=1;tb=1; snr=[]; ber=[]; carrier=cos(2*pi*fc*t); basis=sqrt(2/tb)*carrier; for eb=1:numbits; mod=[]; recode=[]; demod=[]; data=randint(1,numbits); data(find(data==0))=-1; for j=1:numbits mod=[mod sqrt (eb)*data(j)*basis]; end noise=sqrt(no)*randn(1,length(mod)); recdcode=mod+noise; for i=1:numbits demod=[demod sqrt(eb)*recdcode(:,(i*length(t) +1:i*length(t)).*basis]; rxcode=[rxcode sum(demode(:,(i-1)*length(t)+1:i*length(t)))];
35

end rxcode(find(rxcode>=0))=1; rxcode(find(rxcode>=0))=-1; t1=[0:1/1000:numbits]; figure(1); subplot(3,1,1); stem(data(1:numbits)); carr=cos(2*pi*fc*t1); subplot(3,1,2); plot(t1,carr); axis([0 numbits-1 -1 1]); subplot(3,1,3); plot(t1(1:numbits*1000),mod(1:numbits*1000)); axis([0 numbits-1 -5 5]);title('output sequence'); xlabel('y(n)-->'); INPUT:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
36

Designing, Assembling and Testing of Pre-Emphasis / Deemphasis Circuits.

Exp. No Date AIM:
To design and construct a pre emphasis & de emphasis circuits and to study its frequency response

:7 :

Apparatus Required: S.No Components 1 DIB 2 Resistors

Range Quantity

4.7 K 10 K 33 K 2.2 K 0.1 F,

(1Hz 1MHz.)

1 1

3 4 5 6 7

Capacitors
Function Generator

1 each
1

C.R.O Dual Power Supply Transistor

0-60MHZ 0- 30 V BC107

1 1 1

Theory Noise has a higher effect on higher modulating frequency than the lower modulating frequency. Hence during transmission higher frequencies may be lost as noise. To avoid this boost the higher frequencies at the transmission line to called pre -emphasis at the detector output in receiver we perform the reverse operation by de-emphasis in the high frequency components. So to restore the original message. The due to these to pre emphasis & de-emphasis circuit, the output signal to noise ratio are effectively increased. They are mainly used in FM transmission and reception.

37

Procedure: The connection are given as per the circuit diagram Adjust VCC to 12 v Set the input signal frequency is raised and corresponding voltage is noted From the calculation the gain is calculated from graph b/w frequency & voltage gain in db for the both pre emphasis , deemphasis Circuit Diagram:
V C C _B A R

R 2 10 k ohm 10 k ohm R 1 2 L1 5 m H 1 C 1 0 . 1 m ic r o f

C 2 0 . 1 m ic ro f

Q 1

Q 2N 2222

CRO

R 3 33 k ohm

R 4 2 .2 k o h m

L1

C 2 0 .1 u f R 3 1 k ohm

5 m H

TABULAR COLOUMN:
38

PRE EMPHASIS Vin=

S.NO FREQUENCY in HZ V out(V) GAIN=20 LOG VO/VIN

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. DE EMPHASIS V in=

S.NO FREQUENCY in HZ V out(V) GAIN=20 LOG VO/VIN

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Model Graph

39

Result : The pre emphasis and de emphasis were designed and constructed and their frequency response are studied Pre emphasis cut off frequency= De emphasis cut off frequency=

40

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLL.
Exp. No Date AIM:
To construct and study the operation of PLL IC 565 and determine its Characteristics.

: 8 a) :

Apparatus Required: S.No Components 1 IC 565 2 Resistors 3 Capacitors

Function Generator 4 5 C.R.O 6 Dual Power Supply Circuit Diagram: Range Quantity

6.8 K 0.001 F 0.1 F, 1 F

(1Hz 1MHz.)

1 1 1 each
1

0- 30 V
+6V

1 1

R1

6.8 K 8 C1 =

C = 1 F 0.01 F Demodulated O/p Reference O/p VCO O/p (fO)

10

Function Generator (Square Wave) Vi Input

7 2 6 3 IC 565 4 9 1 5

CT

= 0.001 F -6V

41

Pin Diagram (IC 565 - PLL)

- VCC 1 Input 2 IC 565 VCO I/P 4 VCO O/P 5 Output Demodulated Output 6 7

14 NC 13 NC 12 NC 11 NC 10 + VCC 9 8 VCO CT VCO RT

Output 3

Procedure:
The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Measure the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4, with the input signal Vi set equal to zero. Compare it with the calculated value = 0.25 / (RT CT). Now apply the input signal of 1 VPP square wave at a 1 KHz to pin 2. Connect one channel of the scope to pin 2 and display this signal on the scope. Gradually increase the input frequency till the PLL is locked to the input frequency. This frequency f1 gives the lower end of the capture range. Go on increasing the input frequency, till PLL tracks the input signal, say, to a frequency f2.This frequency f2 gives the upper end of the lock range. If input frequency is increased further, the loop will get unlocked. Now gradually decrease the input frequency till the PLL is again locked. This is the frequency f3, the upper end of the capture range. Keep on decreasing the input frequency until the loop is unlocked. This frequency f4 gives the lower end of the lock range. The lock range fL = (f2 f4).Compare it with the calculated value of 7.8 fo / 12 .Also the capture range is fc = (f3 f1).Compare it with the calculated value of capture range. fc = ( fL / (2 )(3.6)(103) C)1/2

42

TABULAR COLOUMN:
INPUT WAVEFORM Square wave Signal OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Model Graph Vc fo- fL fo- fc fo IB fo+ fc fo+ fL Slope =1/Kv

2 fc = Capture range

2 fL = Lock- in range

Result : Thus the PLL circuit is constructed and its Characteristics are determined. 43

FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER USING PLL.

Exp. No Date AIM:
To construct and study the operation of frequency multiplier using IC 565. Apparatus Required: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. Components IC 565,IC 7490,2N2222 Resistors Capacitors FunctionGenerator (Digital) C.R.O Dual Power Supply Range 20 K , 2k , 4.7k ,10k 0.001 F 10 F 1 Hz 2 MHz 0- 30 V Quantity 1 1 1 each 1 1 1

: 8 b) :

Circuit Diagram:

44

+6v

RT

20kohm 2kohm 0.001Mf C1

C 10Mf

10 2

8 7 4 VCO Output Fo=5fin

vin 3

565 +6v 5 1 9 2 0.01Mf 7490 (%5) 2 3 6 5 1 10 RT 4.7kohm

2

2N2222 -6v
3

10kohm RT

TABULAR COLOUMN:

INPUT WAVEFORM Square wave Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms)

OUTPUT WAVEFORM Square wave Signal (Multiples of input freq) Amplitude (V) Time Period (ms)

Procedure: 1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. 2. The circuit uses a 4- bit binary counter 7490 used as a divide-by-5 circuit. 3. Measure the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4, with the input signal Vi set equal to zero. Compare it with the calculated value = 0.25 / (RT CT). 4. Now apply the input signal of 1 VPP square wave at 500 Hz to pin 2. 5. Vary the VCO frequency by adjusting the 20k potentiometer till the PLL is locked. Measure the output frequency. It should be 5 times the input frequency. 6. Repeat steps 4, 5 for input frequency of 1 kHz and 1.5 kHz. 45

Result : Thus the frequency multiplier circuit using PLL is constructed and studied.

46

EX: NO: 9 DATE: LINE CODING AND DECODING Aim: To construct and study the line coding sequence kit. Apparatus Required: 1. Line Coding and Decoding Kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO BLOCK DIAGRAM TRANSMITTER

VOICE DECODER

MARKER GENERATOR MULTIPLEXER

AMI/ MANCHESTER CODE

8 BIT DATA TRANSMIT

TIMING CONTROL

RECEIVER
MARKER REFERNCE

8- BIT DATA RECEIVE

TIMING AND CONTROL

MARKER DETECTION

VOICE DECODER

DEMULTIP LEXER

DECODER AND CLOCK RECOVERY

47

Tabular Column: SIGNAL Carrier Modulating Modulated AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (s)

Model graph

Result: The Line coding and decoding circuit is constructed and its output Waveforms are plotted.

48

Error Control Coding using MATLAB.

EXNO: 10 DATE:

AIM: To perform error control coding(linear block code)using MATLAB program. ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Start the program. STEP 2: GET the two signals STEP 3: perform the operation by generate matrixfinding hamming code STEP 4:display the o/p sequence STEP 5:display the possible code STEP 6: Stop the program. PROGRAM:

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

49

EXNO: 11 a) DATE: SAMPLING Aim: To construct and study the sampling concept Apparatus Required: 1. Sampling Kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO SAMPING & RECONSTRUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM
SAMPLIG FREQUENCY SELECTION CIRCUIT BINARY COUNTE R

DUTY CYCLE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

4- BIT COMPA RATOR

OSC

MUX

BCD COUN TER

DUTY CYCLE SELEC TOR

1 KHz I/P LATCH

Carrier signal

SAMPLING CIRCUIT
SAMPLE AMP SAMPLE O/P

2ND ORDER LPF

DEMOD O/P LOW PASS FILTER

1
I/P SIGNAL

SAMPLE AMP SAMPLE HOLD

4TH ORDER LPF

DEMOD O/P LOW PASS FILTER

O/P

Theory: 1. Sampling is the process by which an analog signal is converted into a corresponding sequence of samples that spaced uniformly in time (i.e. Equally spaced in time). 2. It is necessary to choose the sampling rate property, so that the sequence of samples uniquely defines or recovers the original analog signal. 3. A band limited signal, which has no spectral components above the frequency fm hz, is uniquely determined by its values at uniform intervals less than 1/2fm seconds apart. 4. The reciprocal of sampling period is called the sampling frequency or sampling rate (i.e) fs 1/Ts. This ideal from of sampling is called Instantaneous Sampling. 50

5. If the signal is sampled at an equal or uniform intervals it is known as uniform sampling Tabular Column:
SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (s) Freq(HZ)

Carrier Modulating Modulated a)Sampled o/p b)Sample&hold c)Flattopsample Procedure: 1. 2. 3. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The input waveforms are traced using CRO. The put waveforms are traced using CRO. MODEL GRAPH

Result: The Sampling circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted.

51

EX:NO: 11 b) DATE: TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING Aim: To construct and study the TDM Circuit and draw its waveforms. Apparatus Required: 1. TDM Trainer Kit 2. Connecting Plugs 3. CRO Block Diagram: 6.4 MHz Crystal Osc. Decade Counter Decade Counter 6.4 MHz Crystal Osc.

Channel 0 0 I/P Channel 1 0 Channel 2 0 Channel 3 0 Tabular Column: SIGNAL

MUX
Tx clk

De MUX
Rx clk

LPF LPF LPF LPF

Channel 0 0 Channel 1 0 Channel 2 0 Channel 3 0 O/P TIME PERIOD Frequency(HZ) (s)

TXD
Ch0

RXD
Ch0

AMPLITUDE (V)

Carrier(clk) Modulating1 Modulating2 Modulating3 Modulating4 Modulated Demodulated

Ton= Toff=

52

PROCEDURE: Give the connection as per the circuit diagram The input waveform is noted on the CRO The modulated signal and the output waveform is noted on the CRO

Result: The TDM circuit is constructed and its output waveforms are plotted. 53