CHAPTER 4- NEW REPUBLIC 1789-1816

Section 1- Washington and Congress

2.1- Party Politics

Early problems: 1789

52 million dollar debt- Revolutionary War No navy, small army Lack of respect (young)/ interaction
Spanish close trade British kept forts

2.1- Party Politics

Electing a President

1789- George Washington/ John Adams Small administration Would set many precedents Judiciary- set up* Cabinet Neutrality

2.1- Party Politics

Judiciary Act of 1789

System of courts District (13), appeals, Supreme Court Establishes Attorney General John Jay

First Chief Justice

2.1- Party Politics

Washingtons Cabinet (1789)

Major Departments, advisors

State- foreign policy Thomas JeffersonTreasury- finances- Alexander Hamilton War- national defense- Henry Knox Attorney General- law- Edmund Randolph

2.1- Party Politics

Hamilton- Secretary of Treasury Pay off National Debt Use strong central government (Federalist) Opposition was evident (Antifederalist) Two clear, separate beliefs

2.1- Party Politics

Hamiltons planSell bonds High tariffs National bank Favored- North

2.1- Party Politics

Hamiltons Plan

Establish financial credibility -easier to borrow money Shift wealth to merchants

Merchants are in the North

Would have to tax farmers*

2.1- Party Politics

Opposition

South- didnt want to pay taxes Especially to boost the Norths wealth

2.1- Party Politics

Interpreting the Constitution

Loose Interpretation vs. Strict Interpretation

Loose- strong national govt.- Hamilton

Implied powers Increase national government powers

Strict- limited national govt. Jefferson & Madison

Strict adherence to constitution States rights Less power for national government

2.1- Party Politics

1791- Congress Approves plan New taxes, creation of national bank Hamilton promises capital moves south*

10 years later

Washington, District of Columbia

2.1- Party Politics

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania Western Mountains Grain tough to move, So make whiskey Tax on whiskey

despised by farmers

Farmers resisted

Attacked and refused tax collectors

Section 1- Party Politics

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton sends 12,000 militiamen

Rebellion suppressed
Highlighted the growing division

Washington/ Hamilton- Secure Power Jefferson/ Madison- check power

Section 1- Party Politics

Framers of Constitution sought to avoid Political Partiesbut

Two emerge- Two-Party System

Federalist

Democratic Republicans

2.1- Party Politics

The Federalists

Democratic Republicans

Hamilton/ John Adams

Jefferson/ Madison
Southern/ farmers Growing support

Northern/ Merchants

Dominant early

First 2 prez, governors

Section 2- Foreign Policy

2.2- Foreign Policy

1793

United States goals:

Build Government Peace with natives Protect territory Establish itself world wide

2.2- Foreign Policy

US Land and Expansion Ohio Valley

After the Treaty of Paris British kept forts near Great Lakes Tried to limit American settlement

Provided

natives with arms/ ammo

Miami Indians- Little Turtle- defeated US forces

2.2- Foreign Policy

Battle of Fallen Timbers

August 1794

Federal troops defeat Native Americans Forced natives to accept peace terms Treaty of Greenville Ceded present day Ohio Opened western expansion Northwest Territory

2.2- Foreign Policy

European Relations French Revolution- 1789

Opposition to Monarch Turns ugly, executions

Democratic Republicans backed Federalists against

2.2- Foreign Policy

United State Neutrality

1793

France and Britain at War Trade partners, especially Britain US chooses to stay out, fear of losing $
Britain did seize some American ships

2.2- Foreign Policy

Jay Treaty 1794

John Jay, Attorney General To avoid war sign treaty with Britain

British gave up forts, American paid reparations

Federalist favored Democratic Republicans, didnt Narrowly ratified, to keep peace

2.2- Foreign Policy

Pickneys Treaty

US signs treaty with Spain Frees up trade on the Mississippi Open New Orleans Big help expansion and money

2.2- Foreign Policy

Pinckney's Treaty, Jay Treaty and defeating Natives

Combine to encourage westward expansion

400,000 beyond Appalachians by 1800 Sell lands, government makes money, debt decreases

2.2- Foreign Policy

Washington Out- 1796

Chose to not run Farewell address

Neutrality, Political Parties

Another precedent- no king

Great Achievements Expansion avoided war booms in trade

2.2- Foreign Policy

John Adams in- 1796

Federalist Vice President

Narrowly defeats Jefferson Becomes Vice President

Regional Voting- North/Adams/Federalists

2.2- Foreign Policy

French Conflict
Upset by Jay Treaty (1794) French attack American Ships 1796

Attempt peace agreement with France resulting in the XYZ Affair

2.2- Foreign Policy XYZ Affair France*

3 French officials ask for bribes Code names X,Y,Z 250,000 Roused* the public Congress

Expands army, small navy BUT need funds from somewhere? Tax time!

2.2- Foreign Policy

Federalist exploit the war fever

Alien and Sedition Acts- 1798

Arrest and deport immigrants Most immigrants support Dem-Rep

Alien Act

Put the burden of truth on defendants Limits free speech* Crime to discredit government

Sedition Act

Unpopular with Dem-Rep, DUH

2.2- Foreign Policy

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions-

Written by Jefferson and Madison (1798-99) Democratic Republican States

Supporting States Rights Over a strong Federal Government

Claimed the Acts (Alien & Sedition) as unconstitutional Threaten Nullification - or cancel the acts Never put into effect

2.2- Foreign Policy

Election of 1800

Sedition Act & higher taxes very unpopular Adams also angered his own party (Federalist) Federalists worked to undermine Adams Jefferson defeats Adams

2.2- Foreign Policy

Election of 1800

Jefferson tied running mate Burr No distinction b/w votes- gaffe

Hamilton & congress allow Jefferson Hamiltons preference

Peaceful transfer from Federalist to DemRep Yet another precedent (yay precedents!)

2.2- Foreign Policy

Also from the 1800 Election

Congress Amends constitution (1804)

12th Amendment Separate vote President & Vice President

Burr, not thrilled with Hamilton's criticism. Does what any good politician would do 3 years later He kills him in a duel. (Kind of)

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

After Election of 1800 Jefferson set out to

Abandon Alien and Sedition Drop federalist taxes Reduce debt

(trims bureaucracy) Sells federal land

Westward expansion

Cut spending

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

1801- John Marshall- Chief Justice

Federalist Jeffersons cousin

Court claims power: judicial review

Increased power of Supreme Court Federal laws superior Loose Interpreter- implied powers Used implied powers to strengthen national government

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Marshall and Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison (Sec of State) (Dem-Rep)

Secretary Madison keeps Marbury out of office Marshall rules in favor of Madison Denies Marbury (a federalist) appointment

Unconstitutional Appeases Democratic Republican While strengthening the fed gov.

BUT establishes Judicial Review Big Power for Supreme Court Still accepted today

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sought expansion

Westward- 1801 Why?

Farming would bring money

Land would make people independent

Thought Spanish lands would be easy to take

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase:
Napoleon and the French take Louisiana territory and New Orleans from the Spanish To avoid war, Jefferson attempts to buy the land from Napoleon

Sends Monroe & Livingston Napoleon is shockingly receptive

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase- 1803

Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains

Nearly doubles the size of the US, in 1803

828,000 square Miles

15 Million Dollars

Jefferson

Contradicts himself* Outside constitution

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Westward expansion

1804Lewis & Clark Expedition

Sent by Jefferson Explore western region

Led by Sacajawea

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Jefferson- Foreign Trouble

Reexport Trade

Why was it needed?

France was blocked by England Needed U.S. to help export US Ships take French goods to France

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Jefferson- Foreign Trouble

Reexport Trade- economic help Took French goods to France

1790- $300,000 1807- 59,000,000

Avoided British Blockades

Made US Money Made France Money (and helped army) Really ticked of Great Britainso

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Jefferson- Foreign Trouble

British- to stop reexport Confiscate American export ship Impressment

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Jefferson- Foreign Trouble

Impressment: took American sailors from their own ships and forced them into the British navy

British & American Born

At first: Federalists saw as a cost of business Democratic Republican saw it as a threat to economy

2.3 The Age of Jefferson

Jefferson- Foreign Trouble

Impressment: 1807- British Attack Chesapeake Instead of building a bigger navy

Jefferson attempts an embargo -unsuccessful Drops his popularity But doesnt kill the party Succeeded by James Madison

2.4 The War of 1812

2.4 The War of 1812

Tensions grow:

Failure of embargo

Constant British attacks

Battles with Natives

Leaves US humiliated, angry, and hostile

2.4 The War of 1812

Gearing Up for War:

Sailing and Trading: 1809- Non Intercourse Act Wanted Neutrality recognized by France or England Essentially lifted sanctions (France) Sanctions against British

*French still seized ships

2.4 The War of 1812

Gearing Up for War:

Battling Natives Battle of Tippecanoe American troops burned Prophetstown

William Henry Harrison- lead troops Home of Tecumseh- burned while he sought allies Tecumseh- sought to organize natives to resist military

2.4 The War of 1812

War Hawks: Nationalists John C Calhoun (SC) & Henry Clay (KY) Pushed for War, attack Canada

War Hawks theory

Stop British from assisting Natives British would make concession to re-take Canada

John C Calhoun = Stud

2.4 The War of 1812

War of 1812

United States vs. Great Britain (Round 2) Began June 1812 (shocker) Divides nation:

Democratic Republican-For Federalist- Against

Madison barely reelected

US- unprepared, disunited, small army

Takes on world power

2.4 The War of 1812

War of 1812

US invades Canada

Uses only militia men Not successful Shows a need for a standing army Surrender Detroit to British and Natives -(Tecumseh)

2.4 The War of 1812

War of 1812

Successes:
Naval

Capture British Ships (Surprise) Retake Detroit

Natives (British Allies)

Defeated in the US Harrisons army kills Tecumseh Andrew Jackson- defeats natives and takes their lands

Alabama & Florida

2.4 The War of 1812

War of 1812

British Attack Americans defend well

Do loose capital However, better at defending then capturing

War of 1812

Failures
Invasion of Canada Surrender of Detroit

Success
Defeat Natives American Navy- wins

Washing DC- Burned

Battle of New Orleans

2.4 The War of 1812

War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans

January 1815 Andrew Jackson Leads American troops

Lopsided American victory After the Treaty of Ghent No phones too bad

2.4 The War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

Ends war of 1812 Americans feel victorious

Although no changes Battle of New Orleans Creates feeling of a win

Prewar lines accepted

Impressment would end- mostly do to an end to fighting with France, not mentioned in the treaty

2.4 The War of 1812

Hartford Convention- 1814

Federalists meet Threaten secession Make demands (bad timing) Treaty of Ghent Jacksons victory

Kills the party

Federalist look like traitors