One Water Molecule Use Site 1 to answer the following questions.

1. Draw a typical water molecule.

2. Indicate, on your drawing, the type of bond that holds the atoms of a water molecule together. 3. Indicate, on your drawing, the angle () between the hydrogen atoms.

Many Water Molecules Use Site 2 to answer the following questions.

4. What is a hydrogen bond? The hydrogen bond is the bond between water molecules that gives water its special properties. 5. Draw several water molecules of liquid water.

6. Indicate, on your drawing, the type of bond that holds the group of water molecules together. 7. How many different molecules can one water molecule interact with? One water molecule can interact with four different water molecules. 8. Once this interaction forms, is it stable or unstable? Explain. It is stable because the bonds make the structure strong. They cannot bond to other molecules when the water molecules are hydrogen bonded to each other, so the bonds are stable.

Use Site 3 to answer the following questions.

9. What happens to water molecules when you chill (remove thermal energy from) them? They move closer together and move more slowly. There is also an increase in volume and a decrease in density. 10. Do interactions between molecules become more or less common as the temperature of the water decreases? Explain your answer in terms of the amount of energy the molecules possess. Interactions become more common as the temperature of water decreases. When the temperature is high, the energy is high, resulting in molecules moving around a lot and lowering the likelihood that they will form bonds with each other. Lower temperature water molecules contain less energy and therefore crowd into each other more, sort of like tired college students leaning against each other on the library couch.

Ice Use Site 4 to answer the following questions.

11. List the steps that occur, at the molecular level, as water freezes. As the molecules start moving slower due to lower temperatures, each molecule is surrounded by four other water molecules. Then, they form hydrogen bonds, creating a network structure. This structure represents ice. 12. Does hydrogen bonding differ in ice and liquid water? Explain. Yes, because hydrogen bonding in water has less space between molecules than in ice. This is why ice is less dense than water. 13. Does the spacing between water molecules increase or decrease as water freezes? If so, by how much? Explain. The spacing between water molecules increases as water freezes because it expands in volume. It expands by 9%. The structure has more space in ice than it does in water. 14. How is density affected when water freezes? Explain your answer in terms of the spacing between water molecules. When water freezes, density decreases. The space between molecules increases as water freezes, making the volume increase. Because of this, the density lowers.

Conclusion Now that you have completed your research, you can answer the Focus Question: Why does ice float? Your answer should reflect and summarize what you have learned through this inquiry. Ice floats because it is less dense than water. Buoyancy depends on density, which is why bread, apples, [and] very small rocks float (according to Monty Python) and more dense items like microwaves and math textbooks do not. Because water expands when it freezes, its density decreases. Water in its solid form- ice- floats on water in its liquid form because the water molecules in the ice are farther apart than the water molecules in the liquid, creating a difference in density.