30 7

2010 3

JOURNAL OF SHAOXING UNIVERSITY

Vol. 30 No . 7
Mar. 2010

312000)

:
.

: ; ;
: G642. 41

: A

: 1008- 293X( 2010) 07- 0095- 03

1- 5 , ,

.
,
. ,
( ,

)
, 6 .

1- 2, 7- 10

, .

, , , ,
. , , .

1
1. 1

a( x , y ) ux + b ( x , y ) uy + c( x , y ) u = f ( x , y ) ,

( 1)

u = u( x , y )

a, b , c f x y C .
1
dy
b( x , y )
=
,
dx
a(x, y)
y ( 0) = c,

a( x , y ) ! 0

( 1) , ( 1) .
,
2

aux + buy + cu = f ( x , y ) , u = u( x , y ) , a + b > 0,

u

x= 0

( 2)

( y),

a, b c , f ( x , y ) , ( y ) .
aux + buy =

ux i + u y j

ai + bj

u ai + bj

aux + buy u a i + b j . xy - , a i
+ b j , aux + buy , ,
.
b
( 2) y = a x + c, y = y ( x , t ) , u = u( x , y ( x , c) )
: 2009- 12- 29
: ( 1979- ) , , , , . : .

 ( )

96
du
=
dx
u

x= 0

u
+
x

u dy
=
y dx

30

u
b u
+
= f - cu,
x
a y

= u ( 0, c) =

( c) ,

u = u( x , c) , c = y - b x , c, u = u( x , y ) .
a

a( x , y ) ux + b( x , y ) uy =

u a( x , y ) i + b( x , y ) j

g ( x , y ) = a( x , y ) i + b ( x , y ) j , g( x , y ) . g ( x , y ) xy - .
: g ( x , y ) u u g ( x , y ) , g( x , y )
dy
b(x, y)
, =
. ( x 0 , y 0 ) , g ( x 0 , y 0 ) =
dx
a( x , y )
a ( x 0 , y 0 ) i + b( x 0, y 0 ) j , ,
.
1

Cauchy
2u t = ux - xu ,

x # R, t > 0
2

t= 0

= 2x exp x .
2

x # R

dx
1
= - 2
dt
, x ( t , c) = - 1 t + c , c .
2
x ( 0) = c
x = x ( t , c) , u = u( x ( t , c) , t )

du
dt =

u
t +

u dx
x dt =

u
1
t - 2

u
x
x = - 2 u,

u( x ( 0, t ) , 0) = u( c, 0) = 2cexp

c2
,
2

u ( x ( t , c) , t ) = 2cexp

1 2 1
c2
t ct +
.
8
2
2
2

c = x + 1 t , u( x , t ) = 2( x + 1 t ) exp( x ) .
2
2
2
1. 2
:
a( x , y , z ) ux + b( x , y , z ) uy + c( x , y , z ) uz + d( x , y , z ) u = f ( x , y , z ) , u = u( x , y , z ) ,

( 3)

a, b , c, d f C .
2
dx
dy
dz
= a( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) ,
= b( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) ,
= c( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) )
dt
dt
dt
( 3) , ( 3) .
2

dx
dy
dz
=
=
a ( x( t) , y( t) , z ( t) )
b( x( t) , y( t) , z ( t) )
c( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) )

( a( x , y , z ) ! 0, b ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) ! 0, c( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) ! 0)
( 3) , ( 3) .
( 3) : , !, y = y ( x ;
, !) , z = z ( x ; , !) .

!, x , ( x , y ( x ; , !) , z ( x ; , !) )

. = A ( x , y , z ) , != B ( x , y , z ) , A , B . , ,
( x , y )
z ,

97

.
2

7- 9

. .
2

f
z
z
+ y
+ z
= 0,
x
y
z
z = 1 , f = xy ,
x

, a, b .

dx
dy
dz
=
=
, x z
x
y

f =

z = 1, f = xy , f =
f =

( x-

y = c 1 , 2 y - lnz = c2 .

( x-

y , 2 y - lnz ) .

y , 2 y ) = xy , ,

1
( 2 y - lnz ) 2 ( x 4

y) +

1
( 2 y - lnz )
2

, .
:
1

. M . : , 1996.

H. M . : , 2005.

. M . : , 2002.

4 Harold Levine. M . , . : , 2007.

5 ( ) . M . , . : , 1986.
6

Bleekcer David. M . : , 2006.

. M . : , 1983.

. M . : , 2001.

9 . M . : , 1991.
10 . M . : , 2008.

Method of Characteristics of the

First- order Partial Differential Equations
Wei Xuerui
( Department of Mathematics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000)
Abstract: By the characteristic equat ion, the first- order part ial differential equations translate into the system of ordi
nary different ial equat ions. This is called the method of characterist ics. The present paper introduces the origin, the geo
metric significance and the fundamental idea of solving the method of characteristics.
Key words: f irst- order partial differential equat ions; characteristic equation; method of characteristics