Cch son tho hp ng mua bn hng ha hp php, ph hp vi tp qun kinh doanh ca doanh nghip v i tc l iu v cng quan trng khi

giao kt kinh doanh. SPlaw xin chia cc kinh nghim v cch thc son tho hp ng qu v tham kho

(Dch v php l tin ch ca SPlaw - nh minh ha) I. Xc nh cc vn cn c trong hp ng 1. Gch ra nhng iu khon mu cht cn c Mi hot ng kinh doanh c cch thc bo qun hng ha, vn chuyn, thanh ton ring, cc lnh vc kinh doanh khc cng vy. Do doanh nghip cn xc nh cc vn cn c trong hp ng m bo hp ng p ng cc yu cu v bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca doanh nghip. 2. Xc nh cc ni dung bt buc phi c Cc ni dung ny da trn quy nh ca B lut dn s, b lut thng mi v tp qun, thc t kinh doanh. 3. Tng hp ni dung mc 1 lng ghp vo cc mc ni dung chnh mc 2 a ra cc ni dung cn phi c trong hp ng. II. Xy dng h thng iu khon an ton 1. Son tho cc iu khon v chm dt hp ng, sa i b sung hp ng: Cn c vo thc t kinh doanh loi sn phm, doanh nghip nm bt c cc trng hp c th gy cn tr cho vic

thc hin hp ng dn n quyt nh sa i b sung, chm dt hp ng t a ra cc tha thun v vn ny cho ph hp. 2. Son tho cc iu khon v la chn lut p dng, c quan gii quyt tranh chp nu c. III. Xy dng cc iu khon quyn, ngha v cc bn Cn c vo mc I,II cc ni dung no doanh nghip mong mun cc bn u tin tun theo th nn a vo quyn v ngha v ca cc bn. IV. Xy dng bn nhp ca hp ng Ngi son tho cn c qua chnh sa cu ch cho ngn gn nhng ph hp, trnh sai li chnh t, s dng cu ch sai ng php,... V. Ph duyt hp ng Hp ng sau khi c son tho cn c kim tra cho. Cc bn nn nh nhng ngi c kinh nghim, trnh c v sot xt hp ng tng hp cc vn cn chnh sa trc khi a hp ng vo s dng.

Hng dn son tho hp ng

Th by - 24/11/2012 16:42

Hu ht cc cng ty cc nc pht trin lun cao quy trnh son tho v k kt hp ng, hp ng thng mi ca h rt chi tit, cht ch v d liu c nhng tnh hung him khi xy ra V d: ng Bill Gate, trong mt ln phng vn cc ng vin thi tuyn vo Tp on Microsoft t cu hi: Theo cc bn u l yu t duy tr s n nh v thnh cng ca cc hot ng kinh doanh ngy nay ? Mt ng vin tiu biu tr li: chnh l tnh cht ch ca hp ng. Nhiu ngi khi nghi ng tnh nghim tc trong cu tr li ca ng vin ny, nhng Bill Gate khng ngh vy. ng cho ng vin ny im ti a v nhn anh ta vo lm vic.

Trong khi a s cc Cng ty ca Vit Nam hin nay cha quan tm nhiu n vn ny, vn s dng nhng mu hp ng khun so, n iu nm cu ba iu, kh hiu v thm ch lc hu so vi php lut hin hnh. Hu qu l khi thc hin hp ng rt kh khn, d xy ra tranh chp v thng b thua khi kin tng. Tnh trng ny do nhiu nguyn nhn: vn ha kinh doanh trng tn hn trng l, quy m kinh doanh cn nh, cha c bi hc au xt trong giao thng quc t nn cha sc bit l cn thiu hiu bit php lut v k nng son tho hp ng thng mi. cng chnh l l do tc gi vit bi ny. 1. Nhng im chung cn quan tm khi son tho hp ng thng mi

a) Son tho D tho hp ng trc khi m phn: Son d tho hp ng (bc 1), m phn, sa i b sung d tho (bc 2), han thin k kt hp ng (bc 3) l mt quy trnh cn thit. Son d tho hp ng gip cho doanh nghip vn bn ha nhng g mnh mun, ng thi d liu nhng g i tc mun trc khi m phn. N ging nh mt bn k hoch cho vic m phn, khi c mt d tho tt coi nh t 50% cng vic m phn v k kt hp ng. Nu b qua bc 1 ch m phn sau mi son tho hp ng th ging nh va xy nh va v thit k, nn thng dn n thiu st, s h trong hp ng, c bit i vi nhng thng v ln. Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu sch vit v hp ng v thng km theo nhiu mu hp ng cc loi. V d: cun Php lut v hp ng trong thng mi v u t, do TS. Nguyn Th Dung (ch bin). Doanh nghip nn da vo cc mu hp ng xem nh l nhng gi cho vic son d tho hp ng. Tuy nhin hp ng c k kt trn nguyn tc t do v bnh ng, do ni dung ca mi hp ng c th lun c s khc nhau. Bi n ph thuc vo ch ca cc bn v i hi thc tin ca vic mua bn mi loi hng ho, dch v l khc nhau, trong cc iu kin, hon cnh, thi im khc nhau. c bit phi xc nh (d liu) nhng ri ro kinh doanh no c th hin din trong cc giao dch ca doanh nghip v loi b hay gim thiu nhng ri ro bng vic s dng cc iu khon hp ng; iu ny cc hp ng mu thng t khi cp. V d: khi mua hng ha, phi d liu n c nhng tnh hung him khi xy ra: hng gi, hng nhi; gp bo, lt trong qu trnh vn chuyn, giao hng; khi tranh chp kin tng th tin ph lut s bn no chu; nhng thit hi gin tip bn vi phm c phi chu khng? Do vy khng th c mt mu hp ng no l chun mc, n thng tha hoc thiu i vi mt thng

v c th. Doanh nghip phi phi sa cho ph hp theo mun ca hai bn, ng lm dng mu ch in mt vi thng s v hon tt bn d tho hp ng. b) Thng tin xc nh t cch ch th ca cc bn: Doanh nghip v cc c nhn, t chc khc c quyn tham gia k kt hp ng thng mi, nhng xc nh c quyn hp php v t cch ch th ca cc bn th cn phi c ti thiu cc thng tin sau: - i vi t chc, doanh nghip: Tn, Tr s, Giy php thnh lp v ngi i din. Cc ni dung trn phi ghi chnh xc theo Quyt nh thnh lp hoc Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc Giy php u t ca doanh nghip. Cc bn nn xut trnh, kim tra cc vn bn, thng tin ny trc khi m phn, k kt m bo hp ng k kt ng thm quyn. - i vi c nhn: Tn, s chng minh th v a ch thng tr. Ni dung ny ghi chnh xc theo chng minh th nhn dn hoc h chiu hoc h khu v cng nn kim tra trc khi k kt. c) Tn gi hp ng: Tn gi hp ng thng c s dng theo tn loi hp ng kt hp vi tn hng ha, dch v. V d: tn loi l hp ng mua bn, cn tn ca hng ho l xi mng, ta c Hp ng mua bn + xi mng hoc Hp ng dch v + khuyn mi. Hin nhiu doanh nghip vn cn thi quen s dng tn gi HP NG KINH T theo Php lnh hp ng kinh t (1989) nhng nay Php lnh hp ng kinh t ht hiu lc, nn vic t tn ny khng cn ph hp. B lut dn s nm 2005 dnh ring Chng 18 quy nh v 12 loi hp ng thng dng, Lut thng mi nm 2005 cng quy nh v mt s loi hp ng, nn chng ta cn kt hp hai b lut ny t tn hp ng trong thng mi cho ph hp. d) Cn c k kt hp ng: Phn ny cc bn thng a ra cc cn c lm c s cho vic thng lng, k kt v thc hin hp ng; c th l vn bn php lut iu chnh, vn bn u quyn, nhu cu v kh nng ca cc bn. Trong mt s trng hp, khi cc bn la chn mt vn bn php lut c th lm cn c k kt hp ng th c xem nh l s la chn lut iu chnh. V d: mt doanh nghip Vit Nam k hp ng mua bn hng ho vi mt doanh nghip nc ngoi m c tho thun l: Cn c vo B lut dn s 2005 v Lut thng mi 2005 ca Vit Nam k kt, thc hin hp ng th hai lut ny s l lut iu chnh i vi cc bn trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v gii quyt tranh chp (nu c). Do cng phi ht sc lu khi a cc vn bn php lut vo phn cn c ca hp ng, ch s dng khi bit vn bn c iu chnh quan h trong hp ng v cn hiu lc. e) Hiu lc hp ng: Nguyn tc hp ng bng vn bn mc nhin c hiu lc k t thi im bn sau cng k vo hp ng, nu cc bn khng c tha thun hiu lc vo thi im khc; Ngoi tr mt s loi hp ng ch c hiu lc khi c cng chng, chng thc theo quy nh ca php lut, nh: hp ng mua bn nh, hp ng chuyn nhng d n bt ng sn, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh Cc bn phi ht sc lu iu ny bi v hp ng phi c hiu lc mi pht sinh trch nhim php l, rng buc cc bn phi thc hin cc ngha v theo hp ng. Lin quan n hiu lc thi hnh ca hp ng thng mi th vn ngi i din k kt (ngi k tn vo bn hp ng) cng phi ht sc lu , ngi phi c thm quyn k hoc ngi c ngi c thm quyn y quyn. Thng thng i vi doanh nghip th ngi i din c xc nh r trong Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc Giy php u t. Cng vi ch k ca ngi i din cn phi c ng du (php nhn) ca t chc, doanh nghip . V thm quyn k kt hp ng thng mi nu nghin cu su rng th cng cn rt nhiu vn

 phi bn, bn c c th tham kho thm cun Php lut v hp ng trong thng mi v u t, do TS. Nguyn Th Dung (ch bin). 2. K nng son tho mt s iu khon quan trng ca hp ng thng mi

Thng thng mt vn bn hp ng c r rng, d hiu th ngi ta chia cc vn ra thnh cc iu khon hay cc mc, theo s th t t nh n ln. Trong phn ny, tc gi a ra nhng lu , k nng khi son tho mt s vn (iu khon) quan trng thng gp trong hp ng thng mi. a) iu khon nh ngha: iu khon nh ngha c s dng vi mc ch nh ngha (gii thch) cc t, cm t c s dng nhiu ln hoc cn c cch hiu thng nht gia cc bn hoc cc k hiu vit tt. iu ny thng khng cn thit vi nhng hp ng mua bn hng ha, dch v thng thng phc v cc nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy. Nhng n rt quan trng i vi hp ng thng mi quc t, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh, hp ng t vn gim st xy dng; bi trong cc hp ng ny c nhiu t, cm t c th hiu nhiu cch hoc t, cm t chuyn mn ch nhng ngi c hiu bit trong lnh vc mi hiu. V d: php lut, hng mc cng trnh, quy chun xy dng. Do vy vic thc hin hp ng c d dng, hn ch pht sinh tranh chp cc bn phi lm r (nh ngha) ngay t khi k kt hp ng ch khng phi i n khi thc hin ri mi cng nhau bn bc, thng nht cch hiu. Mt khc khi c tranh chp, kin tng xy ra th iu khan ny gip cho nhng ngi xt x hiu r nhng ni dung cc bn tha thun v ra phn quyt chnh xc. b) iu khon cng vic: Trong hp ng dch v th iu khon cng vic (dch v) m bn lm dch v phi thc hin l khng th thiu. Nhng cng vic ny khng nhng cn xc nh mt cch r rng, m cn phi xc nh r: cch thc thc hin, trnh chuyn mn, kinh nghim ca ngi trc tip thc hin cng vic, kt qu sau khi thc hin dch v. V d: trong Hp ng t vn v qun l d n, khng nhng cn xc nh r cng vic t vn, m cn phi xc nh r: cch thc t vn bng vn bn, t vn theo quy chun xy dng ca Vit Nam, ngi trc tip t vn phi c chng ch t vn thit k xy dng, s nm kinh nghim ti thiu l 5 nm, tng tham gia t vn cho d n c quy m tng ng. C nh vy th cht lng ca dch v, kt qu ca vic thc hin dch v mi p ng c mong mun ca bn thu dch v. Nu khng lm c iu ny bn thu dch v thng thua thit v tranh chp xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng l kh trnh khi. c) iu khon tn hng: Tn hng l ni dung khng th thiu c trong tt c cc hp ng mua bn hng ha. thun li cho vic thc hin hp ng v hn ch tranh chp pht sinh, tn hng cn c xc nh mt cch r rng. Hng ho thng c tn chung v tn ring. V d: hng ho go (tn chung), go t, go np (tn ring). Nn khi xc nh tn hng phi l tn ring, c bit vi cc hng ho l sn phm my mc thit b. Tu tng loi hng ho m cc bn c th la chn mt hoc nhiu cch xc nh tn hng sau y cho ph hp: Tn + xut x; tn + nh sn xut; tn + ph lc hoc Catalogue; tn thng mi; tn khoa hc; tn km theo cng dng v c im; tn theo nhn hng ho hoc bao b ng gi. Lu : Khng phi tt c cc loi hng ho u c php mua bn trong thng mi m ch c nhng loi hng ho khng b cm kinh doanh mi c php mua bn. Ngoi ra i vi nhng hng ho hn ch kinh doanh, hng ho kinh doanh c iu kin, vic mua bn ch c thc hin khi hng ho v cc bn mua bn hng ho p ng y cc iu kin theo quy nh ca php lut. Vn ny hin nay c quy nh ti mt s vn bn sau: Lut

thng mi 2005 ti cc iu: iu 25, iu 26, iu 32, iu 33; Ngh nh s: 59/N-CP ngy 12/06/2006 v hng ho, dch v cm kinh doanh, hn ch kinh doanh v kinh doanh c iu kin; Ngh nh s:12/N CP ngy 23/01/2006 v mua bn, gia cng, i l hng ho quc t v Thng t s: 04/TT-BTM ngy 06/04/2006. d) iu khon cht lng hng ho: Cht lng hng ho kt hp cng vi tn hng s gip cc bn xc nh c hng ho mt cch r rng, chi tit. Trn thc t, nu iu khon ny khng r rng th rt kh thc hin hp ng v rt d pht sinh tranh chp. Di gc php l cht lng sn phm, hng ho l: tng th nhng thuc tnh, nhng ch tiu k thut, nhng c trng ca chng, c xc nh bng cc thng s c th o c, so snh c ph hp vi cc iu kin hin c, th hin kh nng p ng nhu cu ca x hi v ca c nhn trong nhng iu kin sn xut, tiu dng xc nh, ph hp vi cng dng ca sn phm hng ho (iu 3, Ngh nh s: 179/N-CP ngy 21/10/2004 quy nh qun l Nh nc v cht lng sn phm, hng ho). Ni chung cht lng sn phm, hng ho c th hin thng qua cc ch tiu k thut v nhng c trng ca chng. Mun xc nh c cht lng hng ho th tu theo tng loi hng ho c th xc nh, da vo cc ch tiu v c l, cc ch tiu v ho hc hoc cc c tnh khc ca hng ho . Nu cc bn tho thun cht lng hng ho theo mt tiu chun chung ca mt quc gia hay quc t th c th ch dn ti tiu chun m khng cn phi din gii c th. V d: cc bn tho thun: cht lng da giy theo tiu chun Vit Nam theo Quyt nh s: 15/Q- BCN, ngy 26/05/2006 v vic ban hnh tiu chun ngnh Da Giy. Vn bn ny c th a vo mc ti liu km theo ca hp ng. e) iu khon s lng (trng lng): iu khon ny th hin mt lng ca hng ho trong hp ng, ni dung cn lm r l: n v tnh, tng s lng hoc phng php xc nh s lng. V d: Trong hp ng mua bn xy dng xc nh s lng cc bn c th la chn mt trong cc cch sau: theo trng lng tnh (kilgam, t, tn), theo mt khi, theo toa xe, toa tu, hay theo khoang thuyn. i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t th cn phi quy nh c th cch xc nh s lng v n v o lng bi h thng o lng ca cc nc l c s khc bit. i vi nhng hng ho c s lng ln hoc do c trng ca hng ho c th t thay i tng, gim s lng theo thi tit th cng cn quy nh mt dung sai (t l sai lch) trong tng s lng cho ph hp. f) iu khon gi c: Cc bn khi tho thun v gi c cn cp cc ni dung sau: n gi, tng gi tr v ng tin thanh ton. V n gi c th xc nh gi c nh hoc a ra cch xc nh gi (gi di ng). Gi c nh thng p dng vi hp ng mua bn loi hng ho c tnh n nh cao v gi v thi hn giao hng ngn. Gi di ng thng c p dng vi nhng hp ng mua bn loi hng gi nhy cm (d bin ng) v c thc hin trong thi gian di. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng quy nh gi s c iu chnh theo gi th trng hoc theo s thay i ca cc yu t tc ng n gi sn phm. V d: Trong hp ng mua bn st xy dng (st cy phi 16), hai bn xc nh gi l: 200.000 ng/cy nhng loi thp cy ny c sn xut t nguyn liu thp nhp khu v gi thp nhp khu bn bn khng lm ch c nn bo lu iu khon ny l: Bn bn c quyn iu chnh gi tng theo t l % tng tng ng ca gi thp nguyn liu nhp khu.

g) iu khon thanh ton: Phng thc thanh ton l cch thc m cc bn thc hin ngha v giao, nhn tin khi mua bn hng ho. Cn c vo c im ring ca hp ng, mi quan h, cc iu kin khc m cc bn c th la chn mt trong ba phng thc thanh ton sau y cho ph hp: Phng thc thanh ton trc tip: khi thc hin phng thc ny cc bn trc tip thanh ton vi nhau, c th dng tin mt, sc hoc hi phiu. Cc bn c th trc tip giao nhn hoc thng qua dch v chuyn tin ca Bu in hoc Ngn hng. Phng thc ny thng c s dng khi cc bn c quan h bun bn lu di v tin tng ln nhau, vi nhng hp ng c gi tr khng ln. Phng thc nh thu v tn dng chng t (L/C) l hai phng thc c p dng ph bin i vi vic mua bn hng ho quc t, thc hin phng thc ny rt thun tin cho c bn mua v bn bn trong vic thanh ton, c bit l m bo c cho bn mua ly c tin khi giao hng. V th tc c th th Ngn hng s c trch nhim gii thch v hng dn cc bn khi la chn phng thc thanh ton ny. Lu : Vic thanh ton trc tip trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ho gia cc thng nhn Vit Nam vi nhau hoc vi c nhn, t chc khc trn lnh th Vit Nam ch c s dng ng tin Vit Nam ch khng c s dng cc ng tin ca quc gia khc, ng tin chung Chu u (ngoi t), theo iu 4, iu 22 Php lnh ngoi hi 2005. h) iu khon pht vi phm: Pht vi phm l mt loi ch ti do cc bn t la chn, n c ngha nh mt bin php trng pht, rn e, phng nga vi phm hp ng, nhm nng cao thc tn trng hp ng ca cc bn. Khi tho thun cc bn cn da trn mi quan h, tin tng ln nhau m quy nh hoc khng quy nh v vn pht vi phm. Thng thng, vi nhng bn hng c mi quan h thn thit, tin cy ln nhau, uy tn ca cc bn c khng nh trong mt thi gian di th h khng quy nh (tho thun) iu khon ny. Cn trong cc trng hp khc th nn c tho thun v pht vi phm. Mc pht th do cc bn tho thun, c th n nh mt s tin pht c th hoc a ra cch thc tnh tin pht linh ng theo % gi tr phn hp ng vi phm. Theo B lut dn s (iu 422): Pht vi phm l s tho thun gia cc bn trong hp ng, theo bn vi phm c ngha v phi np mt khon tin cho bn b vi phm; mc pht vi phm do cc bn tho thun. Nhng theo Lut thng mi (iu 301) th quyn tho thun v mc pht vi phm ca cc bn b hn ch, c th: Mc pht i vi vi phm ngha v hp ng hoc tng mc pht i vi nhiu vi phm do cc bn tho thun trong hp ng nhng khng qu 8% gi tr phn ngha v hp ng b vi phm. Do vy, cc bn khi tho thun v mc pht phi cn c vo quy nh ca Lut thng mi la chn mc pht trong phm vi t 8% tr xung, nu cc bn tho thun mc pht ln hn (v d 12%) th phn vt qu (4%) c coi l vi phm iu cm ca php lut v b v hiu. Cc trng hp vi phm b p dng ch ti pht cc bn cng c th tho thun theo hng c vi phm cc tho thun trong hp ng l b pht hoc ch mt s vi phm c th mi b pht. V d: tho thun l: Nu bn bn vi phm v cht lng hng ho th s b pht 6% gi tr phn hng ho khng ng cht lng. Nu ht thi hn thanh ton m bn mua vn khng tr tin th s b pht 5% ca s tin chm tr. j) iu khon bt kh khng:

Bt kh khng l s kin php l ny sinh ngoi mun ch quan ca cc bn, nh hng trc tip n vic thc hin hp ng k. l cc s kin thin nhin hay chnh tr x hi nh: bo, l lt, hn hn, ng t, ni la, chin tranh, bo ng, nh cng, khng hong kinh t. y l cc trng hp thng gp lm cho mt hoc c hai bn khng th thc hin c hoc thc hin khng ng cc ngha v ca mnh. Khi mt bn vi phm hp ng do gp s kin bt kh khng th php lut khng buc phi chu trch nhim v ti sn (khng b pht vi phm, khng phi bi thng thit hi). Trn thc t, nu khng tho thun r v bt kh khng th rt d b bn vi phm li dng bt kh khng thoi thc trch nhim dn n thit hi cho bn b vi phm. Trong iu khon ny cc bn cn phi nh ngha v bt kh khng v quy nh ngha v ca bn gp s kin bt kh khng. V d: iu khon bt kh khng: - nh ngha S kin bt kh khng l s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c mc d p dng mi bin php cn thit v kh nng cho php; - Bn gp s kin bt kh khng phi thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v phi cung cp chng c chng minh s kin bt kh khng l nguyn nhn trc tip dn ti vic vi phm hp ng. k) iu khon gii quyt tranh chp: i vi vic la chn gii quyt ti Trng ti hay ti To n th tho thun phi ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut, c th: Trng hp th nht: Hp ng mua bn hng ho gia cc thng nhn vi cc t chc, c nhn khc khng phi l thng nhn khi c tranh chp th do To n c thm quyn gii quyt. Cc bn khng th la chn Trng ti gii quyt theo iu 1, iu 7, iu 10 Php lnh Trng ti ngy 25/02/2003 v iu 2 Ngh nh s: 25/N-CP ngy 15/01/2004. Trng hp th hai: Hp ng mua bn hng ho gia thng nhn vi thng nhn khi c tranh chp th cc bn c quyn la chn hnh thc gii quyt ti Trng ti hoc ti To n; nu c s tham gia ca thng nhn nc ngoi th cc bn cn c th la chn mt t chc Trng ti ca Vit Nam hoc la chn mt t chc Trng ti ca nc ngoi gii quyt. Khi cc bn la chn hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp ti Trng ti th tho thun phi nu ch danh mt t chc Trng ti c th, v d: Mi tranh chp pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny s c gii quyt ti Trung tm trng ti quc t bn cnh Phng thng mi v cng nghip Vit Nam. Nu ch tho thun chung chung l: trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng nu c tranh chp s c gii quyt ti Trng ti tha thun ny v hiu. Ring i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi th cc bn cn phi quan tm n vic la chn lut p dng khi gii quyt tranh chp l: lut ca bn mua, lut ca bn bn hay lut quc t (cc cng c quc t v d: Cng c Vin nm 1980 v mua bn hng ho). y l vn ht sc quan trng, trnh nhng thua thit do thiu hiu bit php lut ca nc ngoi hay php lut quc t th thng nhn Vit Nam nn chn lut Vit Nam p dng cho hp ng thng mi. Tm li: Ni dung ca hp ng hon ton do cc bn tho thun v quyt nh cho ph hp vi nhng iu kin

hon cnh, loi hng ho, dch v c th; tuy nhin, nhng tho thun phi khng vi phm cc iu cm ca php lut. Hp ng bng vn bn l mt hnh thc k kt hp ng quan trng, thm ch bt buc trong hot ng thng mi nh: hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, hp ng mua bn nh. So vi hnh thc bng li ni li ni gi bay th hnh thc vn bn giy trng mc en gp phn hn ch vic cc bn tr mt trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng. Nhng ngc li nu khng ch trng vic son tho hp ng th li bt sa g cht hoc t mua

dy buc mnh. c mt vn bn hp ng r rng, cht ch, d c, d hiu, d thc hin, m bo c quyn li cho cc bn, hn ch tranh chp v gim thiu r ro trong thng mi. i hi cc bn phi thn trng, hiu bit php lut v c k nng, kinh nghim thc t trong vic son tho, m phn k kt hp ng thng mi. Hu ht cc cng ty cc nc pht trin lun cao quy trnh son tho v k kt hp ng, hp ng thng mi ca h rt chi tit, cht ch v d liu c nhng tnh hung him khi xy ra. V d: ng Bill Gate, trong mt ln phng vn cc ng vin thi tuyn vo Tp on Microsoft t cu hi: Theo cc bn u l yu t duy tr s n nh v thnh cng ca cc hot ng kinh doanh ngy nay ? Mt ng vin tiu biu tr li: chnh l tnh cht ch ca hp ng. Nhiu ngi khi nghi ng tnh nghim tc trong cu tr li ca ng vin ny, nhng Bill Gate khng ngh vy. ng cho ng vin ny im ti a v nhn anh ta vo lm vic. Trong khi a s cc Cng ty ca Vit Nam hin nay cha quan tm nhiu n vn ny, vn s dng nhng mu hp ng khun so, n iu nm cu ba iu, kh hiu v thm ch lc hu so vi php lut hin hnh. Hu qu l khi thc hin hp ng rt kh khn, d xy ra tranh chp v thng b thua khi kin tng. Tnh trng ny do nhiu nguyn nhn: vn ha kinh doanh trng tn hn trng l, quy m kinh doanh cn nh, cha c bi hc au xt trong giao thng quc t nn cha sc bit l cn thiu hiu bit php lut v k nng son tho hp ng thng mi. cng chnh l l do tc gi vit bi ny. 1. Nhng im chung cn quan tm khi son tho hp ng thng mi a) Son tho D tho hp ng trc khi m phn: Son d tho hp ng (bc 1), m phn, sa i b sung d tho (bc 2), han thin k kt hp ng (bc 3) l mt quy trnh cn thit. Son d tho hp ng gip cho doanh nghip vn bn ha nhng g mnh mun, ng thi d liu nhng g i tc mun trc khi m phn. N ging nh mt bn k hoch cho vic m phn, khi c mt d tho tt coi nh t 50% cng vic m phn v k kt hp ng. Nu b qua bc 1 ch m phn sau mi son tho hp ng th ging nh va xy nh va v thit k, nn thng dn n thiu st, s h trong hp ng, c bit i vi nhng thng v ln. Trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu sch vit v hp ng v thng km theo nhiu mu hp ng cc loi. V d: cun Php lut v hp ng trong thng mi v u t, do TS. Nguyn Th Dung (ch bin). Doanh nghip nn da vo cc mu hp ng xem nh l nhng gi cho vic son d tho hp ng. Tuy nhin hp ng c k kt trn nguyn tc t do v bnh ng, do ni dung ca mi hp ng c th lun c s khc nhau. Bi n ph thuc vo ch ca cc bn v i hi thc tin ca vic mua bn mi loi hng ho, dch v l khc nhau, trong cc iu kin, hon cnh, thi im khc nhau. c bit phi xc nh (d liu) nhng ri ro kinh doanh no c th hin din trong cc giao dch ca doanh nghip v loi b hay gim thiu nhng ri ro bng vic s dng cc iu khon hp ng; iu ny cc hp ng mu thng t khi cp. V d: khi mua hng ha, phi d liu n c nhng tnh hung him khi xy ra: hng gi, hng nhi; gp bo, lt trong qu trnh vn chuyn, giao hng; khi tranh chp kin tng th tin ph lut s bn no chu; nhng thit hi gin tip bn vi phm c phi chu khng? Do vy khng th c mt mu hp ng no l chun mc, n thng tha hoc thiu i vi mt thng v c th. Doanh nghip phi phi sa cho ph hp theo mun ca hai bn, ng lm dng mu ch in mt vi thng s v hon tt bn d tho hp ng. b) Thng tin xc nh t cch ch th ca cc bn: Doanh nghip v cc c nhn, t chc khc c quyn tham gia k kt hp ng thng mi, nhng xc nh c quyn hp php v t cch ch th ca cc bn th cn phi c ti thiu cc thng tin sau: - i vi t chc, doanh nghip: Tn, Tr s, Giy php thnh lp v ngi i din. Cc ni dung trn phi ghi chnh xc theo Quyt nh thnh lp hoc Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc Giy

php u t ca doanh nghip. Cc bn nn xut trnh, kim tra cc vn bn, thng tin ny trc khi m phn, k kt m bo hp ng k kt ng thm quyn. - i vi c nhn: Tn, s chng minh th v a ch thng tr. Ni dung ny ghi chnh xc theo chng minh th nhn dn hoc h chiu hoc h khu v cng nn kim tra trc khi k kt. c) Tn gi hp ng: Tn gi hp ng thng c s dng theo tn loi hp ng kt hp vi tn hng ha, dch v. V d: tn loi l hp ng mua bn, cn tn ca hng ho l xi mng, ta c Hp ng mua bn + xi mng hoc Hp ng dch v + khuyn mi. Hin nhiu doanh nghip vn cn thi quen s dng tn gi HP NG KINH T theo Php lnh hp ng kinh t (1989) nhng nay Php lnh hp ng kinh t ht hiu lc, nn vic t tn ny khng cn ph hp. B lut dn s nm 2005 dnh ring Chng 18 quy nh v 12 loi hp ng thng dng, Lut thng mi nm 2005 cng quy nh v mt s loi hp ng, nn chng ta cn kt hp hai b lut ny t tn hp ng trong thng mi cho ph hp. d) Cn c k kt hp ng: Phn ny cc bn thng a ra cc cn c lm c s cho vic thng lng, k kt v thc hin hp ng; c th l vn bn php lut iu chnh, vn bn u quyn, nhu cu v kh nng ca cc bn. Trong mt s trng hp, khi cc bn la chn mt vn bn php lut c th lm cn c k kt hp ng th c xem nh l s la chn lut iu chnh. V d: mt doanh nghip Vit Nam k hp ng mua bn hng ho vi mt doanh nghip nc ngoi m c tho thun l: Cn c vo B lut dn s 2005 v Lut thng mi 2005 ca Vit Nam k kt, thc hin hp ng th hai lut ny s l lut iu chnh i vi cc bn trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v gii quyt tranh chp (nu c). Do cng phi ht sc lu khi a cc vn bn php lut vo phn cn c ca hp ng, ch s dng khi bit vn bn c iu chnh quan h trong hp ng v cn hiu lc. e) Hiu lc hp ng: Nguyn tc hp ng bng vn bn mc nhin c hiu lc k t thi im bn sau cng k vo hp ng, nu cc bn khng c tha thun hiu lc vo thi im khc; Ngoi tr mt s loi hp ng ch c hiu lc khi c cng chng, chng thc theo quy nh ca php lut, nh: hp ng mua bn nh, hp ng chuyn nhng d n bt ng sn, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh Cc bn phi ht sc lu iu ny bi v hp ng phi c hiu lc mi pht sinh trch nhim php l, rng buc cc bn phi thc hin cc ngha v theo hp ng. Lin quan n hiu lc thi hnh ca hp ng thng mi th vn ngi i din k kt (ngi k tn vo bn hp ng) cng phi ht sc lu , ngi phi c thm quyn k hoc ngi c ngi c thm quyn y quyn. Thng thng i vi doanh nghip th ngi i din c xc nh r trong Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc Giy php u t. Cng vi ch k ca ngi i din cn phi c ng du (php nhn) ca t chc, doanh nghip . V thm quyn k kt hp ng thng mi nu nghin cu su rng th cng cn rt nhiu vn phi bn, bn c c th tham kho thm cun Php lut v hp ng trong thng mi v u t, do TS. Nguyn Th Dung (ch bin). 2. K nng son tho mt s iu khon quan trng ca hp ng thng mi Thng thng mt vn bn hp ng c r rng, d hiu th ngi ta chia cc vn ra thnh cc iu khon hay cc mc, theo s th t t nh n ln. Trong phn ny, tc gi a ra nhng lu , k nng khi son tho mt s vn (iu khon) quan trng thng gp trong hp ng thng mi. a) iu khon nh ngha: iu khon nh ngha c s dng vi mc ch nh ngha (gii thch) cc t, cm t c s dng nhiu ln hoc cn c cch hiu thng nht gia cc bn hoc cc k hiu vit tt. iu ny thng khng cn thit vi nhng hp ng mua bn hng ha, dch v thng thng phc v cc nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy. Nhng n rt quan trng i vi hp ng thng mi quc t, hp ng chuyn giao cng ngh, hp ng t vn gim st xy dng; bi trong cc hp ng ny c nhiu t, cm t c th hiu nhiu cch hoc t, cm t chuyn mn ch nhng ngi c hiu bit trong lnh vc mi hiu. V d: php lut, hng mc cng trnh, quy chun xy dng. Do vy vic thc hin hp ng c

d dng, hn ch pht sinh tranh chp cc bn phi lm r (nh ngha) ngay t khi k kt hp ng ch khng phi i n khi thc hin ri mi cng nhau bn bc, thng nht cch hiu. Mt khc khi c tranh chp, kin tng xy ra th iu khan ny gip cho nhng ngi xt x hiu r nhng ni dung cc bn tha thun v ra phn quyt chnh xc. b) iu khon cng vic: Trong hp ng dch v th iu khon cng vic (dch v) m bn lm dch v phi thc hin l khng th thiu. Nhng cng vic ny khng nhng cn xc nh mt cch r rng, m cn phi xc nh r: cch thc thc hin, trnh chuyn mn, kinh nghim ca ngi trc tip thc hin cng vic, kt qu sau khi thc hin dch v. V d: trong Hp ng t vn v qun l d n, khng nhng cn xc nh r cng vic t vn, m cn phi xc nh r: cch thc t vn bng vn bn, t vn theo quy chun xy dng ca Vit Nam, ngi trc tip t vn phi c chng ch t vn thit k xy dng, s nm kinh nghim ti thiu l 5 nm, tng tham gia t vn cho d n c quy m tng ng. C nh vy th cht lng ca dch v, kt qu ca vic thc hin dch v mi p ng c mong mun ca bn thu dch v. Nu khng lm c iu ny bn thu dch v thng thua thit v tranh chp xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng l kh trnh khi. c) iu khon tn hng: Tn hng l ni dung khng th thiu c trong tt c cc hp ng mua bn hng ha. thun li cho vic thc hin hp ng v hn ch tranh chp pht sinh, tn hng cn c xc nh mt cch r rng. Hng ho thng c tn chung v tn ring. V d: hng ho go (tn chung), go t, go np (tn ring). Nn khi xc nh tn hng phi l tn ring, c bit vi cc hng ho l sn phm my mc thit b. Tu tng loi hng ho m cc bn c th la chn mt hoc nhiu cch xc nh tn hng sau y cho ph hp: Tn + xut x; tn + nh sn xut; tn + ph lc hoc Catalogue; tn thng mi; tn khoa hc; tn km theo cng dng v c im; tn theo nhn hng ho hoc bao b ng gi. Lu : Khng phi tt c cc loi hng ho u c php mua bn trong thng mi m ch c nhng loi hng ho khng b cm kinh doanh mi c php mua bn. Ngoi ra i vi nhng hng ho hn ch kinh doanh, hng ho kinh doanh c iu kin, vic mua bn ch c thc hin khi hng ho v cc bn mua bn hng ho p ng y cc iu kin theo quy nh ca php lut. Vn ny hin nay c quy nh ti mt s vn bn sau: Lut thng mi 2005 ti cc iu: iu 25, iu 26, iu 32, iu 33; Ngh nh s: 59/N-CP ngy 12/06/2006 v hng ho, dch v cm kinh doanh, hn ch kinh doanh v kinh doanh c iu kin; Ngh nh s:12/N CP ngy 23/01/2006 v mua bn, gia cng, i l hng ho quc t v Thng t s: 04/TT-BTM ngy 06/04/2006. d) iu khon cht lng hng ho: Cht lng hng ho kt hp cng vi tn hng s gip cc bn xc nh c hng ho mt cch r rng, chi tit. Trn thc t, nu iu khon ny khng r rng th rt kh thc hin hp ng v rt d pht sinh tranh chp. Di gc php l cht lng sn phm, hng ho l: tng th nhng thuc tnh, nhng ch tiu k thut, nhng c trng ca chng, c xc nh bng cc thng s c th o c, so snh c ph hp vi cc iu kin hin c, th hin kh nng p ng nhu cu ca x hi v ca c nhn trong nhng iu kin sn xut, tiu dng xc nh, ph hp vi cng dng ca sn phm hng ho (iu 3, Ngh nh s: 179/N-CP ngy 21/10/2004 quy nh qun l Nh nc v cht lng sn phm, hng ho). Ni chung cht lng sn phm, hng ho c th hin thng qua cc ch tiu k thut v nhng c trng ca chng. Mun xc nh c cht lng hng ho th tu theo tng loi hng ho c th xc nh, da vo cc ch tiu v c l, cc ch tiu v ho hc hoc cc c tnh khc ca hng ho . Nu cc bn tho thun cht lng hng ho theo mt tiu chun chung ca mt quc gia hay quc t th c th ch dn ti tiu chun m khng cn phi din gii c th. V d: cc bn tho thun: cht lng da giy theo tiu chun Vit Nam theo Quyt nh s: 15/Q- BCN, ngy 26/05/2006 v vic ban hnh tiu chun ngnh Da Giy. Vn bn ny c th a vo mc ti liu km theo ca hp ng. e) iu khon s lng (trng lng):

iu khon ny th hin mt lng ca hng ho trong hp ng, ni dung cn lm r l: n v tnh, tng s lng hoc phng php xc nh s lng. V d: Trong hp ng mua bn xy dng xc nh s lng cc bn c th la chn mt trong cc cch sau: theo trng lng tnh (kilgam, t, tn), theo mt khi, theo toa xe, toa tu, hay theo khoang thuyn. i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t th cn phi quy nh c th cch xc nh s lng v n v o lng bi h thng o lng ca cc nc l c s khc bit. i vi nhng hng ho c s lng ln hoc do c trng ca hng ho c th t thay i tng, gim s lng theo thi tit th cng cn quy nh mt dung sai (t l sai lch) trong tng s lng cho ph hp. f) iu khon gi c: Cc bn khi tho thun v gi c cn cp cc ni dung sau: n gi, tng gi tr v ng tin thanh ton. V n gi c th xc nh gi c nh hoc a ra cch xc nh gi (gi di ng). Gi c nh thng p dng vi hp ng mua bn loi hng ho c tnh n nh cao v gi v thi hn giao hng ngn. Gi di ng thng c p dng vi nhng hp ng mua bn loi hng gi nhy cm (d bin ng) v c thc hin trong thi gian di. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thng quy nh gi s c iu chnh theo gi th trng hoc theo s thay i ca cc yu t tc ng n gi sn phm. V d: Trong hp ng mua bn st xy dng (st cy phi 16), hai bn xc nh gi l: 200.000 ng/cy nhng loi thp cy ny c sn xut t nguyn liu thp nhp khu v gi thp nhp khu bn bn khng lm ch c nn bo lu iu khon ny l: Bn bn c quyn iu chnh gi tng theo t l % tng tng ng ca gi thp nguyn liu nhp khu. g) iu khon thanh ton: Phng thc thanh ton l cch thc m cc bn thc hin ngha v giao, nhn tin khi mua bn hng ho. Cn c vo c im ring ca hp ng, mi quan h, cc iu kin khc m cc bn c th la chn mt trong ba phng thc thanh ton sau y cho ph hp: Phng thc thanh ton trc tip: khi thc hin phng thc ny cc bn trc tip thanh ton vi nhau, c th dng tin mt, sc hoc hi phiu. Cc bn c th trc tip giao nhn hoc thng qua dch v chuyn tin ca Bu in hoc Ngn hng. Phng thc ny thng c s dng khi cc bn c quan h bun bn lu di v tin tng ln nhau, vi nhng hp ng c gi tr khng ln. Phng thc nh thu v tn dng chng t (L/C) l hai phng thc c p dng ph bin i vi vic mua bn hng ho quc t, thc hin phng thc ny rt thun tin cho c bn mua v bn bn trong vic thanh ton, c bit l m bo c cho bn mua ly c tin khi giao hng. V th tc c th th Ngn hng s c trch nhim gii thch v hng dn cc bn khi la chn phng thc thanh ton ny. Lu : Vic thanh ton trc tip trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ho gia cc thng nhn Vit Nam vi nhau hoc vi c nhn, t chc khc trn lnh th Vit Nam ch c s dng ng tin Vit Nam ch khng c s dng cc ng tin ca quc gia khc, ng tin chung Chu u (ngoi t), theo iu 4, iu 22 Php lnh ngoi hi 2005. h) iu khon pht vi phm: Pht vi phm l mt loi ch ti do cc bn t la chn, n c ngha nh mt bin php trng pht, rn e, phng nga vi phm hp ng, nhm nng cao thc tn trng hp ng ca cc bn. Khi tho thun cc bn cn da trn mi quan h, tin tng ln nhau m quy nh hoc khng quy nh v vn pht vi phm. Thng thng, vi nhng bn hng c mi quan h thn thit, tin cy ln nhau, uy tn ca cc bn c khng nh trong mt thi gian di th h khng quy nh (tho thun) iu khon ny. Cn trong cc trng hp khc th nn c tho thun v pht vi phm. Mc pht th do cc bn tho thun, c th n nh mt s tin pht c th hoc a ra cch thc tnh tin pht linh ng theo % gi tr phn hp ng vi phm. Theo B lut dn s (iu 422): Pht vi phm l s tho thun gia cc bn trong hp ng, theo bn vi phm c ngha v phi np mt khon tin cho bn b vi phm; mc pht vi phm do cc bn tho thun. Nhng theo Lut thng mi (iu 301) th quyn tho thun v mc pht vi phm ca cc bn b hn ch, c th: Mc pht i vi vi phm

ngha v hp ng hoc tng mc pht i vi nhiu vi phm do cc bn tho thun trong hp ng nhng khng qu 8% gi tr phn ngha v hp ng b vi phm. Do vy, cc bn khi tho thun v mc pht phi cn c vo quy nh ca Lut thng mi la chn mc pht trong phm vi t 8% tr xung, nu cc bn tho thun mc pht ln hn (v d 12%) th phn vt qu (4%) c coi l vi phm iu cm ca php lut v b v hiu. Cc trng hp vi phm b p dng ch ti pht cc bn cng c th tho thun theo hng c vi phm cc tho thun trong hp ng l b pht hoc ch mt s vi phm c th mi b pht. V d: tho thun l: Nu bn bn vi phm v cht lng hng ho th s b pht 6% gi tr phn hng ho khng ng cht lng. Nu ht thi hn thanh ton m bn mua vn khng tr tin th s b pht 5% ca s tin chm tr. j) iu khon bt kh khng: Bt kh khng l s kin php l ny sinh ngoi mun ch quan ca cc bn, nh hng trc tip n vic thc hin hp ng k. l cc s kin thin nhin hay chnh tr x hi nh: bo, l lt, hn hn, ng t, ni la, chin tranh, bo ng, nh cng, khng hong kinh t. y l cc trng hp thng gp lm cho mt hoc c hai bn khng th thc hin c hoc thc hin khng ng cc ngha v ca mnh. Khi mt bn vi phm hp ng do gp s kin bt kh khng th php lut khng buc phi chu trch nhim v ti sn (khng b pht vi phm, khng phi bi thng thit hi). Trn thc t, nu khng tho thun r v bt kh khng th rt d b bn vi phm li dng bt kh khng thoi thc trch nhim dn n thit hi cho bn b vi phm. Trong iu khon ny cc bn cn phi nh ngha v bt kh khng v quy nh ngha v ca bn gp s kin bt kh khng. V d: iu khon bt kh khng: - nh ngha S kin bt kh khng l s kin xy ra mt cch khch quan khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c mc d p dng mi bin php cn thit v kh nng cho php; - Bn gp s kin bt kh khng phi thng bo ngay cho bn kia bit v phi cung cp chng c chng minh s kin bt kh khng l nguyn nhn trc tip dn ti vic vi phm hp ng. k) iu khon gii quyt tranh chp: i vi vic la chn gii quyt ti Trng ti hay ti To n th tho thun phi ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut, c th: Trng hp th nht: Hp ng mua bn hng ho gia cc thng nhn vi cc t chc, c nhn khc khng phi l thng nhn khi c tranh chp th do To n c thm quyn gii quyt. Cc bn khng th la chn Trng ti gii quyt theo iu 1, iu 7, iu 10 Php lnh Trng ti ngy 25/02/2003 v iu 2 Ngh nh s: 25/N-CP ngy 15/01/2004. Trng hp th hai: Hp ng mua bn hng ho gia thng nhn vi thng nhn khi c tranh chp th cc bn c quyn la chn hnh thc gii quyt ti Trng ti hoc ti To n; nu c s tham gia ca thng nhn nc ngoi th cc bn cn c th la chn mt t chc Trng ti ca Vit Nam hoc la chn mt t chc Trng ti ca nc ngoi gii quyt. Khi cc bn la chn hnh thc gii quyt tranh chp ti Trng ti th tho thun phi nu ch danh mt t chc Trng ti c th, v d: Mi tranh chp pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny s c gii quyt ti Trung tm trng ti quc t bn cnh Phng thng mi v cng nghip Vit Nam. Nu ch tho thun chung chung l: trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng nu c tranh chp s c gii quyt ti Trng ti tha thun ny v hiu. Ring i vi hp ng mua bn hng ho gia thng nhn Vit Nam vi thng nhn nc ngoi th cc bn cn phi quan tm n vic la chn lut p dng khi gii quyt tranh chp l: lut ca bn mua, lut ca bn bn hay lut quc t (cc cng c quc t v d: Cng c Vin nm 1980 v mua bn hng ho). y l vn ht sc quan trng, trnh nhng thua thit do thiu hiu bit php lut ca nc ngoi hay php lut quc t th thng nhn Vit Nam nn chn lut Vit Nam p dng cho hp ng thng mi.

Tm li: Ni dung ca hp ng hon ton do cc bn tho thun v quyt nh cho ph hp vi nhng iu kin hon cnh, loi hng ho, dch v c th; tuy nhin, nhng tho thun phi khng vi phm cc iu cm ca php lut. Hp ng bng vn bn l mt hnh thc k kt hp ng quan trng, thm ch bt buc trong hot ng thng mi nh: hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t, hp ng mua bn nh. So vi hnh thc bng li ni li ni gi bay th hnh thc vn bn giy trng mc en gp phn hn ch vic cc bn tr mt trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng. Nhng ngc li nu khng ch trng vic son tho hp ng th li bt sa g cht hoc t mua dy buc mnh. c mt vn bn hp ng r rng, cht ch, d c, d hiu, d thc hin, m bo c quyn li cho cc bn, hn ch tranh chp v gim thiu r ro trong thng mi. i hi cc bn phi thn trng, hiu bit php lut v c k nng, kinh nghim thc t trong vic son tho, m phn k kt hp ng thng mi. SOURCE: TP CH LUT HC THNG 11/2008

Nhn thy rt nhiu SEOers mc phi li son tho vn bn: sau du cu khng vit hoa ch ci u tin, khng c khong trng (backspace) gia u cu v t tip theo...Thay mt BQT mnh xin post 1 bi su tm trn internet hng dn Mt s quy tc son tho vn bn c bn Hy vng cc bn SEOers s trnh by bi vit ca mnh d c hn.

Son tho vn bn: kh hay d? Cc bn c ngc nhin lm khng? Ti dm chc rng thm ch mt s bn tr cn ni cu na. By gi l thi i g ri m cn dy g vn bn na? My tnh t lu tr thnh mt cng c khng th thiu c trong cc vn phng, cng s vi chc nng chnh l son tho vn bn. Ngy nay chng ta khng th tm thy mt vn bn chnh thc no ca nh nc m khng c thc hin trn my tnh. Cng vic son tho vn bn gi y tr nn quen thuc vi tt c mi ngi. Tuy nhin khng phi ai cng nm vng cc nguyn tc g vn bn c bn nht m chng ti sp trnh by hm nay. Bn thn ti quan st v nhn thy rng 90% sinh vin tt nghip cc trng i hc khng nm vng (thm ch cha bit) cc qui tc ny! V vy cc bn cn bnh tnh v hy c cn thn bi vit ny. i vi cc bn bit th y l dp kim tra li cc thi quen ca mnh, cn i vi cc bn cha bit th nhng qui tc ny s tht s b ch. Cc qui tc ny rt d hiu, khi bit v nh ri th bn s khng bao gi lp li cc li ny na khi son tho vn bn. Mt iu na rt quan trng mun ni vi cc bn: cc qui tc son tho vn bn ny lun ng v khng ph thuc vo phn mm son tho hay h iu hnh c th no.

Khi nim k t, t, cu, dng, on Khi lm vic vi vn bn, i tng ch yu ta thng xuyn phi tip xc l cc k t (Character). Cc k t phn ln c g vo trc tip t bn phm. Nhiu k t khc k t trng (Space) ghp li vi nhau thnh mt t (Word). Tp hp cc t kt thc bng du ngt cu, v d du chm (.) gi l cu (Sentence). Nhiu cu c lin quan vi nhau hon chnh v ng ngha no to thnh mt on vn bn (Paragraph). Trong cc phn mm son tho, on vn bn c kt thc bng cch nhn phm Enter. Nh vy

phm Enter dng khi cn to ra mt on vn bn mi. on l thnh phn rt quan trng ca vn bn. Nhiu nh dng s c p t cho on nh cn l, kiu dng, Nu trong mt on vn bn, ta cn ngt xung dng, lc dng t hp Shift+Enter. Thng thng, gin cch gia cc on vn bn s ln hn gia cc dng trong mt on. on vn bn hin th trn mn hnh s c chia thnh nhiu dng ty thuc vo kch thc trang giy in, kch thc ch... C th tm nh ngha dng l mt tp hp cc k t nm trn cng mt ng c s (Baseline) t bn tri sang bn phi mn hnh son tho. Nh vy cc nh ngha v khi nim c bn ban u ca son tho v trnh by vn bn l K t, T, Cu, Dng, on.

Nguyn tc t xung dng ca t: Trong qu trnh son tho vn bn, khi g n cui dng, phn mm s thc hin ng tc t xung dng. Nguyn tc ca vic t ng xung dng l khng c lm ngt i mt t. Do vy nu khng ch hin th c t trn hng, my tnh s ngt c t xung hng tip theo. V tr ca t b ngt dng do vy ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau nh rng trang giy in, rng ca s mn hnh, kch thc ch. Do , nu khng c l do ngt dng, ta c tip tc g d con tr nm cui dng. Vic quyt nh ngt dng ti u s do my tnh la chn. Cch ngt dng t ng ca phn mm hon ton khc vi vic ta s dng cc phm to ra cc ngt dng "nhn to" nh cc phm Enter, Shift+Enter hoc Ctrl+Enter. Nu ta s dng cc phm ny, my tnh s lun ngt dng ti v tr . Nguyn tc t xung dng ca t l mt trong nhng nguyn tc quan trng nht ca son tho vn bn trn my tnh. y l c th ch c i vi cng vic son tho trn my tnh v khng c i vi vic g my ch hay vit tay. Chnh v iu ny m ny sinh mt s qui tc mi c th cho cng vic son tho trn my tnh. Mt s quy tc g vn bn c bn By gi ti s cng cc bn ln lt xem xt k cc "qui tc" ca son tho vn bn trn my tnh. Xin nhc li mt ln na rng cc nguyn tc ny s c p dng cho mi phn mm son tho v trn mi h iu hnh my tnh khc nhau. Cc qui tc ny rt d hiu v d nh. 1. Khi g vn bn khng dng phm Enter iu khin xung dng. Tht vy trong son tho vn bn trn my tnh hy cho phn mm t ng thc hin vic xung dng. Phm Enter ch dng kt thc mt on vn bn hon chnh. Ch rng iu ny hon ton ngc li so vi thi quen ca my ch. Vi my ch chng ta lun phi ch ng trong vic xung dng ca vn bn. 2. Gia cc t ch dng mt du trng phn cch. Khng s dng du trng u dng cho vic cn chnh l.

Mt du trng l phn mm phn bit c cc t. Khong cch th hin gia cc t cng do phn mm t ng tnh ton v th hin. Nu ta dng nhiu hn mt du cch gia cc t phn mm s khng tnh ton c chnh xc khong cch gia cc t v v vy vn bn s c th hin rt xu. V d: Sai: Trong cuc sng, tt c chng ta u phi tri qua vic tng qu v nhn qu tng t ngi khc. ng: Trong cuc sng, tt c chng ta u phi tri qua vic tng qu v nhn qu tng t ngi khc. 3. Cc du ngt cu nh chm (.), phy (,), hai chm ), chm phy (, chm than (!), hi chm (?) phi c g st vo t ng trc n, tip theo l mt du trng nu sau vn cn ni dung. L do n gin ca qui tc ny l nu nh cc du ngt cu trn khng c g st vo k t ca t cui cng, phn mm s hiu rng cc du ny thuc vo mt t khc v do c th b ngt xung dng tip theo so vi cu hin thi v iu ny khng ng vi ngha ca cc du ny. V d: Sai: Hm nay , tri nng qu chng! Hm nay,tri nng qu chng! Hm nay ,tri nng qu chng! ng: Hm nay, tri nng qu chng! 4. Cc du m ngoc v m nhy u phi c hiu l k t u t, do k t tip theo phi vit st vo bn phi ca cc du ny. Tng t, cc du ng ngoc v ng nhy phi hiu l k t cui t v c vit st vo bn phi ca k t cui cng ca t bn tri. V d: Sai: Th in t ( Email ) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch. Th in t (Email ) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch. Th in t ( Email) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch. Th in t(Email) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch. Th in t(Email ) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch. ng: Th in t (Email) l phng tin thng tin lin lc nhanh chng v hu ch.

Ch 1. Cc qui tc g vn bn trn ch p dng i vi cc vn bn hnh chnh bnh thng. Chng c p dng cho hu ht cc loi cng vic hng ngy t cng vn, th t, hp ng kinh t, bo ch, vn hc. Tuy nhin c mt s lnh vc chuyn mn hp v d son tho cc cng thc ton hc, lp trnh my tnh th khng nht thit p dng cc qui tc trn. 2. Cc qui tc va nu trn c th khng bao qut ht cc trng hp cn ch khi son tho vn bn trn thc t. Nu gp cc trng hp c bit khc, cc bn hy vn dng cc suy lun c l ca nguyn tc t xung dng ca my tnh suy lun cho trng hp ring ca mnh. Ti ngh rng cc bn s tm c phng n chnh xc nht.

G vn bn: d m kh Cc bn va c thy mt s nguyn tc g vn bn tht n gin trn my tnh. Cc nguyn tc ny hnh nh cha c ghi li trong bt c mt quyn sch gio khoa no v ting Vit hay My tnh. Cng vic son tho vn bn trn my tnh thng c hiu l mt vic n gin, ai cng lm c. ng l n gin, nhng g chnh xc hon ton khng xy ra cc li m t trn li khng phi l d. Khi bn c thi quen g ng th hu nh khng bao gi lp li cc li ny na. Nhng mt khi bn cha bao gi bit v chng th vic g vn bn c li l iu d xy ra. Ti mong rng bi vit ngn ny s gip cc bn nhiu trong cng vic son tho ca mnh. Son tho vn bn trn my tnh l cng vic hc 'g chnh t' m mi chng ta u phi tri qua t cc lp tiu hc, by gi vi my tnh chng ta cng bt buc phi tri qua cc bi hc v lng . Bi vit ca ti s khng cn ngha na nu nh 90% hc sinh v sinh vin ca chng ta u g vn bn trn my tnh chnh xc khng li. (Theo Theo School@net)