Handout Powerpoint Chem 301 PharChm1

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Prepared by:
Chemistry Review Group/ Pharmacy Review Group Scholia Tutorial Club UST Faculty of Pharmacy
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PREREQUISITE
Chemistry - study of the property of matter and the changes it undergoes. Topics in Chemistry which involved studying the property of matter are:
Classification Energetics and Thermodynamics Electrochemistry Chemical and physical bonds Molecular geometry Solutions and solubility
Changes in matter are otherwise termed as chemical reactions. Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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PREREQUISITE
Qualitative Chemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of what matter is by examination of its properties and changes undergone. Quantitative Chemistry branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of how much matter there is by examination of its properties and changes undergone
Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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PREREQUISITE
Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistries are combined into what is known as Analytical Chemistry Pharmaceutical Chemistry branch of pharmacy and chemistry that deals with the use of the properties and changes of significant compounds to bring out a certain use in the pharmacy practice.
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PREREQUISITE
Concentration Expressions Recall that the concentration (amount of solute present) in a solution can be expressed in the following ways: Molarity = g solute/ mm solute (L solvent) Molality = g solute/ mm solute (kg solvent)
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PREREQUISITE
Normality = Equivalents solute/ L solvent Also, dilution is important in case the concentration is meant to be altered. M1V1 = M2V2
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REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Colligative adj. dependent on quantity instead of nature Colligative properties are specific for solutions, which depend on the number of solute particles instead of their nature.
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1. Vapor Pressure the pressure exerted by the vapor being given off by the liquid at a given temperature Rule: The lowering of vapor pressure of a solvent is equal to the product of mole fraction solute and vapor pressure of pure solvent. P = P x MF solute
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Ex. A solution contains 1.75 moles of sucrose in a liter of water. What is the vapor pressure lowering of the solvent? What is the vapor pressure of the solution? P = 23.72 C P = P x MF solute Where : P = vapor pressure lowering; and P = vapor pressure of solvent P = P (Vp solution) P (Vp solvent) MF solute = moles solute/ moles solution * moles solution = moles solute + solvent
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Moles solvent = 100g/ 18 = 55.56 moles water Moles solution = 57.31 MF solute = 1.75/57.31 = 0.031 P = 23.72(0.031) = 0.727 mmHg
Vapor pressure soln = P - lowering = 23.72 0.727 = 23.0 mmHg

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2. Boiling Point Elevation the pressure exerted by the vapor being given off by the liquid at a given temperature Rule: The boiling point elevation of the solvent is directly proportional to the molecular concentration of the solution. Tb = kb(m) Where kb = molal bpt constant m = molality Tb = bpt elevation Tb = Tb (Bpt. Solution) Tb (Bpt. Solvent)
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Ex. What is the boiling point elevation of 60.0g of water that contains 2.00g of glycerol, C3H5(OH)3? Molality = 0.362, Bpt constant of water = 0.51C Tb = kb(m) Tb = (0.51C)(0.362) = 0.185C Thus, if bpt solvent is 100C, the bpt of the entire solution becomes 100.185C.
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3. Freezing Point Depression point where liquid turns into solid. Rule: The freezing point depression is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution. Tf = kf(m) Where Tf = Fpt. Depression m = molality kf = molal fpt constant Tf = Tf (Fpt. solvent) - Tf (Fpt. Solution)
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Ex. Calculate the freezing point depression of 0.46 molal diphenyl-naphthalene solution in 200g of benzene. Fpt = 5.5C Constant = 5.12C T = (5.12C)(0.46m) = 2.3C T = Fpt - T = 5.5C - 2.3C = 3.2C
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4. Increase in Osmotic Pressure () pressure that is required to stop osmosis = MRT Where M = molarity R = gas constant T = temperature (K)
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Ex: What is the osmotic pressure of a selection at 29.0C that contains 15.0g of glucose in 80.0mL solution? = MRT = [150g / (180g/n x 0.08L)] x 0.0821L-atm/mol-K x 302K = 25.8 atm
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END OF REVIEW PROPER.
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REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

A. RATE: DEFINITION AND DETERMINATION Rate any quantity divided by time. (Q/t) Rate of Reaction mathematically is defined in a way that the quantity given is the amount of compound (product or reactant) over time. Reactants are used up, and become lesser overtime. Therefore their rate should have a negative sign.
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Products are formed, and become greater overtime. Therefore their rate should have a positive sign. This sensible argument is justified by the basic law of conservation of mass. Q = Amount of reactant (usually expressed in concentrations as molar [M])
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(If we use the reaction A + B ---> AB, and use AB as Q): Rate of reaction of product = Q/t = AB(in M) / t(in S) * SINCE AB IS A PRODUCT, ITS RATE SHOULD HAVE A POSITIVE SIGN. Therefore, if we get the rate of any product (either A or B), Rate of reaction of reactant = Q/t = (-) A or B(in M) / t(in S)
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Exercise: NO2 is produced at a rate of 0.0072 M/s. 2N2O5 ---> 4NO2 + O2 Find rate of oxygen production. Find rate of N2O5 usage.
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B. CONCEPTS AND CORRESPONDING FACTORS AFFECTING RATE
I. Rate Law: Factor of Concentration The Rate Law is a core of Chemical kinetics simply because it is the single most essential concept that explains the speed of the feasible reaction. Concentration the quantity of matter in a given mixture.
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Rate Law an equation that relates the rate of reaction to concentration of reactants.
Concentration since the rate law depends on the concentration of reactants, a change on reactant changes the rate law and the rate law constant.
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The rate law can be described by its order. The reaction has a order, based on the units of reactants involved in the rate law. Individual reactants have their own order (first order, second order) and the overall rate law has also an order (the combination of all individual orders) Ex. Rate = k[A]2[B] Individual orders: 2nd order for A; 1st order for B Overall order: 3rd order
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Exercise: Given the following: NO + H2 -> products
Trial NO [M] H2[M] Rate [m/s]
1 2 3
5 x 10-3 10 x 10-3 10 x 10-3
2 x 10-3 2 x 10-3 4 x 10-3
1.2 x 10-5 5 x 10-5 10 x 10-5
Give the rate law, orders of reactants, overall order, constant k. Solve for the rate if NO = 0.031M, andH2 = 1.2 M
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II/III. Collision Theory: Factors of Temperature and Orientation The Collision Theory is as important as Rate Law because it tells about the possibility of the feasible reaction. Temperature amount of thermal energy possessed by a body of matter. Orientation position of two or more interacting bodies of matter.
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Collision Theory states that two bodies of matter must make contact to each other in order to have a chance of making a chemical reaction happen. - Not all collisions are effective; thus, ineffective collisions do not induce a chemical reactions (Although a physical one may take place). - The factors that decide whether the collision is effective are the two factors under this theory:
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1. Temperature enough (thermal) energy is needed upon collision to favor the formation of new products. This required energy to make the chemical reaction possible is called the energy of activation. (EA)
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2. Orientation colliding particles must be properly oriented in order to amplify the attraction between each other, making more possible the achievement of EA.
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IV. Catalysis: Factor of Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that helps in increasing the rate of reaction. The following are characteristic of most catalysts:
1. A catalyst speeds rate of reactions thru lowering of the activation energy. 2. It is not used up in the reaction. 3. It does not affect chemical equilibrium (refer to Proper #3) 4. It usually acts by physical forces, forming a temporary complex with the target reactant to stabilize transition state. Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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Catalysts can be generally categorized into two: Heterogenous and Homogenous. Heterogenous catalysts exist in a phase different from that of the reactant (metal catalyst in gas production), while homogenous catalysts exist in a phase same with that of the reactant (liquid catalyst in aqueous/liquid reactant).
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Special catalysts called enzymes are the most efficient ever known, existing within biological systems such as that of the human body. The reactants on which these catalysts act upon are called substrates.
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C. REACTION MECHANISMS: LOGICAL LEVEL OF REACTION STUDIES Reaction mechanisms explain specifically what happens to reactants in a multi-step reaction until they become products.
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Chemical kinetics covers reaction mechanisms because the study of reaction rates is not the same in multi-step reactions compared to that of a simpler single-step reaction.
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Anatomy of a simple multi-step (2-step) reaction: A + B ---> C + D D + E ----> F + B A + E ---> C + F
A, E = reactants F, C = products D = intermediate B = catalyst
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Intermediate a product in one step of the reaction, but not a product in the overall reaction. A product not seen in the final product side. ex. ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis Catalyst in reaction mechanisms, is seen as a reactant in one step that does not become used, and thus is seen at the final product side. A reactant not seen in the final reactant side. ex. Concentrated sulfuric acid, Palldium NOTE: Catalysts and intermediates cannot participate in the rate law as they did not participate per se in the reaction. Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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II. Reaction mechanisms and the Rate Law The integration of chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms relies on three general rules: The individual steps must add up to the overall balanced equation. The individual steps are bound to all rules set up by chemical kinetic principles; and The reaction mechanism is derived from the rate law, not the other way around.
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Individual steps have individual rates Not all steps of a multi-step reaction have significant duration. A two-step reaction might have a 0.001 second step, followed by a 5 second step. Definitely, the second step in the example is far more useful in determining the kinetics of the reaction.
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Rate-determining step (RDS) the slower/slowest individual step of a reaction mechanism. It can be concretized through the rate law of the multi-step reaction. Thus, the concentration of reactants in the RDS are the only ones considered in the entire reactions rate law. ex. NO + O2 <----> NO3 (fast) NO3 + NO -----> 2NO2 (slow) Because the second reaction is the slower reaction and thus the RDS, the rate law will be: Rate = k [NO] Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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Exercises: 1. Give the rate law for the following reaction mechanism: N2O -----> N2 + O (slow) N2O + O ----->N2 + O2 2. Give the rate law for the following reaction mechanism: A + B <--> AB AB --->A + C (slow)
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REVIEW PROPER #3: INTRODUCTION TO EQUILIBRIUM

A. DEFINITION Equilibrium - state wherein the amount of products and reactants stay the same in an equal reaction process. Unless products can return to the reactant compounds, equilibrium cannot happen because it only happens on reversible reactions. (Double arrow <-----> is used to denote a reversible reaction).
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Equilibrium on reversible reactions are achieved only when NET production of either products or reactants is zero. Therefore, there will be a flat graph of concentration vs. time on an energy diagram for reactions in equilibrium (Kinetics, Rate). If the reaction is returned to progress, there will be changes to maintain equilibrium and the graph will deviate temporarily from a flat graph. Mathematical/quantitative study of equilibrium depends highly on equilibrium constants.
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B. LAW OF MASS ACTION AND THE EQUILIBRIUM-CONSTANT
Law of Mass Action states that at a given temperature, a chemical reaction will have a stable ratio of products and reactants by determining the concentrations (l) or partial pressures (g) of the reactantproduct mixture. The numerical representation of the ratio between products formed and reactants retained is shown by the equilibrium constant Keq.
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Keq can give us ideas regarding the direction of the reaction in equilibrium. If the Keq is high, the reaction will favor formation of products. If the Keq is low, the reaction will not favor formation of reactants.
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Notes: 1. The coefficient of the equation will serve as the exponent for the moles of the given species. Ex. If 2A + B <-> 2C, then Keq = [C]2 /[A]2[B] 2. The equilibrium constant is stoichiometric in nature; it does not aim to discuss reactions charted against time or against reaction mechanisms. It aims to measure, not to dissect reaction. 3. Pure substances (pure solids and liquids) have a concentration of 1, and are not included in the constant expression. Reactions with such species are called as heterogeneous. Ex. If 2A(g) + B(s) <-> 2C(g), then Keq = [C]2 /[A]2
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C. MANIPULATION OF Keq The Keq can be mathematically manipulated depending on the changes in the given reaction. For example, we use the given original equation: 2SO2 + O2 <--> 2SO3 Keq = 0.15 1. Backward reaction = reciprocal of Keq 2SO3 <--> 2SO2 + O2 Keq = 1/0.15 = 6.67 2. Division of equation into two = Square root of Keq SO2 + 1/2 O2 <--> SO3 Keq = 0.15 = 0.39 3. Multiplication of two = Square of Keq 4SO2 + 2O2 <--> 4SO3 Keq = (0.15)2 = 0.023
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Exercises: 1. If the equilibrium constant for the formation of ethenol from acetaldehyde is 0.000006, what will the constant be when acetaldehyde becomes the product? 2. If twice the amount of 2mL formic acid turning into formate has the constant of 0.000177, what is the constant of 2mL formic acid turning into formate?
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D. LE-CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE - states that a disturbance in equilibrium (producing a significant net amount of product or reactant away from equilibrium) will produce a progress in reaction that will return the reaction back to equilibrium.
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Concentration changes in one side of the reaction will cause the inverse change in the other side.
ex. 3A + 2C <-> 2B Increase in A will shift the reaction towards the right. Increase in B will shift the reaction towards the left. Decrease in C will shift the reaction towards the left.
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Temperature the nature of the reaction should be first known. If it is exothermic, the heat will be on the product side. If it is endothermic, the heat will be on the reactant side. Thus, any increase in temperature will shift the reaction toward the opposite side of the reaction, and any decrease in temperature will shift the reaction toward its side of the reaction.
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Ex. 3AC <-> 3A + C + heat Increase in temperature will shift the reaction towards the left, and vice-versa. 3AC + heat <-> 3A + C Increase in temperature will shift the reaction towards the right, and vice-versa.
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Volume and Pressure factor applicable only to gases. The more numerous between reactants in products will have more volume. Thus, increasing pressure will decrease the volume on the greater side and causes a shift to that side; and vice-versa.
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Ex. 2A + 5C <-> 6F Reactants = 7 moles; Products = 6 moles If pressure is applied, the reaction will shift towards the left. If pressure is relieved, the reaction will shift towards the right.
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Catalysts and Inert Gases catalysts do not affect equilibrium. Recall that catalysts lower EA in a progressing reaction, but a reaction in equilibrium is already done with progression. (refer to introduction to equilibrium). Inert gases and anything that is not used up or produced in the reaction will not affect the equilibrium as well.
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Exercises: 1. In the human lungs, carbon dioxide is quickly turned into carbonic acid. If a person inhales twice the amount of carbon dioxide, what will happen to the carbonic acid content of the body? 2. The exothermic conversion of magnesium carbonate to magnesium oxide takes place extremely slowly in room temperature. If the heat is increased in the equilibrated mixture, what will happen? 3. Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia. If two moles of ammonia are produced from every three moles of hydrogen and one mole of nitrogen in a closed system, what will happen if pressure is applied to the mixture? Viceversa? Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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E. REACTIONS NEARING EQUILIBRIUM Reactions that will proceed to equilibrium but are not et there can be represented b finding the product of the concentration/partial pressures of the products formed so far. That product is called the Reaction quotient (Qc)
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Several inferences can be made, using the basis of Le Chateliers principle on concentration:
If Qc > Keq, the reaction has too many products, and will shift the equilibrium to the left (towards reactants) If Qc < Keq, the reaction has too many reactants, and will shift the equilibrium to the right (towards products) Qc = Keq when the reaction is in equilibrium
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Exercise: Given that the Keq for a reaction is 21, give the inference when the products A and B are both 5.3M while the only reactant is 1.85M.
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REVIEW PROPER #4: SPECIFIC EQUILIBRIUM

Can be divided into two sub-propers: 1. Water, Acid, and Base Equilibria (Kw, Ka, Kb, pH, pOH, their antilogs, %I) with common-ion effect and buffers 2. Solubility Equilibria (Ksp) with common-ion effect and the new ion product
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WATER, ACIDS, AND BASES

A. WATER, ACIDS, AND BASES: STRENGTH I. Review and Introduction a. Definitions
Arrhenius acids produce hydrogen ions in solution, while bases produce hydroxide ions in solution. Bronsted-Lowry acids donate protons, and bases receive protons. Lewis acids receive electrons, and bases donate electrons.
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b. Strength of acids and bases: pH/pOH Acids and bases have a certain strength, chemically on their ability to donate and accept electrons, respectively. By visual observation, we can determine the strength of an acid by its ability to leave out a proton/hydrogen ion and of a base by its ability to attract a proton/hydrogen.
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Mathematically, we can calculate acid or base strength by a numerical value of hydrogen or hydroxide ions released per amount of substance by pH and pOH In a solution respectively. pH = -log [H+] pOH = -log [OH-]
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Conversely, if we are given the pH or pOH of the certain acid or base, we can derive the [H+] or [OH-] by using the antilog function. [H+] = antilog(-pH) [OH-] = antilog(-pOH) Diversity of the acids and bases allows them to be separated based on their strength. There are the strong acids and bases, and there are the weak.
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Very important note: Strong acids and bases completely dissociate in water. All molecules of the acid/base are disintegrated into its constituent ions. Weak acids and bases dissociate only partially in water, and thus some of the acid/base still remains: therefore, equilibrium exists in weak acids/bases. Consequently, equilibrium constants for these weak acids/bases exist.
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Exercises: 1. If the pH of an acid is 4.7, what is its [H+]? 2. If the [OH-] of a base is 3.2 x 10-2, what is its pOH? 3. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of an impure water sample with a pH of 10.48? 4. If the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration, of an acid is 11.23, find [OH-]
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c. Conjugate acids and bases Conjugate adj. joined together; coupled. A conjugate acid is the acid minus a proton. (ex. H2CO3 is an acid; HCO3- is its conjugate acid). Inversely related, a conjugate base is a base plus a proton. (NH3 is a base; NH4+ is its conjugate base). Conjugates result from acid/base equilibrium reactions.
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Exercises: 1. What is the conjugate base of ammonia? 2. In the reaction KHSO4 + K2CO3 <--> K2SO4 + KHCO3, which is the acid reactant? Its conjugate base. The base reactant? Its conjugate acid?
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II.kW: Autoionization of Water and Equilibrium Pure water is almost stable and non-reactive, especially strongly bonded together by hydrogen bonds. However, their occasional disturbances in charge due to induced dipoles allow them to produce ions within themselves (Thus, auto- or self-ionization).
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The reaction is as follows: H2O + H2O <-> H3O+ + OHThe Keq of water by 25 deg. C is 1.0 x 10-14. This is also called the ion-product constant for water (kW), Thus, we can get the concentration of ions produced. H+ = 1.00 x 10-7; pH = 7 OH- = 1.00 x 10-7; pOH = 7 Thus, pH and pOH of water is both 7. This is called the neutral pH.
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III. Ka and Kb: Acid/Base Dissociation Constants
a. Acid Dissociation and Base Dissociation constants The acid dissociation constant (Ka), like any equilibrium constant, is solved by dividing products by reactants. Specifically, the product acid dissociation is the conjugate acid, while the reactant is obviously the original acid. Ka = [A-][H+] [HA]
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The base dissociation constant (Kb) can similarly be calculated as follows:
Kb = [HB][OH-] [B-]
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Because weak acids and bases release only a small amount of hydrogen or hydroxide ions respectively, the term percent ionization (%I) is used to compare how much ions are released from the original acid/base.
%I = [H+] or [OH-] [HA] or [B-]

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Exercises (assume all acids and bases are monoprotic): 1. The Ka of phosphoric acid at is 7.2 x 10-3. Find its pKa. 2. The Kb of methylamine is 4.4 x 10-4. Find its pKb. 3. If a 0.19M base has a pH of 10.88, find its Kb. Find %I. 4. If the hydrogen ion concentration of a 0.77M weak acid is 1.32 x 10-4, what is its pKa?
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b. Dissociation constants and Ion concentrations: Ka, Kb, Kw, [H+], [OH-] and their negative logarithms Because the conjugate acid or base in the ionization of an acid or base is accompanied with either a hydrogen ion or a hydroxide ion, by getting the Ka or Kb, we can get the molarity of either H+ or OH- produced, and ultimately the pH and pOH.
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Exercises (assume all acids and bases are monoprotic): 1. If the Kb of Diethylamine is 8.6 x 10-4, what is its pKb? 2. Ascorbic acid has a pKa of 4.10. What is its Ka? 3. Phenol, an acidic compound with a Ka of 1.3 x 10-10, should have a Kb of what? 4. If formic acid has a pKa of 3.77, find its Kb and %I [H+], considering it is 1M. 5. A 0.75M monoprotic acid has a [H+] of 2.3 x 10-6. Find its Ka. 6. Given that urea has a Kb of 1.5 x 10-14, find its pKa. 7. Ethylamine has a Kb of 5.6 x 10-4. Find its pOH. 8. Benzoic acid has a Ka of 6.5 x 10-5. Find its hydroxide ion concentration and pOH, considering it is 1M. 9. A 0.35M base has a pOH of 4.24. Find its OH- concentration, Kb, pKb, pKa, H+ concentration, pH and %I [OH-].
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IV. Common-ion effect on Acid-Base Equilibria In pure weak acid solution (consider an acid first), the Ka will be equal to the product of the hydrogen and conjugate base. If more conjugate base is added, the equilibrium will have to shift to the direction of the acid, because of Le Chateliers principle.
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Ex. A 0.5M acetic acid mixed with 0.1M sodium acetate should have what difference in pH compared to that of the acid alone? 1.8 x 10-5 = x2/0.5 x *remove x if the constant is less than 10-4 = 3 x 10-3M H+, pH is 2.5 for acetic acid alone 1.8 x 10-5 = x(0.1)/0.5 = 9 x 10-5, pH if 4.04 There is 1.54 units in pH difference.
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Exercises: 1. A 0.25M acetic acid mixed with 0.1M of its conjugate base has how much difference in terms of %I to 0.25M acetic acid alone? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 2. If a 0.12M acid solution contains 0.032M of its conjugate base, what is the difference in terms of pOH to 0.12M acid solution alone? pKa = 9.22
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V. Buffers and the Henderson-Hasselbach Formula Buffers are systems that limit drastic changes in pH by absorbing produced free hydrogen or hydroxide ions within themselves. This is achieved by mixing an acid with its conjugate base. These two buffer components will then have a specific pH different to the pH of each individual component. Difference in pH of the buffer to its components is key to finding the concentration of buffer when acid concentration is given and vice-versa. Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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The Henderson-Hasselbach equation can be used to determine buffer component ratios, utilizing the differences in pH of buffer and its component acid/base. pH = pKa + log[A-] [HA]
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Exercises: 1. What is the pH of a 0.2M NH3/NH4CL buffer? Kb NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5 2. Find the ratio of an acetic acid/sodium acetate if the pH is 4.63. (pKa acetic acid = 4.74). If 0.25M acetic acid was used, how many moles of sodium acetate was used? 3. If the the pH of a secondary phosphate buffer is 12.34, what is the ratio of acid to conjugate base? (pKa secondary phosphate = 12.38) 4. A lactic acid buffer contains equal amounts of acid and conjugate base. If its Ka is 1.4 x 10-4, what is its pH? Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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END OF REVIEW SUB-PROPER.
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IONS AND PRECIPITATES

i. Definition and concepts A solution is a homogenous mixture that consists of a solute and solvent. The process by which the solute successfully dissolves in solvent is solvation. Solubility is highly dependent on polarity and energy. Polarity is the chemical basis of solubility that uses the dipoles of the solute and solvent to predict whether solvation will take place or not. Energy is important since even in physical interactions, enough energy must be used to overcome the intermolecular forces between like particles.
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II. ksp: Solubility and Equilibrium Much like equilibrium constants, the same formula goes to calculating the constant for solutions. Specifically, the product is/are the ions, while the reactant is the solute.
Ksp = Product of ions
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Recall that in heterogenous equilibrium, solid products have a concentration equivalent of 1. Thus, if we add the solute, the denominator would simply be 1. NOTE: If an ion has a coefficient, such will be used as both coefficient and exponent for the particular ion. Ex. AB <-> A + 2B, then Ksp = [A][2B]2
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Exercises: 1. AB dissolves into equal portions of A and B ions. Find the Ksp if each ion has a concentration of 5.86 x 10-7 M. 2. If cupric hydroxide dissociates into one cupric ion and two hydroxide ions, and its ksp is 2.2 x 10-20, then what is the concentration of cuprous and hydroxide ions?
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III. Molar Solubility and Solubility Molar solubility is defined as the number of moles of salt that a liter of solution can handle before it becomes saturated. (n/L or M)
Solubility is considered as the amount of grams of ions produced that can saturate a liter of solution.
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Ex. Find molar solubility, ksp and solubility of AgBr if this salt saturates a liter of solution with 1.65 x 10-4 grams. MM = 187.8 g/n Answers: Molar solubility = 8.8 x 10-7 M AgBr Ksp = 7.7 x 10-13 Solubility = 1.65 x 10-4 g/L Ag+ and Br Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
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Exercises: 1. If barium sulfate dissociates into barium and sulfate ions, find molar solubility and solubility if the given mass to saturate the solution is 2.5 x 10-3 g per liter. MM = 233 g/n 2. Use the exercise problem #2 for Ksp to find molar solubility and solubility. MM = 97.5 g/n
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IV. Common-ion effect In a salt solution that is saturated, the ksp will be equal to the product of the ions produced. If one of the two ions (usually the anion) is added, the equilibrium will have to shift to the direction of the salt, because of Le Chateliers principle. The other ion would have to change quantity to retain the ksp.
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Exercise: Given that the solution will form a precipitate, the Ksp values for AgI, AgBr and AgCl are 1.6 x 10-10, 7.7 x 10-12, and 8.3 x 10-17, respectively. If silver ions are slowly added to the solution containining 0.05n of all these anions, which will precipitate first? Which has the greatest molar solubility?
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V. Precipitate and solubility prediction In a salt solution that is saturated, the ksp will be equal to the product of the ions produced. If two other salts with the cation and anion components are mixed together, their resultant ions may be measured and a new constant may be derived. This is usually denoted as Q. Because the target salt would have its own ksp, Q and ksp can be compared:
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If Q > Ksp, precipitation, supersaturation occurs and will proceed the reduction of products. If Q = Ksp, no precipitation, equilibrium is achieved and reaction progress stops. If Q < Ksp, no precipitation, unsaturation occurs and will proceed the addition of products.
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Ex. If 0.01M NaOH is added to a liter of 0.1M CuCl2, will Cu(OH)2 precipitate? Ksp = 1.6 x 10-19
Resultant molarities: MNaOH = (10)(0.01)/1010 = 9.9 x 10-5 M MCuCl2 = (1000)(0.01)/1010 = 9.9 x 10-3 M
Q = [Cu][OH]2 = 9.7 x 10-11; Q>Ksp, thus precipitate will form
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Exercises: 1. If PbCl2 has a ksp of 1.7 x 10-5, will a precipitate form if 3g of PbBr2 is added to a liter of 0.77g of NaCl? MM PbBr2 = 367.2; MM NaCl = 58 2. What if 0.2M of 250mL PbBr2 was used in problem #1?
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END OF REVIEW SUB-PROPER. END OF REVIEW PROPER.
END OF REVIEW.

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Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Vapor pressure soln = P - lowering = 23.72 0.727 = 23.0 mmHg

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #1: COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

END OF REVIEW PROPER.

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

5 x 10-3 10 x 10-3 10 x 10-3

2 x 10-3 2 x 10-3 4 x 10-3

1.2 x 10-5 5 x 10-5 10 x 10-5

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

REVIEW PROPER #2: CHEMICAL KINETICS

END OF REVIEW PROPER.

Scholia Tutorial Club, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy