ANSYS For Structural Engineers

FOR STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS
Course Contents:
I. Static Analysis.
1. Stress Analysis.
2. Heat Transfer Analysis.

II. Eigen Buckling Analysis.

II. Dynamic Analysis.
1. Modal Analysis.
2. Transient Analysis.
3. Harmonic Analysis.
4. Spectral Analysis.
5. Random Vibration Analysis.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh
Analyses Types Offered by ANSYS
ANSYS offers the following types of analysis:
1. Static analysis.
2. Mode analysis.
3. Harmonic analysis.
4. Transient analysis.
5. Spectral analysis.
6. Eigen Buckling analysis.

In order to set the units system we perform the following command:

Chapter1:
Static Analysis
This problem will be solved using area element, and a result check
could be performed using beam element.
Usually the algorithm graph of analyzing any model is shown below:

Home Work
Class Work
Due to symmetry we will model only a quarter of the beam.
Home Work
Home Work
Geometry of the block: each edge is 10 in length.

The plate is 50x20 cm with three circular holes as follows:
Chapter2:
Eigen Buckling Analysis
Two ways are possible:
Either by issuing the command PSTRES,ON.
Or by following this path:
Find the normal forces causing the column buckling for the first and
the second modes. Check the result manually. Euler force is given by
the following relation:
Class Work
2
2
) (kL
EI
n P
En
=
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh prep by: Yasser ElJajeh
Homework
Find the normal forces causing the column buckling for the first and
the second modes. Check the result manually.
Chapter3:
Dynamic Analysis
Module 1
Introduction to Dynamics
A.Define dynamic analysis and its purpose.
B.Discuss different types of dynamic analysis.
C.Cover some basic concepts and terminology.
D.Introduce the Variable Viewer in the Time-
History Postprocessor.
Module 1
Introduction to Dynamics
What is dynamic analysis?
A technique used to determine the dynamic behavior of a
structure or component, where the structures inertia (mass
effects) and damping play an important role.
Dynamic behavior may be one or more of the following:
Vibration characteristics - how the structure
vibrates and at what frequencies.
Effect of time varying loads (on the structures
displacements and stresses, for example).
Effect of periodic (a.k.a. oscillating or random)
loads.
Dynamics
Definition & Purpose
Dynamics
A static analysis might ensure
that the design will withstand
steady-state loading
conditions, but it may not be
sufficient, especially if the
load varies with time.
The famous Tacoma Narrows
bridge (Galloping Gertie)
collapsed under steady wind
loads during a 42-mph wind
storm on November 7, 1940,
just four months after
construction.
Dynamics
A dynamic analysis usually takes into account one or more of
the following:
Vibrations - due to rotating machinery, for example.
Impact - car crash, hammer blow.
Alternating forces - crank shafts, other rotating
machinery.
Seismic loads - earthquake, blast.
Random vibrations - rocket launch, road transport.
Each situation is handled by a specific type of dynamic analysis.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Dynamics
B. Types of Dynamic Analysis
Consider the following examples:
An automobile tailpipe assembly could shake apart if its
natural frequency matched that of the engine. How can you
avoid this?
A turbine blade under stress (centrifugal forces) shows
different dynamic behavior. How can you account for it?
Answer - do a modal analysis to determine a structures
vibration characteristics.
Dynamics
Types of Dynamic Analysis
An automobile fender should be able to withstand low-speed
impact, but deform under higher-speed impact.
A tennis racket frame should be designed to resist the impact
of a tennis ball and yet flex somewhat.
to calculate a transient dynamic analysis do a - Solution
structures response to time varying loads.
Dynamics
Rotating machines exert
steady, alternating forces on
bearings and support
structures. These forces cause
different deflections and
stresses depending on the
speed of rotation.
Solution - do a harmonic
analysis to determine a
structures response to steady,
harmonic loads.
Building frames and bridge structures in
an earthquake prone region should be
designed to withstand earthquakes.
Solution - do a spectrum analysis to
determine a structures response to
seismic loading.
Courtesy: U.S. Geological Survey
Dynamics
Spacecraft and aircraft components must withstand
random loading of varying frequencies for a sustained time
period.
to determine random vibration analysis do a - Solution
how a component responds to random vibrations.
Courtesy: NASA
Dynamics
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Dynamics
C. Basic Concepts and Terminology
Topics discussed:
General equation of motion
Solution methods
Modeling considerations
Mass matrix
Damping
Dynamics - Basic Concepts & Terminology
Equation of Motion
The general equation of motion is as follows.
| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) { } t F u K u C u M = + +

Different analysis types solve different forms of this equation.
Modal analysis: F(t) is set to zero, and [C] is usually ignored.
Harmonic analysis: F(t) and u(t) are both assumed to be
harmonic in nature, i.e, Xsin(et), where X is the amplitude
and e is the frequency in radians/sec.
Transient dynamic analysis: The above form is maintained.
Solution Methods
How do we solve the general equation of motion?
Two main techniques:
Mode superposition
Direct integration
Mode superposition
The frequency modes of the structure are predicted, multiplied
by generalized coordinates, and then summed to calculate the
displacement solution.
Can be used for transient and harmonic analyses.
Solution Methods
Direct integration
Equation of motion is solved directly, without the use of
generalized coordinates.
For harmonic analyses, since both loads and response are
assumed to be harmonic, the equation is written and solved as a
function of forcing frequency instead of time.
For transient analyses, the equation remains a function of time
and can be solved using either an explicit or implicit method.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Dynamics - Basic Concepts & Terminology
Solution Methods
Explicit Method
No matrix inversion
Can handle nonlinearities easily
(no convergence issues)
Integration time step At must be
small (1e-6 second is typical)
Useful for short duration
transients such as wave
propagation, shock loading, and
highly nonlinear problems such
as metal forming.
ANSYS-LS/DYNA uses this
method. Not covered in this
seminar.
Implicit Method
Matrix inversion is required
Nonlinearities require equilibrium
iterations (convergence problems)
Integration time step At can be
large but may be restricted by
convergence issues
Efficient for most problems except
where At needs to be very small.
This is the topic covered in this
seminar
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Dynamics - Basic Concepts & Terminology
Modeling Considerations
Geometry and Mesh:
Generally same considerations as a static analysis.
Include as many details as necessary to sufficiently represent
the model mass distribution.
A fine mesh will be needed in areas where stress results are of
interest. If you are only interested in displacement results, a
coarse mesh may be sufficient.
Material properties:
Both Youngs modulus and density are required.
Remember to use consistent units.
For density, specify mass density instead of weight density when using
British units:
[Mass density] = [weight density]/[g] = [lbf/in
3
] /
[in/sec
2
] = [lbf-sec
2
/in
4
]
Density of steel = 0.283/386 = 7.3 x 10-4 lbf-sec
2
/in
4
Nonlinearities (large deflections, contact, plasticity, etc.):
Allowed only in a full transient dynamic analysis.
Ignored in all other dynamic analysis types - modal, harmonic,
spectrum, and reduced or mode superposition transient. That
is, the initial state of the nonlinearity will be maintained
throughout the solution.
March 14, 2003
Inventory #001809
1-95
[M] Consistent
x x 0 x x 0
x x 0 x x 0
0 0 x 0 0 x
x x 0 x x 0
x x 0 x x 0
0 0 x 0 0 x
ROTZ
UY
UX
ROTZ
UY
UX
2
2
2
1
1
1
(
(
(
(
(
(
[M] Lumped
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
(
(
(
(
(
(
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mass Matrix
Mass matrix [M] is required for a dynamic analysis and is calculated
for each element from its density.
Two types of [M]: consistent and lumped. Shown below for BEAM3,
the 2-D beam element.
1 2
BEAM3 BEAM3
Mass Matrix
Consistent mass matrix
Calculated from element shape functions.
Default for most elements.
Some elements have a special form called the reduced mass
matrix, which has rotational terms zeroed out.
Lumped mass matrix
Mass is divided among the elements nodes. Off-diagonal terms
are zero.
Activated as an analysis option (LUMPM command).
Mass Matrix
Which mass matrix should you use?
Consistent mass matrix (default setting) for most applications.
Reduced mass matrix (if available) or lumped [M] for structures
that are small in one dimension compared to the other two
dimensions, e.g, slender beams or very thin shells.
Lumped mass matrix for wave propagation problems.
Damping
What is damping?
The energy dissipation mechanism that
causes vibrations to diminish over time and
eventually stop.
Amount of damping mainly depends on the
material, velocity of motion, and frequency of
vibration.
Can be classified as:
Viscous damping
Hysteresis or solid damping
Coulomb or dry-friction damping
Dampening of a
Response
Damping
Viscous damping
Occurs when a body moves through a fluid.
Should be considered in a dynamic analysis since the damping
force is proportional to velocity.
The proportionality constant c is called the
damping constant.
Usually quantified as damping ratio (ratio of damping
constant c to critical damping constant c
c
*).
Critical damping is defined as the threshold between oscillatory
and non-oscillatory behavior, where damping ratio = 1.0.

*For a single-DOF spring mass system of mass m and frequency e, c
c
= 2me.
Damping
Hysteresis or solid damping
Inherently present in a material.
Should be considered in a dynamic analysis.
Not well understood and therefore difficult to quantify.
Coulomb or dry-friction damping
Occurs when a body slides on a dry surface.
Damping force is proportional to the force normal to the
surface.
Proportionality constant is the coefficient of
friction.
Generally not considered in a dynamic analysis.
Damping
ANSYS allows all three forms of damping.
Viscous damping can be included by specifying the damping
ratio , Rayleigh damping constant o (discussed later), or by
defining elements with damping matrices.
Hysteresis or solid damping can be included by specifying
another Rayleigh damping constant, | (discussed later).
Coulomb damping can be included by defining contact surface
elements and gap elements with friction capability (not
discussed in this seminar; see the ANSYS Structural Analysis
Guide for information).
In ANSYS damping is defined as
Damping
] C [ C ] K [ ] K )[ ( ] M [ ] C [
NEL
1 k
k
NMAT
1 j
j j c
= =
+ + | + | + | + o =

[C]
o
|M|
|
|
c
|K|
|
j

[C
k
]
|C
|
structure damping matrix
constant mass matrix multiplier (ALPHAD)
structure mass matrix
constant stiffness matrix multiplier (BETAD)
variable stiffness matrix multiplier (DMPRAT)
structure stiffness matrix
constant stiffness matrix multiplier for material j
(MP,DAMP)
element damping matrix (element real constants)
frequency-dependent damping matrix (DMPRAT and
MP,DAMP)
Damping is specified in various forms:
Viscous damping factor or damping ratio
Quality factor or simply Q
Loss factor or Structural damping factor q
Log decrement A
Spectral damping factor D
Most of these are related to DAMPING RATIO used in ANSYS
Conversion factors are shown next
Damping
Conversion between various damping specifications:
Damping
Measure
Damping
ratio
Loss Factor
Log
Decrement
Quality
Factor
Spectral
Damping
Amplification
Factor
Damping
Ratio q/2 A/2t 1/(2Q) D/(4tU) 1/2A
Loss Factor
2 q A/t 1/Q D/(2tU) 1/A
Log
Decrement 2t tq A t/Q D/(2U) t/A
Quality
Factor 1/(2) 1/q t/A Q 2tU/D A
Spectral
Damping 4tU 2tUq 2UA 2tU/Q D 2tU/A
Amplification
Factor 1/(2) 1/q t/A Q 2tU/D A
Damping
Alpha Damping
Also known as mass damping.
Specified only if viscous damping is
dominant, such as in underwater
applications, shock absorbers, or objects
facing wind resistance.
If beta damping is ignored, o can be
calculated from a known value of
(damping ratio) and a known frequency
e:
o = 2e
Only one value of alpha is allowed, so
pick the most dominant response
frequency to calculate o.
Input using the ALPHAD command.
Frequency
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o
o=3
1
2
0.5
Effect of Alpha Damping on Damping
Ratio (Beta Damping Ignored)
Damping
Beta Damping
Also known as structural or stiffness
damping.
Inherent property of most materials.
Specified per material or as a single, global
value.
If alpha damping is ignored, | can be
calculated from a known value of
(damping ratio) and a known frequency e:
| = 2/e
Pick the most dominant response
frequency to calculate |.
Input using MP,DAMP or BETAD
command.
Frequency
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o
|=0.004
0.003
0.001
0.002
Effect of Beta Damping on Damping Ratio
(Alpha Damping Ignored)
Damping
Rayleigh damping constants o and |
Used as multipliers of [M] and [K] to calculate [C]:
[C] = o[M] + |[K]
o/2e

+ |e/2 =
where e is the frequency, and is the damping ratio.
Needed in situations where damping ratio cannot be specified.
Alpha is the viscous damping component, and Beta is the
hysteresis (a.k.a. solid or stiffness) damping component.
Damping
To specify both o and | damping:
Use the relation
o/2e

+ |e/2 =
Since there are two unknowns,
assume that the sum of alpha and
beta damping gives a constant
damping ratio over the frequency
range e
1
to e
2
. This gives two
simultaneous equations from which
you can solve for o and |.
= o/2e
1
+ |e
1
/2
= o/2e
2
+ |e
2
/2
Frequency
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o
o+|
|
o
e
1
e
2
How to Approximate Rayleigh
Damping Constants
Rayleigh Equation: the sum of
the o and | terms is nearly constant
over the range of frequencies
Dynamics - PostProcessing
D. Variable Viewer
The Variable Viewer is a
specialized tool allowing one to
postprocess results with respect
to time or frequency.
The Variable Viewer can be
started by:
Main Menu > TimeHist
Postpro > Variable Viewer
100kg
25kg
k = 36kN/m
F
<
>
=
0 , 0
0 , 4000
t
t N
F
k = 36kN/m
x
y
Dynamics - PostProcessing
Variable Viewer
Module 2
Modal Analysis
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Modal Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose
What is modal analysis?
A technique used to determine a structures vibration
characteristics:
Natural frequencies
Mode shapes
Mode participation factors (how much a given
mode participates in a given direction)
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.
Modal Analysis
Benefits of modal analysis
Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a
specified frequency (speakers, for example).
Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to
different types of dynamic loads.
Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other
dynamic analyses.

Recommendation: Because a structures vibration
characteristics determine how it responds to any type of
dynamic load, always perform a modal analysis first before
trying any other dynamic analysis.

General equation of motion:

Assume free vibrations and ignore damping:

Assume harmonic motion ( i.e. )

The roots of this equation are e
i
2
, the Eigen values, where i
ranges from 1 to number of DOF. Corresponding vectors are
{u}
i
, the eigenvectors.
| | | | ( ){ } { } 0 u M K
2
= e
| |{ } | |{ } { } 0 u K u M = +
| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) { } t F u K u C u M = + +
Modal Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts
) t sin( U u e =
Modal Analysis
Terminology & Concepts
The square roots of the eigenvalues are e
i
, the structures
natural circular frequencies (radians/sec). Natural
frequencies f
i
are then calculated as f
i
= e
i
/2t (cycles/sec).
It is the natural frequencies f
i
that are input by the user and
output by ANSYS.
The eigenvectors {u}
i
represent the mode shapes - the shape
assumed by the structure when vibrating at frequency f
i
.
Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size
(relative to your computer resources) and the particular
application.
The Block Lanczos method is recommended for most applications.
Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most models
Typically used in complex models with mixture of solids/shells/beams
etc.
Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range
Handles rigid-body modes well
When extracting a small number of modes (<40) in similar size models, the
subspace method can be more suitable.
Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace
May have convergence problems when rigid body modes are present.
Not recommended when constraint equations are present.
Generally superseded by Block Lanczos
For large (100K+ DOF) models and a small number of modes
(< 20), use the PowerDynamics method. It can be significantly
faster than Block Lanczos or Subspace, but:
Requires large amount of memory.
May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-
conditioned matrix.
May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check)
Recommended only as a last resort for large models.

For models in which lumping mass does not create a local
oscillation, typically beams and spars, use the Reduced method.
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, but if its
effects are significant, the Damped method is used.
Mode expansion:
You need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the
following:
Review mode shapes during postprocessing.
Have element stresses calculated.
Do a subsequent spectrum analysis.
Recommendation: Always expand as many modes as the
number extracted. The cost of this is minimal.
Sec A-A
Find the first ten modes for the airplane wing shown in the
figure, suppose that the wing is fixed at one end.
Homework
Dimensions are in cm
Module 3
Modal Analysis
Advanced
Topics
A. Learn how to do a prestressed modal analysis
B. Learn how to perform a modal analysis following a large
deflection static analysis

A. Prestressed Modal Analysis
What is prestressed modal analysis and why?
Modal analysis of a prestressed structure.
Some structures show different dynamic behavior depending on
their stress state.
A guitar string or a drum head, for example, will
vibrate at higher frequencies as its tension is
increased.
When a turbine blade spins, its natural frequencies
tend to be higher because of the prestress caused
by centrifugal forces.
To properly design such structures, both stress-free and
prestressed modal analyses may be required.
The Tacoma Narrows bridge, also known as the Galloping Gertie is famous
for its spectacular collapse in 1940. In this workshop, we will examine a
model of the bridge and calculate its natural frequencies and mode shapes.
*Issue the command [pstres, on]
Three main steps:
1.Build the model
2.Prestress the model with a static analysis
3.Do the modal analysis with prestress

1.Build the Model:
Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
Remember to specify density with proper units.
.Priestess the model with a static analysis 2
*Loading: Apply the loads causing the prestress.
*Postprocessing: Review the results to make sure that the proper
loads have been applied.
3.Do the modal analysis with prestress
Same procedure as a normal modal analysis except that
prestress effects must be included when specifying analysis
options.
Set the following analysis options.
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options...
accept the default (Block Lanczos)
10 modes to extract
10 modes to expand
Calculate element stresses
Include prestress effects press OK
Accept defaults on the next dialog (Options for Block Lanczos
Modal Analysis)
Description:
Determine the first ten natural frequencies and mode shapes of the
perforated aluminum disc shown. The disc is constrained at the central
hole both in the radial and out-of-plane directions. A pre-stress exists
due to a radial pressure load of -20 lbs/inch at the perimeter.
Properties of the disc are as follows:
Youngs modulus = 1.0 x 10
7
psi
Density = 2.3 x 10-4 lbf-sec2/in4
Poissons ratio = 0.27
Problem:
Instructions
1. Clear the database and read input from disc.inp to create the model
geometry and mesh.
2. Apply displacement constraints: UZ=0 and symmetry b.c. (for
radial constraints) at the central hole. Hint: You will need to use
two menus:
Solution > Define Loads >Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Lines for
the UZ constraint
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C. >
On Lines for symmetry b.c.
To pick the lines easily, switch to front view and use Circle picking.
3. Apply the radial load as
pressure on the lines at the
perimeter : -20
pounds/inch on the outer
edges of the disc.
Hint: Stay with the front view,
use Circle picking to pick the
entire disc, then use Circle
unpicking to unpick all except
the outer edges.
4. Activate pre-stress effects
(using the Analysis Options
dialog box), obtain a static
solution, and review results.

5. Switch to modal analysis,
activate pre-stress effects
(again), and extract the first
10 modes of the pre-stressed
disc using the Block Lanczos
method.
6. Review the mode shapes.
7. If time permits, do a second,
stress-free modal analysis
(with pre-stress effects off)
and compare results.?

B. Large Deflection Modal Analysis
What is large deflection analysis?
B. Large Deflection Modal Analysis
What is large deflection modal analysis?
Modal analysis of a structure that has undergone significant
geometry change due to loads.
Some applications include
When pressure or spin load is applied to a
relatively thin turbine blade, it tends to untwist the
airfoil affecting natural frequency.
Undersea pipeline installations where contact with
seabed causes change in frequencies.
Membranes under pressure load.
What is the difference between large deflection modal
analysis and prestressed modal analysis?

Prestressed modal assumes that stresses will affect the natural
frequencies but deflections are small; that is the geometry has not
changed.
Large deflection modal assumes that the geometry is changing
significantly due to deformation and that this updated geometry (in
addition to the stress) will change the natural frequencies and mode
shapes.
Contact and large deflection
Description:
Determine the first 10 natural
frequencies of the plate with a hole
shown. Assume the plate to be
radially constrained at the hole.
The plate is made of aluminum,
with the following properties:
Youngs modulus = 1.4x 10
5

MPa
Density = 2400kg/cm
3
The plate is square of
200mmx200mm
Modal Analysis Workshop
Plate with a Hole
Large Deflection Modal Analysis
Procedure
Five main steps:
Build the model
Run static analysis with large deflection effects turned on
Update geometry to the deformed geometry
Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures
Review results

Build the Model:
Same considerations as a normal modal analysis.
Remember to specify density with proper units.
Run Static Analysis
Run Static analysis
Choose analysis type &
options: Be sure to activate
both prestress and large
deflection effects.
Loading: Apply the static
loads.
Solve
Solution > Unabridged Menu
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis
Options
Update Geometry to deformed shape
Update geometry
Add displacements from static analysis to the
original geometry.
This creates the new geometry on which modal
analysis will be carried out.


Perform modal analysis using partial solve procedures
Step 1. Analysis type and options
Step 2. Triangularize the matrix ( PSOLVE,TRIANG)
Step 3. Compute eigenvalues ( PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
Step 4. Expand mode shapes ( PSOLVE,EIGEXP)
Perform modal analysis
Perform Modal Analysis
Step 1. Analysis type and options
Set analysis type to Modal
Select mode extraction method ( Block
Lanczos recommended)
Select the number of modes to extract

Step 2. Triangularize the matrix (PSOLVE,TRIANG)

Solution > Solve > Partial Solu
Step 3. Compute eigenvalues (PSOLVE,EIGLANB)
Step 4. Expand mode shapes
This is done as a separate pass (issue FINISH
and get back into Solution)
Turn expansion key ON

Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)
Select how many modes to expand
At this point the user will have a standard modal analysis results file.
Step 4. Expand mode shapes (continued)
Perform partial solution to expand modes

Module 4
Harmonic Analysis
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic
analysis.
C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in ANSYS.
D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Harmonic Analysis
What is harmonic analysis?
A technique to determine the steady state response of a
structure to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency.
Input:
Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed
displacements) of known magnitude and frequency.
May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and
displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Surface and
body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.
Output:
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase
with the applied loads.
Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.
Harmonic analysis is used in the design of:
Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such as
compressors, engines, pumps, and turbo machinery.
Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of fluids) such
as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and towers.
Why should you do a harmonic analysis?
To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at
different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different speeds).
To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using
dampers, for example).
General equation of motion:

[F] and {u} are harmonic, with frequency e:

Equation of motion for harmonic analysis:
Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Equation of Motion
| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } { } F u K u C u M = + +

} { { } } { } {
} { { } } { } {
t i
2 1
t i i
max
t i
2 1
t i i
max
e ) u i u ( e e u u
e ) F i F ( e e F F
e e |
e e
+ = =
+ = =
| | | | | | } { } { { } { }) F i F ( ) u i u )( K C i M (
2 1 2 1
2
+ = + + e + e
Nature of Harmonic Loads
Sinusoidally varying, at known
frequencies.
Phase angle allows multiple,
out-of-phase loads to be applied.
Defaults to zero.
All applied loads are assumed to
be harmonic, including
temperatures and gravity.
Real
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Complex Displacements
Calculated displacements will be complex if:
Damping is specified.
Applied load is complex (i.e, imaginary part is non-
zero).
Complex displacements lag by phase angle | (with respect to the
applied force).
Results can be viewed in the form of real and imaginary parts or
amplitude and phase angle.
Solution Methods
Three methods of solving the harmonic equation of motion:
Full method
Default method, easiest of all.
Uses full structure matrices. Unsymmetric matrices (e.g.
acoustics) are allowed.
Reduced method*
Uses reduced matrices, faster than full method.
Requires master DOF selection, which results in
approximate [M] and [C].
Mode superposition**
Sums factored mode shapes from a preceding modal
analysis.
Fastest of all methods.

Harmonic Analysis Workshop
Fixed-Fixed Beam
Description:
Determine the harmonic response of a steel beam carrying two
rotating machines which exert a maximum force of 170 KN at
operating speeds of 300 to 1800 rpm. The beam, 3 m long, is fully
fixed at both ends, and the machines are mounted at its one-third
points. Assume a damping ratio of 2%.
Section Properties:
A= 60 cm
2
I

zz

= 500 cm
4
Four main steps:
1.Build the model
2.Choose analysis type and options
3.Apply harmonic loads and solve
4.Review results
1. Build The Model:
Linear elements and materials only.
Nonlinearities are ignored.
Remember density!
2.Choose analysis type and options:
Enter Solution and choose harmonic
analysis.
Main analysis option is solution method -
discussed next.
Specify damping - discussed next.
Analysis options
Solution method - full, reduced, or mode
superposition. Defaults to full method.
DOF printout format - mainly used in batch mode.
Lumped mass matrix
Recommended if the structure is small in one
dimension compared to the other two
dimensions, e.g, slender beams and thin shells.
Damping
Choose from alpha damping, beta damping, and damping ratio.
Damping ratio is most commonly used.
3.Apply harmonic loads and solve
All applied loads vary harmonically at the specified frequency
Loads consist of:
Displacement constraints - zero or non-zero.
Forces
Pressures
Caution: If gravity and thermal loads are applied, they are also taken
as harmonically varying loads!
Specifying harmonic loads requires:
Amplitude and phase angle
Frequency
Stepped vs. ramped specification
Amplitude and phase angle
The load value (magnitude) represents the amplitude F
max
.
Phase angle + is the phase shift between two or more harmonic loads.
Not required if only one load is present. Non-zero + only valid for
force and displacement harmonic loads.
Real
I
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y

F2
max
ANSYS does not allow direct input of
amplitude and phase angle. Instead,
you specify the real and imaginary
components.
For example, given two harmonic
forces F1 and F2 that are out of phase
by angle +:
F1
real
= F1
max
(amplitude of F1)
F1
imag
= 0
F2
real
= F2
max
cos+
F2
imag
= F2
max
sin+
You can use APDL for these calculations, but make sure angular
units are set to degrees (default is radians).
Utility Menu > Parameters > Angular Units
Frequency of harmonic load:
Specified in cycles per second (Hertz) by a frequency range
and number of substeps within that range.
For example, a range of 0-50 Hz with 10 substeps gives
solutions at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, , 45, and 50 Hz. Same
range with 1 substep gives one solution at 50 Hz.
Stepped versus ramped loads:
With multiple substeps, loads can be applied gradually
(ramped) or all at once in the first substep (stepped).
Harmonic loads are usually stepped since the load value
represents maximum amplitude.
After applying the harmonic loads, the
next step is to start the solution.
Typically one load step, but you may use
multiple substeps within a single load step.
The frequency range is defined over the
entire load step.
4.Review results
Three steps:
a. Plot displacement vs. frequency
at specific points in the structure.
b. Identify critical frequencies and
corresponding phase angles.
c. Review displacements and
stresses over entire structure at
the critical frequencies and phase
angles.
Use POST26, the time-
history postprocessor
Use POST1, the general
postprocessor
Displacement vs. frequency plots
First define POST26 variables.
Tables of nodal or element data.
Identified by a number > 2.
Variable 1 contains frequencies and is predefined.
Define variables (cont'd.)
Pick nodes that might deform the most, then
choose the DOF direction.
List of defined variables is updated.
Define variables.
Then graph them.
A Graphed Response in the Frequency Domain
Identify critical frequencies and phase angles
Graph shows frequency at which highest amplitude occurs.
Since the displacements are out-of-phase with the applied loads
(if damping is present), the phase angle at which the peak
amplitude occurs needs to be determined.
To do this, first choose amplitude + phase format ...
then list the variable(s).
Notice that peak amplitude = 3.7 occurs at 48 Hz, - 85.7.
Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire
model at that frequency and phase angle (using POST1).
Review results over entire structure
Enter POST1 and list results summary to identify load step and
substep number of critical frequency.
Use the HRCPLX command to read in results at desired
frequency and phase angle:
HRCPLX, LOADSTEP, SUBSTEP, PHASE, ...
Example: HRCPLX,2,4,-88.2754
Plot deformed shape, stress contours, and other desired
results.
Module 5
Transient Dynamic
Analysis

Transient Dynamic Analysis
A. Define transient dynamic analysis and its purpose.
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying transient
analysis.
C. Learn how to do a transient analysis in ANSYS.
D. Work on a transient analysis exercise.
Transient Analysis
What is transient dynamic analysis?
A technique to determine the response of a structure to
arbitrary time-varying loads such as an explosion.
Input
Loads as a function of time.
Output
Time-varying displacements and other derived
quantities such as stresses and strains.
Transient Analysis
Transient dynamic analysis is used in the design of:
Structures subjected to shock loads, such as automobile doors
and bumpers, building frames, and suspension systems.
Structures subjected to time-varying loads, such as bridges,
earth moving equipment, and other machine components.
Household and office equipment subjected to bumps and
bruises, such as cellular phones, laptop computers, and
vacuum cleaners.
Topics covered:
Equation of motion
Solution methods
Integration time step
Transient Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Equation of Motion
Equation of motion for a transient dynamic analysis is the same
as the general equation of motion.

This is the most general form of dynamic analysis. Loading may
be any arbitrary function of time.
Depending on the method of solution, ANSYS allows all types of
nonlinearities to be included in a transient dynamic analysis -
large deformation, contact, plasticity, etc.
| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) { } t F u K u C u M = + +

Transient Analysis - Terminology and Concepts
Solution Methods
Solving the equation of motion
Direct Integration Mode Superposition
Implicit Explicit
Full Reduced Full Reduced
Solution Methods
Two methods of solving the equation of motion:
Mode superposition (discussed later)
Direct integration
Equation of motion is directly integrated step by
step over time. At each time point ( time = 0, At ,
2At, 3At,.) a set of simultaneous, static
equilibrium equations (F=ma) is solved.
An assumption (integration scheme) is made regarding how
displacement, velocity and acceleration will vary over At
Various integration schemes are available in literature such as
Central difference, Average acceleration, Houbolt, WilsonO,
Newmark etc.

ANSYS uses Newmark integration scheme.

Varying values of o and o causes integration scheme to change
(implicit / explicit / average acceleration ).
Newmark is an implicit scheme.
ANSYS/LS-DYNA uses explicit scheme. See module 1 for a
discussion of implicit and explicit.

| |{ } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) { }
t
t t
u
t
u
t
u
t t
u
t
t t
u
t
u t
t
u
t
u
t t
u
t F
t t
u K
t t
u C
t t
u M
A
A +
+ + =
A +
A
A +
+ + A + =
A +
=
A +
+
A +
+
A +
] ) 1 [(
2
] ) 2 / 1 [(

o o
o o
Solution Methods
Solution Methods
Solution can use either reduced or full structure matrices.
Reduced matrices
Used to speed up the solution.
No nonlinearities (except gap) allowed.
[K], [C], and [M] are written in terms of master DOF,
which form a subset of the full DOF set.
Reduced [K] is exact, but reduced [C] and [M] are
approximate. There are other disadvantages also, not
discussed in this seminar.
Full matrices
No reduction. Uses full [K], [C], and [M].
All nonlinearities allowed.
All discussions in this seminar assume this approach.
Integration Time Step
An important concept in time integration techniques is the
integration time step (also ITS or At).
ITS = time increment At from one time point to the
next.
Determines solution accuracy, so its value should
be chosen carefully.
ANSYS allows only a constant value of ITS for
reduced and mode superposition transient
analyses.
In a FULL transient analysis, ANSYS can
automatically vary the time step size within limits
set by user (discussed later).

The integration time step ( ITS) size should be small enough to
capture the following:
the response frequency
the contact frequency (if applicable)
wave propagation effects (if applicable)
Nonlinear response (plasticity, creep, contact
status)

Response frequency
Different types of loads excite
different natural frequencies of
the structure.
Response frequency is the
weighted average of all
frequencies excited by a given
load.
The ITS should be small enough
to capture the response
frequency .
Twenty time points per cycle
should be sufficient, i.e,
At = 1/20f
where f is the response
frequency.
Response period
Response frequency (continued)
During solution, the full transient method
(discussed in this seminar) prints the response
frequency and the number of points per cycle at
every time point.
The goal is to maintain about 20 points per cycle.
By default, ANSYS automatically increases or
decreases ITS to maintain about 20 points per
cycle at the response frequency.

Contact frequency
When two objects come in contact, the
gap or contact surface is usually
represented by a stiffness (gap
stiffness).
The ITS should be small enough to
capture the frequency of the gap
spring.
Thirty points per cycle are
recommended. This is sufficient to
capture the momentum transfer
between the two objects. A larger ITS
might result in energy loss, and the
impact may not be perfectly elastic.
The response frequency printed during
solution includes contact frequency.
mass effective m
stiffness gap k
frequency contact f
m
k
2
1
f
f 30
1
ITS
c
c
c
=
=
=
t
=
=
Wave propagation
Caused by impact. More
prominent in slender
structures (such as a thin
rod dropped on one end).
Requires a very small ITS
and a fine mesh along the
direction of the wave.
Explicit method (available in
ANSYS-LS/DYNA) may be
better suited for this.

density mass
modulus s Young'
speed wave elastic
direction wave along length
20 / size element
3
=
=
= =
=
s = A
A
s
E
E
c
L
L x
c
x
ITS
Nonlinear response
A full transient analysis can include any type of nonlinearity.
Nonlinearities can be classified into 3 types:
Material nonlinearity (plasticity , creep, hyper-elasticity )
Geometric nonlinearity (large strain , large rotation,
buckling)
Element nonlinearity (contact , cable)
Nonlinearities require an iterative solution at each time point.
These iterations are called equilibrium iterations.
Smaller ITS sizes generally help equilibrium iterations to converge
quickly.
Nonlinearities such as plasticity, creep and friction are non-conservative
in nature and require the load history to be followed accurately. A small
ITS size helps in following the load history accurately.
A small ITS size is also required to capture changes in contact status.

At time = t At time = t+At
Nonlinear response (continued)
Example of ball hitting a plate
With large At the ball goes through the plate.
If ball goes through too far then contact will not be detected
(beyond pinball radius).

So how do you choose an ITS?
Recommended way is to activate automatic time stepping
(AUTOTS), then provide At
initial
, At
min
, and At
max
. ANSYS uses
an automatic time stepping algorithm (AUTOTS) to determine
the optimum At value for a given problem.
Example: If AUTOTS is on with At
initial
= 1 sec, At
min
= 0.01 sec,
and

At
max
= 10 sec; then ANSYS starts with an ITS= 1 sec and
allow it to vary between 0.01 and 10 depending on the
structures response.

AUTOTS is on by default for full transient analyses and is not
available for reduced and mode superposition methods.
AUTOTS will reduce the ITS (up to At
min
) if:
less than 20 points are being used at the response
frequency
solution is diverging
solution takes a large number of equilibrium equations
(slow convergence)
plastic strain is accumulated in one time step exceeds
15%
Creep ratio exceeds 0.1
if contact status is about to change ( controlled by
KEYOPT(7) of most contact elements)

Description of Example1:
A 6x6x1-inch block is dropped on a 100-
inch long beam from a height of 100
inches. Obtain a graph of the motion of
the point of beam under the block as it
bounces on the beam. Assume a gap
stiffness of 2000 lb/in. The beam is
fully fixed at both ends, and the only
load is gravity, 386 in/sec
2
. The beam
and the block are made of the same
material:
Youngs modulus = 1,000,000 psi
Density = 0.001 lbf-sec
2
/in
4
Transient Analysis Workshop
Bouncing Block
Transient Analysis
C. Procedure
We will discuss the Full method only in this section.
Five main steps:
Build the model
Choose analysis type and options
Specify BCs and initial conditions
Solve for each load step
Review results
1. Build the Model
All nonlinearities are allowed.
Remember density!
2.Choose analysis type and
options:
Enter Solution and choose
transient analysis.
Choose Full transient
Solution options - discussed next.
Damping - discussed next.
Solution options
Choose large displacement
transient or small
displacement transient .
When in doubt, choose
large displacement
transient
Specify time at end of load step.
Automatic time stepping
(discussed next)
Specify initial, min and max
values of At for this load
step.

Automatic time stepping
An algorithm that automatically calculates appropriate ITS sizes
during the transient.
Recommendation is to activate it and also specify minimum and
maximum values of ITS.
If nonlinearities are present, use the Program Chosen option.

Note: The global solution controls switch [SOLCONTROL] is
ON by default. We recommend leaving it as is. More
importantly, do not turn this switch on and off between load
steps.
Output controls
Used to determine what is written to the results file.
Use the OUTRES command or choose Solution > Soln
Control.. > Basic in the menu
Typical choice is to write all items at every substep to the
results file.
Allows smooth plots of results vs. time.
Might cause results file to be large.
Turn transient effects on/off
useful for setting up
initial conditions
(discussed later)
Ramp or Step apply load
Specify damping (discussed
next)
Use default values for time
integration parameters
Damping
Both alpha damping and beta damping are available.
In many cases, alpha damping (viscous damping) is ignored and
only beta damping (damping due to hysteresis) is specified:
| = 2/e
where is the damping ratio and e is the dominant
response frequency (rad/sec).
Material damping (e.g. rubber) and element damping (e.g. shock
absorber) are also available.
Choose solver
By default ANSYS chooses Sparse solver
For large problems (>100000 dofs) use PCG solver
3.Specify BCs and initial conditions (4. solve for load steps)
BCs in this case are loads or conditions that remain constant
throughout the transient, e.g:
Fixed points (constraints)
Symmetry conditions
Gravity
Initial conditions
Transient analyses require initial displacement (u
0
) and initial
velocity(v
0
) to be specified.
By default, u
0
= v
0
= a
0
= 0.
Examples where non-zero initial conditions may be required:
Aircraft landing gear (v
0
=0).
A golf club striking a ball (v
0
=0).
Drop test of an object (u
0
= v
0
=0 , a0=0).
Two ways to apply initial conditions:
Start with a static load step
Useful when initial conditions need to be applied on only a portion
of the model, such as plucking the end of a cantilever beam with
an imposed displacement (u
0
is known , v
0
=0)
Required for applying a non-zero initial acceleration.
Use the IC command
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Initial Conditn > Define
Useful when a non-zero initial displacement or velocity needs to be
applied on the entire body.
In our case a
0
=g (gravitational acceleration) and u
0
= v
0
=0.
Use the static load step method.
Load step 1:
Transient effects OFF. Use TIMINT,OFF command or
Solution > Soln Control
Select the Transient Tab and unselect Transient effects
Small time interval, e.g., 0.001.
2 substeps, stepped loads. (If ramped or with one substep, v
0
will be
non-zero.)
Hold the object at rest, i.e, fix all DOFs on the object.
Apply acceleration of g.
SOLVE.
Load step 2:
Transient effects ON.
Release the object, i.e, delete DOF
constraints on the object.
Specify ending time and continue
with the transient.
Acel
t
0.0005 0.001
Load step 1
Application of Temporal Acceleration
5.Review Results
Consists of three steps:
Plot results vs. time at specific
points in the structure.
Identify critical time points.
Review results over entire
structure at those time points.
Use POST1, the
general postprocessor
To plot results vs. time:
First define POST26 variables in the Variable Viewer.
Tables of nodal or element data.
Identified by a number > 2.
Variable 1 contains time-points and is predefined.
Define variables (cont'd)
Pick nodes that might deform the most, then choose the
DOF direction.
List of defined variables is updated.
Once the variables are defined, you can
graph them or list them.
Identify critical time points
Use the List Extremes menu.
Note down the time points at which the minimum and
maximum values occur.
Review results over entire structure at critical time points
Enter POST1, read results By Time/Freq..., and enter
appropriate time value.
Plot deformed shape and stress contours.
Functional Load

A steel frame is hit by an impulsive load
at the top of it, the load is given by the
following function:
F= 70000xt
2
(sin62.83t-30)

Study the response of the frame in the
range of time between 0 and 3 sec.
Find out the extremes and display the
deformed shape.
11
GPa
Density = 7800 kg/m
3
1. Build the Model
Remember density!
Enter Solution and choose transient analysis.

Procedure
Choose large displacement transient or small displacement transient
.When in doubt, choose large displacement transient
Specify initial, min and max values of Dt for this load step.

3.Specify BCs
4.Apply time-history loads and solve
Time-history loads are loads that vary with time.
In this example loads will be applied using the
Function tool
Load
t
Load
t
Load
t
Function Tool
Allows you to apply complicated boundary conditions. To
access the function editor, choose Solution > Define Loads >
Apply > Functions > Define/Edit
Recommendation: do not use the Function Tool if the
boundary conditions can be expressed directly with tabular
input

For more information
refer to Applying
Loads Using Function
Boundary Conditions
in the Basic Analysis
Guide.
5.Review Results
Plot results vs. time at specific
points in the structure.
Review results over entire
structure at those time points.
Use POST1, the
Tabular Load

following table:

deformed shape.
11
GPa
Density = 7800 kg/m
3
Load (ton) Time (sec)
0 0
40 0.25
20 0.4
0 0.6
1. Build the Model
Remember density!

Procedure

3.Specify BCs
4.Apply time-history loads and solve
Time-history loads are loads that vary with time.
In this example loads will be applied using the
tabular input
Tabular input
Allows you to define a table of load vs. time
(using array parameters) and apply the table as
a load.
Very convenient, especially if there are several
different loads, each with its own time history.
For example, to apply the force-vs-time curve
shown:
1. Choose Solution > Define Loads >
Apply > Structural > Force/Moment >
On Nodes, then pick desired nodes.
2. Choose the force direction
and New table, then OK.
3. Enter table name and no. of
rows (no. of time points),
then OK.
4. Fill in time and load values,
then File > Apply/Quit.
5. Specify ending time and integration time step.
Solution > Load Step Opts > Time/Frequenc > Time - Time Step
There is no need to specify the stepped or ramped condition. It
is implied by the load curve.
6. Activate automatic time stepping, specify output controls, and
solve (discussed later.)
5.Review Results
Plot results vs. time at specific points in
the structure.
Review results over entire structure at
those time points.
Use POST1, the
Multi-Load step method

following function:
deformed shape.
11
GPa
Density = 7800 kg/m
3
Force
t
22.5
10
0.5 1.0 1.5
1. Build the Model
Remember density!

Procedure

3.Specify BCs
4.Apply time-history loads
Multiple load step method
Allows you to apply each segment of the load-vs-time curve in a separate
load step.
No need to use array parameters. Simply apply each segment and either
solve the load step or write it to a load step file (LSWRITE).
For example, to apply the same force-vs-
time curve as before:
1. Plan the approach. We will need three
load steps in this case: one for the up-
ramp load, one for the down-ramp load,
and one for the step removal of the load.
Force
t
22.5
10
0.5 1.0 1.5
2. Define load step 1:
Apply force = 22.5 units at the desired nodes.
Specify the ending time (0.5), integration time step, and
ramped loads.
Activate automatic time stepping, specify output controls,
and either solve or write the load step to a load step file.

Change force values to 10.0.
Specify the ending time (1.0). No need to re specify the
integration time step or ramped condition.
Solve or write the load step to a load step file.

Delete the forces or set their values to zero.
Specify the ending time (1.5) and stepped loads.
Solve or write the load step to a load step file.
5.Solution
Use SOLVE command (or LSSOLVE if
load step files were written).
At each time step, ANSYS calculates load
values based on the load-vs-time curve.
5.Review Results
Plot results vs. time at specific points in
the structure.
Review results over entire structure at
those time points.
Use POST1, the
Spectrum Analysis
Module 6
A. Define a spectrum analysis and its
purpose.
B. Understand the underlying concepts and
terminology.
C. Learn how to do a response spectrum
analysis.
D. Guidelines for spectrum analysis.
E. Random Vibration Analysis
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Spectrum Analysis
What is spectrum analysis?
A technique to compute a structures
response to transient excitations
that contain many frequencies.
Excitations could be from sources
such as earthquakes, aircraft noise/
flight history, missile launches.
A spectrum is a representation of a
loads time history in the frequency
domain.
This is also referred to as response
spectrum.
Acceleration vs. time
Acceleration spectrum (G vs. Hz)
Spectrum Analysis
) 1940 El Centro Earthquake (
A structure subject to the El Centro earthquake can be analyzed
using either a Transient analysis or spectrum analysis.
Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis.
Computes the maximum response of the structure
to a given spectrum at each natural frequency. This
maximum response is computed as scale
factor*mode shape.
These maximum responses are then combined to
give a total response of the structure.
Spectrum Analysis
An alternative is to perform a transient analysis.
Transient analysis is generally more time consuming,
especially when a number of components and load
conditions have to be considered.
However, transient analysis is more accurate.
In spectrum analysis the focus is to get the maximum
response quickly, and some information is lost (phase).
Spectrum Analysis
Used in the design of:
Nuclear power plants (buildings and components)
Airborne Electronic equipment (aircraft / missile)
Spacecraft components
Aircraft components
Any structure or component that is subjected to
seismic or other erratic loads
Building frames and bridges

Spectrum Analysis
** Covered in this seminar
Spectrum Analysis
ANSYS allows four types of spectrum analysis:
Single-point response spectrum**
A single response spectrum excites all specified points in the
model.
Multi-point response spectrum **
Different response spectra excite different points in the
model.
Dynamic design analysis method (DDAM)
A specific type of spectrum defined by the U.S. Naval
Research Laboratory to evaluate shock resistance of
shipboard equipment.
Power Spectral Density (PSD)**
A probabilistic approach used in random vibration analysis.

Topics covered:

*Definition of a spectrum
*How a response spectrum is used to *calculate a
*structures response to the excitation
1.Participation factor
2.Mode coefficient
3.Mode combination
Spectrum Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Definition of spectrum
What is a spectrum?
A curve representing the maximum response of an idealized
system to an excitation. The response may be acceleration,
velocity, displacement, or force.
Consider, for example, four single-DOF spring-mass systems
mounted on a shaker table. Their frequencies are f1, f2, f3, and
f4, with f1 < f2 < f3 < f4.
1 2 3 4
If the shaker table is excited at
frequency f1 and the displacement
response of the four systems is
recorded, it will look as shown on the
right.
Now add a second excitation of
frequency f3 and record the
displacement response. Systems 1
and 3 will each reach their peak
response.
If now a general excitation
containing several frequencies is
applied and only the peak responses
are recorded, we might get the curve
shown. This curve is the spectrum,
specifically a response spectrum.
f
u
f
u
f
u
Thus a response spectrum is an envelope of the maximum
responses of a number of single DOF systems to a given
excitation.
Input to a spectrum analysis consists of a response spectrum
curve and a direction of excitation.
Spectrum analysis follows a modal analysis in which natural
frequencies and mode shapes have been computed.
In doing a spectrum analysis you will encounter three new
terms:
Participation factor
Mode coefficient
Mode combination
We will define these three terms along with the general
outline of how a spectrum analysis is done.
- Approach
For each mode of the structure, a participation factor
i
is
calculated in the excitation direction.
The participation factor is a function of the mode shape and the
direction of excitation.
This is a measure of how much a mode will contribute to the
deflections (and hence stresses) in the direction of excitation.
Approach - Participation factor
For example, consider the cantilever beam shown.
If an excitation is applied in Y direction, mode 1 will have the
highest PF and mode 2 a lower PF. Mode 3 will have zero PF.
If the excitation is in the X direction, then modes 1 and 2 will
have zero PF, whereas mode 3 will have a high PF.
mode 3
mode 2
2
mode 1
Y
X
Approach - Participation factor
The mode coefficient is the scale factor used to multiply the
mode shapes to get the maximum response.
The mode coefficient A
i
for each mode is A
i
= S
i
i
*
S
i
is the response spectrum value at frequency e
i

i
is the participation factor for mode i
The maximum modal response is then computed as
{U}
i max
= A
i
{|}
i

*A different formula is used for acceleration, velocity and force
spectra; see the ANSYS Theory Manual.

Approach - Mode coefficient
Once the maximum response at each mode is known for a given
response spectrum, these need to be combined in some way to
get the total response.
The simplest combination is to add all the maximum modal
responses. However, it is highly unlikely that all the maximum
modal responses will occur at the same time.
Several standard combination methods are published in the
literature. Usually each industrys regulating authority
recommends or enforces a technique most suitable for that
industry.
Approach - Mode combination
Six different combination methods are available in the ANSYS
program:
Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method
Grouping Method (GRP)
Double Sum method (DSUM)
Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) method
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) sum method
(DDAM)
Power Spectral Density method
Approach - Mode combination
We will discuss the procedure for a single-point response
spectrum analysis.
In the following discussion, we will use the term response
spectrum to mean single-point response spectrum.
To learn about multi-point response spectrum and DDAM,
please refer to the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide.
Spectrum Analysis
Terminology & Concepts
Description:
Determine the displacements
and stresses in a workbench
table due to the acceleration
spectrum shown below.
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Frequency
20 80 200 300
217 217
79.5
150.2
Response Spectrum Workshop
Workbench Table
C. Procedure
Five main steps:
1.Build the model 2.Obtain the modal solution
3.Switch to spectrum analysis type
4.Define the response spectrum 5.Solve and review results
Obtain the Modal Solution
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the spectrums frequency
content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
Loads and BCs: For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the
appropriate DOFs.
Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed
for the spectrum solution.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Response Spectrum Procedure
Switch to Spectrum Analysis Type
Build the model
Obtain the modal solution

Switch to spectrum analysis
type
Exit and re-enter Solution
New analysis: Spectrum
Analysis options: Discussed next
Damping: Discussed next
Response Spectrum Procedure
Analysis options
Type of spectrum: Single point
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used
for solution.
Damping
Available forms of damping are:
Beta (stiffness) damping
Constant damping ratio. Can
be material dependent but
only if specified as a material
property* in the modal step.
Frequency dependent
damping ratio (modal
damping)
Some form of damping must be
specified for the CQC mode
combination method.

*Material property DAMP in this
case is damping ratio, not beta
damping.
Define the Response Spectrum
Build the model
Switch to spectrum analysis type

Define the response spectrum
Settings: type of spectrum and excitation direction
Table of spectral value versus frequency
Mode combination method
Settings:
Type of spectrum
Seismic or force (not PSD)
Seismic spectra -
automatically applied at the
base
Force spectrum - manually
applied at desired nodes as a
force
Excitation direction (global
Cartesian)
Specified by a unit vector for
seismic spectra: 1,0,0 means
X; 0,1,0 means Y; 0,0,1
means Z.
Implied by FX, FY, or FZ
labels for force spectrum.
Spectral value vs frequency table
First define frequency table. Up to
20 points are allowed.
Then define corresponding spectral
values.
Specify damping ratio only for
multiple spectral curves.
For a force spectrum, the
spectral values can be scaled by
the applied force value.
Mode combination method
Determines how the individual modal
responses are combined.
Five methods are available:
CQC (Complete Quadratic
Combination)
GRP (Grouping)
DSUM (Double Sum)
SRSS (Square Root of Sum of
Squares)
NRLSUM (Naval Research Laboratory
Sum)
Which method you choose typically
depends on company or government
standards being followed.
Mode combinations (continued)
The significance threshold allows you to include only significant
modes in the mode combination. It is the ratio of the mode
coefficient of a mode to the maximum mode coefficient. Use a
zero value to include all modes.
Type of output allows calculation of different response
quantities: displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
Solve and Review Results
Build the model
Define the response spectrum

Solve and review results
Solve the current load step.
Mode combination calculations are written as
POST1 commands to the .mcom file.
Review results: discussed next.
Solve and Review Results
Review results:
Enter POST1 (general postprocessor).
Perform mode combinations
Commands to do this are written to .mcom file during
solution.
Read the file jobname.mcom using Utility Menu > File >
Read Input from...
Review deformed shape.
Plot and list stresses and strains.
D. Spectrum Analysis Guidelines
Modal analysis
Make sure you extract and expand enough modes in the
modal analysis to cover the frequency range of interest.
For example, if the spectrum extends from 1 to 1000 Hz, a
rule of thumb is to extract and expand modes up to 1500 Hz.
Block Lanczos extraction technique recommended
If you have material dependent damping ratio, this should be
specified in the modal analysis.
Spectrum analysis
Remember that no results file is written in a spectrum analysis.
Instead the instructions for mode combination are written to
jobname.mcom.
Most combination methods involve squaring operations causing
the component stresses to lose their signs. Hence deriving
equivalent or principal stresses from these unsigned components
will be non-conservative and incorrect.
If equivalent or principal stresses and strains are of interest then
you need to issue the command SUMTYPE,PRIN ( General
Postprocessor > Load Case > Calc Options > Stress Options) before
reading in jobname.mcom. This causes direct operation on
derived quantities leading to more conservative results.
Spectrum analysis
During the spectrum analysis the effective mass for each mode
as well as the sum of all the effective mass is printed out.
For a lumped mass system the sum of the effective masses
should approach the total mass of the structure as the number of
modes used in the spectrum analysis is increased.
The total effective mass is an indicator of whether enough modes
are included in the spectrum analysis.
***** RESPONSE SPECTRUM CALCULATION SUMMARY
CUMULATIVE
MODE FREQUENCY SV PARTIC.FACTOR MODE COEF. M.C. RATIO EFFECTIVE MASS MASS FRACTION
1 2.37E-04 10 -1.18E-20 -5.34E-14 0 1.40E-40 3.07E-38
2 474 21.099 6.22E-02 1.48E-07 1 3.87E-03 0.85132
3 1182 10 1.14E-15 2.07E-22 0 1.30E-30 0.85132
4 1182 10 3.42E-16 6.20E-23 0 1.17E-31 0.85132
5 1881 10 -5.08E-16 -3.64E-23 0 2.58E-31 0.85132
6 2361 10 3.52E-11 1.60E-18 0 1.24E-21 0.85132
7 2361 10 -2.60E-02 -1.18E-09 0.007981 6.76E-04 1
8 3044 10 -4.39E-13 -1.20E-20 0 1.93E-25 1
9 3044 10 1.27E-12 3.48E-20 0 1.62E-24 1
10 4011 10 5.08E-12 8.00E-20 0 2.58E-23 1
SUM OF EFFECTIVE MASSES 4.55E-03
Random Vibration Analysis
Module 7
F. Random Vibration Analysis
Topics covered:
Definition and purpose
Overview of ANSYS capabilities
ANSYS procedure
Definition and Purpose
What is random vibration analysis?
A spectrum analysis technique based on probability and
statistics.
Meant for loads such as acceleration loads in a rocket launch
that produce different time histories during every launch .
Transient analysis is not an option since the time history is not
deterministic.
Instead, using statistics the sample time histories are converted
to Power Spectral Density function (PSD), a statistical
representation of the load time history.

Image from Random Vibrations Theory and Practice by Wirsching, Paez and Ortiz.
What is a PSD?
A PSD records the mean square value of the excitation and
response as a function of frequency.
The area under a PSD curve is the variance of the response
(square of the standard deviation).
The units used in PSD is mean square/Hz (e.g. an
acceleration PSD will have units of G
2
/Hz).
The quantity represented by PSD may be displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force, or pressure.
Typical applications include
Aircraft electronic packaging
Airframe parts under atmospheric loading
Blast deflectors
Laser guidance systems
Stable optical platform for telescopes
Seismic loading of large structures
Input:
The structures natural frequencies and mode
shapes
The PSD curve (explained next)
Output:
1o displacements and stresses that can be used for
fatigue life prediction.
Response PSD curves that show the frequency
content of any output quantity ( RPSD ).
Undocumented (FPAS and RISK ) life prediction
capability.

Loading:
Base or nodal excitation
Single-point excitation
e.g. Single PSD excitation applied to all ground nodes
Multi-point (i.e., multi-spectra) excitation
Uncorrelated
Partially correlated
Fully correlated
Partial correlation in terms of spatial coordinates
Partial correlation in terms of a traveling wave

Overview of ANSYS Capabilities
Solution:
Relative or absolute 1o output
Option for calculating 1o forces/stresses etc.
Solution for complete structure i.e., results can be
contoured.
Output in form of 1o displacements, velocities or
accelerations
Post processing:
1o results can be contoured like any other analysis.
Response PSD can be computed for any result quantity ( e.g.
stress or nodal force at a node of an element) or cross
response spectra can be computed between any two
quantities (RPSD).
This enables the user to look at the frequency content of
output.
Covariance between any two quantities can be computed
(CVAR).
Undocumented commands RISK and FPAS allow user to
compute equivalent stress / predict life.

Random Vibrations Workshop
Model Airplane Wing
Description:
Determine the displacements and stresses of the model airplane
wing due to an acceleration PSD applied to the base of the wing
in Y direction. Assume the wing to be fully fixed at Z=0.

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
G
2
/
H
z
)

Frequency (Hz)
20 100 400 600
0.1 0.1
0.025
0.075
Random Vibrations Procedure
Six main steps:
Build the model
Define and apply the PSD excitation
Solve
Review results
Random Vibrations
Build the Model
Model
Same considerations as a modal analysis.
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are
ignored.
Remember density! Also, if material-dependent damping
is present, it must be defined in this step.
Random Vibrations
Same procedure as a normal modal
analysis.
A few differences, discussed next.
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block
Lanczos, subspace, or reduced.
Block Lanczos strongly
recommended
Extract enough modes to cover the
spectrums frequency content.
Expand all modes. Only expanded
modes can be used for the
spectrum solution.
Loads and BCs:
For a base excitation, be sure to constrain the
appropriate DOFs.
For a pressure PSD, apply the pressures on desired
surfaces in this step.

Files: The .mode file contains the eigenvectors and is needed
for the spectrum solution.
Random Vibrations
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Random Vibrations
New analysis: Spectrum
Random Vibrations
Analysis options
Type of spectrum: PSD
Number of modes: If 0 or blank, all expanded modes are used for
solution.
Element calculations: can be ON only if they were ON in the modal
step.
Damping
All four forms are available.
Alpha (mass) damping
Constant damping ratio
Frequency dependent damping
ratio (modal damping)

If no damping is specified, ANSYS
uses a 1% constant damping ratio as
default.
Random Vibrations
Random Vibrations
Define and Apply the PSD Excitation
Define and apply the PSD excitation
Specify PSD settings
Define PSD versus frequency table
Apply excitation at desired nodes
PSD settings
Spectrum type (units)
Acceleration (normal units or
g
2
/Hz)
Velocity
Displacement
Force
Pressure

Table number defaults to 1. Used for
multiple PSD curves
PSD versus frequency table
Specify table number (usually 1).
Then enter frequency and PSD value pairs.
Random Vibrations
PSD versus frequency table (continued)
Graph the PSD table to verify the input.
Random Vibrations
Apply the PSD
Procedure depends on the type
of PSD.
Acceleration, velocity, or
displacement PSD:
These are base excitations and
can be applied only at
previously constrained nodes.
Apply as a constraint in UX,
UY, or UZ (excitation
direction) with a value of 1.0.
Pick nodes...
Random Vibrations
Random Vibrations
Apply the PSD (cont'd.)
Force PSD
Nodal excitation
Apply as a force in FX, FY, or
FZ (excitation direction) with
a value of 1.0 (or desired scale
factor).
Pressure PSD
Requires pressure to be
applied in the modal step.
Use the load vector (calculated
during modal solution) to
apply the pressure PSD
excitation.
Set value to 1.0 or desired
scale factor.
Random Vibrations
Solve

Solve
Activate PSD mode combination
method
Specify items to be calculated*
Calculate participation factors*
Initiate PSD solution*

*Discussed next
Random Vibrations
Solve
Items to be calculated:
Default is to calculate the displacement solution (including
stresses and strains) relative to base excitation.
Velocity and acceleration solutions are also available, relative to
base or absolute.
Random Vibrations
Solve
Calculate participation factors:
Must be done for each PSD table defined.
Specify base or nodal excitation.
Initiate PSD solution:
Results are written to the .rst file.
Random Vibrations
Review Results
Review results
Plot and list 1o quantities (POST1)
Generate a response PSD (POST26)
Life prediction
Random Vibrations- Review Results
Review 1-Sigma Stresses
Random vibration results are 1o
quantities: 1o displacements, 1o
stresses, etc.
All quantities assume a Gaussian
(normal) distribution with zero
mean. For example, a maximum
displacement of U
max
= 0.15
indicates a 68% probability (1o)
that U
max
will be 0.15 or less. It
also indicates:
a 95% probability (2o) that U
max

will be 0.15x2 = 0.3 or less.
a 98% probability (3o) that U
max

will be 0.15x3 = 0.45 or less.
1o
2o
3o
Gaussian
(normal)
Distribution
To review 1o displacements & stresses:
Enter POST1 (General Postproc).
Read results from load step 3, which is where 1o results are
stored on the results file.
Note: 1o velocities and 1o accelerations, if requested, are
stored in load steps 4 and 5, respectively.
Then plot and list the desired quantities.
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Random Vibrations- Review Results
1o results are typically used for:
Fatigue calculations
In PSD analyses, the average frequency of excitation
(number of cycles/second) is given by 1o velocity / 1o
displacement.
Using normal distribution the stress level is at 1o 68%
of the time, at 2o 27% of the time (95-68), and at 3o
3% of the time (98-95).
Knowing the above two quantities, fatigue life can be
predicted using usual S-N diagram procedures.
Response PSD
Gives engineers an idea of how a response quantity
(stress, for example) varies with frequency.
Results file contains 1o values, which is the square root of
the area under the PSD curve.
POST26, the time-history postprocessor, is used to
calculate response PSD.
Response PSD
To calculate response PSD
1. Enter POST26 and first store the frequency vector.
You can use 1 to 10 additional data points on either side of a
natural frequency for a smoother frequency curve. Default is
5.
Variable 1 is automatically assigned to the frequency vector.
Response PSD
2. Identify results quantities for which response PSD is to be
calculated.
TimeHist Postpro > Variable Viewer
Can be any nodal or element result item.
Choose category,
then pick node...
Response PSD
3. Calculate and plot the response PSD.
TimeHist Postpro > Calc Resp PSD...
TimeHist Postpro > Graph Variables
Response PSD
Mode Superposition
Module 8
Module 8
Mode Superposition
A. Define mode superposition.
B. Learn how to use the mode superposition method.
C. Work on a mode superposition exercise.
Mode Superposition
A solution technique for transient or harmonic analyses. It
sums factored mode shapes from a modal analysis to calculate
the dynamic response.
A fast, efficient method that can be used for linear dynamics
problems.
The alternative is to use the direct integration method which
can be time consuming. The two methods are compared next.
) t ( f ] [ } y ]{ [ K ] [ } y ]{ [ C ] [ } y ]{ [ M ] [
T T T T
u = u u + u u + u u

The general equation of motion can be pre-multiplied by [u|
T
and
written as:
Mode Superposition
Orthogonality of natural modes means:
2
] [ ] [
1 ] [ ] [
J J
T
J
J
T
J
e = u u
= u u
K
M
If proportional damping is specified, then:
J J J
T
J
e = u u 2 ] [ C ] [
prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Mode Superposition
Mode Superposition
+ Fast solution regardless of
whether equations of motion
are uncoupled (proportional
damping only ) or coupled
(non-proportional damping).
+ Effective when only a few
modes are needed to describe
response.
Requires eigenvectors from a
modal solution.
Linear only, no nonlinearities.
Deciding how many modes to
use may be difficult. Too few
modes may give good
displacements but poor stresses
Direct Integration
Fully coupled equation of
motion. Solution can be time
consuming.
+ Effective for most problems.

No eigenvectors required.
However, most dynamic
analyses begin with a modal
solution.
+ Nonlinearities allowed in
transient analysis.
+ Easier to determine At, the
integration time step, than
number of modes.
Mode Superposition
B. Procedure
Five main steps:
Build the model
Switch to harmonic or transient analysis
Apply loads and solve
Review results
Build the Model
Model
Same considerations as a modal analysis.
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored.
Remember density! Also, if material-dependent damping is
present, it must be defined in this step.
See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
Mode Superposition
Same procedure as a normal modal analysis.
A few differences, discussed next.
Mode extraction:
Only valid methods are Block Lanczos, subspace, reduced,
powerdynamics, or QR damped.
Extract all modes that may contribute to the dynamic response.
Mode expansion is needed to view mode shapes but not required
for the mode superposition solution.
If QR damped mode extraction method is used, the damping must
be specified during preprocessing or in the modal analysis.
Damping specified during the mode superposition transient or
harmonic analysis will be ignored.
Mode Superposition
Loads and BCs:
All displacement constraints must be applied in this step.
Zero valued only; non-zero displacements are not allowed.
If element loads (pressures, temperatures, and accelerations)
are to be applied in the harmonic or transient analysis, they
must be specified in this step.
The solver
ignores the
loads for the
modal solution,
but writes a
load vector to
the .mode file.
Switch to Harmonic or Transient Analysis
Switch to harmonic or transient
analysis
New analysis: Harmonic or
Transient
Mode Superposition
Switch to Harmonic or Transient
Damping
Specified here if QR Damped mode
extraction method not used.
Damping in some form should be
specified in most cases.
All four forms are available for mode
superposition:
Alpha (mass) damping
both global and material
dependent
Constant damping ratio
Frequency dependent damping ratio
(modal damping)
Mode Superposition
Apply Loads and Solve
Apply loads and solve
Only forces, no non-zero displacements.
Load vector from modal analysis (discussed next).
Conditions for initial static solution in a transient
analysis (discussed next).
Integration time step is constant throughout transient.
Start solution calculations (SOLVE).
Mode Superposition
Load vector
Gives a way to apply element
loads (pressures, accelerations,
and temperatures) in a mode
superposition analysis.
Calculated during the modal
solution based on loads specified
in the modal analysis.
Can be applied with a scale factor
(which defaults to 1.0).
Mode Superposition
Initial static solution in a transient analysis
The initial solution (at time = 0) in a mode superposition
transient analysis is always a static solution (using the frontal
solver).
Can take a long time and much disk space for large models.
To avoid it (and get {U}
t=0
= {0}), do not apply any loads at time
= 0.
Solve
Same procedure as for a full transient or harmonic analysis.
Only displacement results are calculated during solution (no stresses
or reaction forces). The displacement solution is written to:
jobname.rdsp for a transient analysis
jobname.rfrq for a harmonic analysis
Next step is to review results.
Review Results
Review results. Three steps:
Review the displacement solution
Expand the solution
Review the expanded solution
Mode Superposition
Review Results
Review displacement solution
Enter POST26, the time-history postprocessor.
First identify the results file - jobname.rdsp or jobname.rfrq.
TimeHist Postpro > Settings > File or FILE command
Define displacement variables at specific points in the model
and obtain displacement-versus-time (or frequency) plots.
Using graphs and
listings, identify the
critical time-points
(or frequencies and
phase angles).

Mode Superposition
Review Results
Expand the solution
A process in which derived data (stresses, reaction forces, etc.)
are calculated from the primary data (displacement solution).
Three steps:
1. Enter Solution and activate the expansion pass.
Solution > ExpansionPass or EXPASS,ON
2. Specify the solution or range of solutions to be
expanded. For harmonic analysis, remember to
specify the phase angle(s) or request expansion of
both real and imaginary parts (which can then be
combined in POST1 using the HRCPLX command).
Solution > Load Step Opts > ExpansionPass > Single
Expand >

3. Start expansion pass solution
Solution > Solve > Current LS or SOLVE
Results are written to the .rst file (jobname.rst)
and can then be reviewed using POST1, the
general postprocessor.
Mode Superposition
Review Results
Review the expanded solution
Use POST1, the general postprocessor.
Procedure is the same as for a full transient or harmonic
analysis.
Read the desired results set from the results file, then plot
deformed shape, stress contours, etc.
For a harmonic analysis, if you chose to expand both real and
imaginary parts, use the HRCPLX command to combine
them at the desired phase angle. (No need to do this if you
chose to expand the displacement solution at a specified
phase angle.)
Mode Superposition
Review Results
References:
1. Engineering Analysis with ANSYS Software.(T.Stolarsky,
Y.Nakasone & S.Yoshimoto).
2. ANSYS Introduction to Dynamics- Training Manual.
3. Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis.( Edward
Wilson).
4. ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide.


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prep by: Yasser ElJajeh Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

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